18 Vet. App. 33 | Vet. App. | 2004
Lead Opinion
ORDER
On November 3, 2003, the appellant, through counsel, filed a motion for an initial decision by the full Court. He argues that full-Court consideration is necessary because the appeal presents the opportunity to consider all aspects of the amendments to the Veterans Benefits Act of 2002, Pub.L. No. 107-330, 116 Stat. 2820 (2002).
Motions for a full-Court decision are not favored. Ordinarily they will not be granted unless such action is necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the Court’s decisions or to resolve a question of exceptional importance. See U.S. Vet.App. R. 35(c). In this matter, the appellant has not shown that either basis exists to warrant a full-Court decision.
Upon consideration of the foregoing, it is
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I voted for the appellant’s motion for initial en banc consideration of this case in order for the full Court to address issues of exceptional importance raised by the appellant (in the brief he submitted in October 2003) regarding the effect of section 401 of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2002 (VBA), Pub.L. No. 107-330, § 401, 116 Stat. 2820, 2832, and especially for the full Court to examine collectively the Court’s decisions in Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49 (1990), Roberson v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 135 (2003) (Roberson III), and Mariano v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 305 (2003), in light of the enactment of VBA § 401. See U.S. Vet.App. R. 35(c) (providing that full-Court consideration “[ordinarily ... will not be granted unless such action is necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the Court’s decisions or to resolve a question of exceptional importance”).
I. Background: Roberson III
The VBA amendments were enacted in December 2002. In June 2003, the Court issued a per curiam order in Roberson III, which involved an inferred claim, for a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) rating of total disability based on individual unemployability (TDIU), that the Court concluded “ha[d] never been addressed by [a VA regional office (RO)] or the [Board of Veterans’ Appeals (Board or BVA)]”, and that the Court thus remanded for initial consideration by the Board. Roberson III, 17 Vet.App. at 148. In Roberson III, the Court made only two holdings as to matters before it on appeal: (1) That the Court was bound by the opinion of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) in Roberson v. Principi, 251 F.3d 1378 (Fed. Cir.2001), which reversed this Court’s decision that that appellant’s prior claim for service connection had not raised a claim for a TDIU rating and (2) that, because there was no VARO or BVA decision to review on the claim for a TDIU rating, “we must decline the appellant’s invitation to run roughshod over the VA’s adjudication process” by “adjudicating] the matter in the first instance.” Roberson III, supra. Based on these holdings, the Court remanded “the matter of the appellant’s eligibility for [a] TDIU [rating] ... to the Board”, ibid., after first concluding that the Court had jurisdiction over the unadjudieated TDIU-rating claim because it was “expressly presented to the RO and the Board”, id. at 138.
Although the Court in Roberson III had limited jurisdiction over the TDIU-rating claim (insofar as it could have remanded it for the Board to refer it to the RO
Thus, the Court in Roberson III, having determined that it could not exceed “the authority and primary responsibility of this Court ... to review Board decisions”, Roberson III, 17 Vet.App. at 148, had no basis for addressing the appellant’s contention that the Court should adjudicate the inferred TDIU-rating claim in the first instance- — that argument was rendered moot by the former determination.
II. VBA Amendments A. Text of Statute
Section 401 of the VBA, effective December 6, 2002, amended 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4) and (b)(1). VBA § 401. Prior to the VBA, our caselaw provided (1) that the Court was authorized to reverse a Board finding of fact only where “the only permissible view of the evidence [of record] is contrary to that found by the BVA”, Johnson (Brenda) v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 7, 10 (1996), i.e., supports the appellant’s position, and (2) that a Board finding of fact must be affirmed where “there is a ‘plausible basis’ in the record” for the Board’s determination, Hurd v. West, 13 Vet.App. 449, 451 (2000). See also Harder v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 183, 189 (1993) (citing Karnas v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 308, 311 (1991)); Barnhill v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 75, 77 (1993).
As a result of VBA § 401’s amendments to section 7261(a)(4), the Court is now directed to “hold unlawful and set aside or reverse ” any “finding of material fact adverse to the claimant ... if the finding is clearly erroneous.” 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4), as amended by VBA § 401(a) (emphasis indicates VBA amendments). Furthermore, new section 7261(b)(1) now provides in entirely new language added to that subsection:
(b) In making the determinations under subsection (a), the Court shall review the record of proceedings before the Secretary and the [BVA] pursuant to [38 U.S.C. § ]7252(b) of this title [38] and shall—
(1) take due account of the Secretary’s application of section 5107(b) of this title....
38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(1). The Secretary’s obligation under section 5107(b), as referred to in section 7261(b)(1), is as follows:
(b) Benefit of the Doubt. — The Secretary shall consider all information and lay and medical evidence of record in a case before the Secretary with respect to benefits under laws administered by the Secretary. When there is an approximate balance of positive and negative evidence regarding any issue material to the determination of a matter, the Secretary shall give the benefit of the doubt to the claimant.
38 U.S.C. § 5107(b). In Gilbert, the Court characterized the benefit-of-the-doubt rule (then found in 38 U.S.C. § 3007(b)) as mandating that “when ... the evidence is in relative equipoise, the law dictates that [the] veteran prevails” and that, conversely, a VA claimant loses only when “a fair preponderance of the evidence is against the claim.” Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 54-55; see also Shoffner v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 208, 215 (2002) (citing Dela Cruz v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 143, 149 (2001), for proposition that “[Veterans Claims Assistance Act
Reading amended sections 7261(a)(4) and 7261(b)(1) together, which must be done in order to determine the effect of the VBA § 401 amendments, this Court is now directed, for the first time as part of its scope-of-review responsibility under section 7261(a)(4), to undertake three new actions in deciding whether BVA factfind-ing adverse to a claimant is clearly erroneous and, if so, what the Court should hold as to that factfinding. See Reno v. Koray, 515 U.S. 50, 56-57, 115 S.Ct. 2021, 132 L.Ed.2d 46 (1995) (construing statutory language in context of statutory scheme); Kilpatrick v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 1, 7 (2002) (examining entire statutory scheme in interpreting meaning of statute), aff'd, 327 F.3d 1375 (Fed.Cir.2003). Specifically, the plain meaning of the amended subsections (a)(4) and (b)(1) requires the Court (1) to review all evidence “before the Secretary and the Board”, 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b); (2) to consider “the Secretary’s application of’ the benefit-of-the-doubt rule in view of that evidence, 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(1); and (3) if the Court, after carrying out actions (1) and (2), concludes that an adverse BVA finding of fact is clearly erroneous and therefore unlawful, to decide whether to set it aside or reverse it, 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4).
B. Historical Context
The significance and effect of the three new actions that the Court has been directed or authorized (in the case of reversal) to undertake is best understood in the historical context of the Court’s exercise of its scope of review. Prior to the enactment of VBA § 401, the Court was permitted by section 7261(a)(4) only to “set aside” a “clearly erroneous” BVA finding of fact. See Veterans’ Judicial Review Act (VJRA), Pub.L. No. 100-687, § 301(a), 102 Stat. 4105, 4115 (1988) (enacting 38 U.S.C. § 4061(a)(4), renumbered as' section 7261(a)(4)). Almost from this Court’s inception, its review of findings of fact under the “clearly erroneous” standard had been construed as “parallel ... [to] the standard used by [U.S.] Courts of Appeals in reviewing findings of material fact made by [U.S.] District Courts,” Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a) (providing, at time of VJRA’s enactment and presently, that courts of appeals review district court findings of fact under “clearly erroneous” standard). The Court characterized this standard as meaning that “if there [wa]s a ‘plausible’ basis in the record for the factual determinations of the BVA, even if this Court might not have reached the same factual determinations, we c[ould] not overturn them”, Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52-53 (citing United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948), Anderson v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564, 573-74, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985), and Danville Plywood Corp. v. United States, 899 F.2d 3 (Fed.Cir.1990)). As discussed in part II.E, below, however, this formulation of the “clearly erroneous” standard seems at its inception to have strayed from the formula applied in traditional Article III appellate review as articulated by the Supreme Court in the three cases on which Gilbert purported to rely. In any event, more recently but prior to the VBA, the Federal Circuit in Hensley v. West expounded as follows on this Court’s standard of review as enacted in the VJRA:
On factual matters, the findings of the BVA may be overturned by the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims only if they are clearly erroneous. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4).... Furthermore, “in no event shall findings of fact made by the Secretary or [BVA] be subject to trial de novo by the Court [of Appeals for Veter*38 ans Claims].” 38 U.S.C. § 7261(c). The statutory provisions are consistent with the general rule that appellate tribunals are not appropriate fora for initial fact finding.
Hensley, 212 F.3d 1255, 1263 (Fed.Cir.2000).
Under new section 7261(a)(4), in addition to the longstanding pre-VBA direction to the Court to “set aside” a “clearly erroneous” finding, the Court is expressly permitted to “reverse” such an adverse factfinding. As the ensuing discussion illustrates, the VBA § 401 amendments to section 7261(a)(4) and (b) have fundamentally altered this Court’s BVA-factfinding scope of review, as evidenced by both the plain meaning of the amended language of these subsections as well as the unequivocal legislative history of the amendments.
C. Examination of New Statutory Language
In examining the text of the § 401 amendments, I turn first to the addition in section 7261(a)(4) of “or reverse” as to BVA factfinding that is “adverse to the claimant”, one of the three new actions directed or authorized to be undertaken by the Court pursuant to amended section 7261. As a general rule of statutory construction, meaning must be attributed to each amendment made by Congress: “The [Supreme] Court has often said that ‘every clause and word of a statute’ should, ‘if possible,’ be given ‘effect.’”
As to new section 7261(b)’s requirement that this Court “review the record of proceedings”, that provision further supports the conclusion that VBA § 401 brought about a major expansion of this Court’s responsibilities as to review of BVA fact-finding. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b) (“In making the determinations under subsection (a) of this section, the Court shall review the record of proceedings before the Secretary and the [BVA] pursuant to section 7252(b).”). The “record of proceedings” referred to in new section 7261(b)(1) is the record on appeal (ROA) designated by the parties and transmitted to the Court pursuant to Rules 10 and 11 of this Court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. See Homan v. Principi 17 Vet.App. 1, 3-4 (2003) (per curiam order). Although section 7252(b) has always provided that “[r]eview in the Court shall be on the record of proceedings before the Secretary and the Board”, the Federal Circuit in Hensley implicitly held that our review under section 7261(b) was limited to the evidence used by the Board. Hensley, 212 F.3d at 1264; see also Winters v. Gober, 219 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2000) (holding that Court had exceeded its statutory authority and prejudiced appellant by deciding case on grounds “not relied on” by Board that may have required “improper de novo findings of fact”). The addition of that requirement to section 7261(b), in light of Hensley, signals that the Court’s review should be based on all the evidence before the Board, rather than just the evidence used by the Board and suggests a congressional rejection of both Hensley and Winters. See infra note 17 and accompanying text (discussing legislative history suggesting Hensley was overruled by VBA § 401).
In light of this background, it appears that this new mandate supercedes the conclusion in Gilbert that we were to review the Board’s application of the equipoise standard to determine whether that application was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accor
The outcome of the Board’s application of the section 5107(b) equipoise standard is a factual determination that this Court reviews under the “clearly erroneous” standard. See Roberson, 17 Vet.App. at 146 (“[The Court] is not authorized to make the determination as to whether the evidence is in equipoise and apply the benefit[-]of[-]the[-]doubt doctrine; the Court is empowered only to ensure that the Secretary’s determination in that regard is not clearly erroneous.”). Indeed, Congress, by adding section 7261(b)(1), directed that the Court, “[i]n making the determinations under subsection (a),” including a determination as to whether a finding of material fact adverse to the claimant is clearly erroneous, shall take due account of the Secretary’s application of section 5107(b)’s equipoise standard. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(1); see 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4).
Mariano, 17 Vet.App. at 313.
D. VBA Legislative History
The legislative history supports the plain meaning of these provisions discussed in part II. C, above, by strongly evidencing the intent of Congress to bring about decisive change in the scope of this Court’s review of BVA factfinding.
Senate bill
Section 501 of S. 2237 would amend section 7261(a)(4) ... to change the standard of review [the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (CAVC)] applies to BVA findings of fact from “clearly erroneous” to “unsupported by substantial evidence.” Section 502 would also cross-reference section 5107(b) in order to emphasize that the Secretary’s application of the “benefit of the doubt” to an appellant’s claim would be considered by CAVC on appeal.
House bill
The House Bills contain no comparable provision.
Compromise agreement
Section 401 of the Compromise Agreement follows the Senate language with the following amendments.
The Compromise Agreement would modify the standard of review in the Senate bill in subsection (a) by deleting the change to a “substantial evidence” standard. It would modify the requirements of the review the Court must perform when it is making determinations under section 7261(a).... Since the Secretary is precluded from seeking judicial review of decisions of the [BVA], the addition of the words “adverse to the claimant” in subsection (a) is intended to clarify that findings of fact favorable to the claimant may not be reviewed by the Court. Further, the addition of the words “or reverse” after “and set aside” is intended to emphasize that the Committees expect the Court to reverse clearly erroneous findings when appropriate, rather than remand the case.
New subsection (b) [of section 7261] would maintain language from the Senate bill that would require the Court to examine the record of proceedings before the Secretary and BVA and the special emphasis during the judicial process on the benefít of the doubt provisions of section 5107(b) as it makes findings of fact in reviewing BVA decisions. This would not alter the formula of the standard of review on [sic] the Court, with the uncertainty of interpretation of its application that would accompany such a change. The combination of these changes is intended to provide for more searching appellate review of BVA decisions, and thus give full force to the “benefit of doubt” provision.
148 Cong. Rec. S11337, H9003 (daily ed. Nov. 18, 2002) (emphasis added) (Explana
At the time of final action on S. 2237, the bill that was ultimately enacted as the VBA, VBA § 401 was quite extensively explained by Senator Rockefeller, who was the Chairman of the Senate Committee, the floor manager of the bill in the Senate, and the principal author of VBA § 401.
E. Meaning of “Clearly Erroneous”
Based on the plain language of the section 7261(a)(4) and (b)(1) amendments and their emphatic legislative history, I conclude (1) that Congress has tasked the Court with the responsibility of evaluating BVA factfinding adverse to a claimant by reviewing all evidence in the ROA in order to assess the Board’s application of the equipoise standard and (2) that if the Court, based on that assessment, concludes that Secretary’s section 5107(b) application was clearly erroneous and thus unlawful then the Court is expressly empowered to reverse that finding-that is, not only to declare it wrong but also to correct it.
Although at the advent of this Court’s exercise of judicial review the Court had good reason to attempt to follow precedent regarding the scope of review for Article III appellate courts under Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the post-VBA statutory scheme in chapter 72 of title 38, U.S.Code, is unique to this Court. Specifically, the VBA amendments, particularly that this Court apply the “clearly erroneous” standard in our review of the Board’s application of the section 5107(b) equipoise standard, see Mariano and Mitchell, both supra, render the “plausible basis in the record” and “only permissible view of the evidence” formulas from Gilbert unsuited for application to the Board’s process of assessing the weight of positive and negative evidence. A reexamination of Gilbert, some of our precedential decisions since Gilbert that have engrafted new language into its “plausible basis” holding, the very Supreme Court precedents on which Gilbert had relied, and recent Supreme Court and Federal Circuit precedent has led me to conclude that our “clearly erroneous” review should be carried out in accordance with the primary (less deferential) definition that Gilbert drew from the Supreme Court’s opinion in United States Gypsum Co.:
A finding is “clearly erroneous” when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and*46 firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52 (emphasis added) (quoting U.S. Gypsum Co., supra). This criterion is the one used by both the Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit in the Zurko litigation, which was concluded in 2000, only two years before the VBA’s enactment, and was cited in the Senate Committee report on S. 2237. S.Rep. No. 107-234, 107th Cong., 2d Sess. 18 n. 1, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2002, 1788, 1805 n. 1. In that litigation, the Supreme Court explained the “clearly erroneous” standard as meaning “whether a reviewing judge has a ‘definite and firm conviction’ that an error has been committed.” Dickinson v. Zurko, 321 U.S. 150, 162, 119 S.Ct. 1816, 144 L.Ed.2d 143 (1999); see In re Zurko, 142 F.3d 1447, 1449 (Fed.Cir.1998) (en banc) (stating that “we affirm decisions as long as we lack a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made”).
Using the definite-and-firm-eonviction criterion, rather than the “no plausible basis in the record” standard, would correct the caselaw creep that began with Gilbert itself and has made it increasingly difficult for the Court to conclude that a BVA finding of fact is “clearly erroneous” under section 7261(a)(4). An example of the unfortunate direction that the Court’s case-law has taken is provided by Hicks v.
Brown, which, five years after its debut in Gilbert, characterized the “no plausible basis in the record” criterion as requiring that the evidence be “uncontroverted in the appellant’s favor” and that there be “absolutely no plausible basis” in the record for the Board’s decision before a BVA finding of fact may be reversed. Hicks, 8 Vet.App. 417, 422 (1995). These quoted words and the corresponding heightened standard in Hicks were derived from Hersey v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 91, 95 (1992), but Hersey does not support the use of those criteria as a basis for denying reversal. Rather, in Hersey the Court reversed a Board decision denying a rating of total disability based on individual unemploya-bility (TDIU) and, in doing so, noted that “[t]here is absolutely no plausible basis for the BVA’s statement that [the veteran’s] disability was ‘not of sufficient severity as to preclude hi[s] engaging in substantially gainful employment consistent with his education and occupational experience’ ” and that the BVA’s denial of a TDIU rating was “clearly erroneous in light of the un-controverted evidence in [the] appellant’s favor.” Hersey, supra (quoting BVA decision). However, the Court in Hersey (1) had already defined the “clearly erroneous” standard as “the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed” criterion (quoting U.S. Gypsum Co.,
Between the issuance of Hersey and Hicks, the Court put all the Gilbert language together in Harder v. Brown, stating:
After a review of the record, we conclude that there is no plausible basis for the BVA’s decision. “[B]ecause there is no evidence to support the BVA determination, it is obvious that a mistake has been committed, the finding is not plausible, there can be only one permissible view of the evidence, and, thus, the finding is clearly erroneous.” Karnas v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 308, 311 (1991); see also Caldwell [v. Derwinski], 1 Vet.App. [466,] 470 [(1991)].
Harder, 5 Vet.App. 183, 189 (1993). As in Hersey, this articulation is appropriate when there is no evidence against the claimant’s position on a particular question of material fact, because it demonstrates the gravity of the Board’s error. This articulation should not be mistaken for the appropriate standard of review, however; for example, in Mariano, 17 Vet.App. at 314-17, the Court reversed two findings of fact even though the record contained evidence against the claimant’s position, and thus the evidence in support of the claimant’s position could not be considered “un-controverted”, Hicks, supra; see U.S. Gypsum, supra (calling for a “clearly erroneous” determination “although there is evidence to support” a lower court’s finding); see also Anderson, supra (calling for review “in light of the record ... in its entirety”).
Moreover, a close reading of the Supreme Court’s actual language in Anderson, like a close reading of the wording in U.S. Gypsum, makes clear that the phrase “if there is a ‘plausible’ basis in the record” in the Gilbert holding omitted the critical words “in light of the record viewed in its entirety” from Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574, 105 S.Ct. 1504, and “although there is evidence to support [the lower court’s finding]” from U.S. Gypsum, supra. Thus, it appears that Gilbert had already strayed afield from the Supreme Court’s actual language and paved the way for the Hicks/Hersey detour and the evolution of a practice in some cases of this Court’s focusing only on a single or a few pieces of negative evidence as providing a basis for affirmance regardless of the overall strength of the evidence in favor of a claim. The Court’s opinion in Mariano, supra, however, showed the error of such an approach.
Accordingly, I believe that, as a logical evolution of Roberson III and Mariano, both supra, the Court should issue an en banc opinion holding that under the VBA § 401 amendments the Board’s application of section 5107(b) is clearly erroneous when, after reviewing the entire evidence of record, the Court has “a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed” by the Board in making a material finding of fact adverse to the claimant — that is, when we have a definite and firm conviction that the evidence on that
Finally, I note that, to the extent that there is ambiguity in the statutory language, as the Roberson III order maintains, 17 Vet.App. at 139-40, the analysis in this separate statement was formulated in light of the direction of the Supreme Court to resolve ambiguity in a veterans benefits statute in favor of the claimant. Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 118, 115 S.Ct. 552, 130 L.Ed.2d 462 (1994) (directing that reasonable doubt in statutory interpretation is to be “resolved in the veteran’s favor”); Kilpatrick, 16 Vet.App. at 6 (quoting Brown v. Gardner, supra); see also Jones (Ethel) v. West, 136 F.3d 1296, 1299 n. 2 (Fed.Cir.1998); Allen (Alfred) v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 439, 446 (1995) (en banc). Moreover, it is a longstanding maxim of statutory interpretation that remedial legislation, such as VBA § 401, is to be interpreted broadly in order to effectuate its basic purpose. See Smith (William) v. Brown, 35 F.3d 1516, 1525 (Fed.Cir.1994) (“courts are to construe remedial statutes liberally to effectuate their purposes ... [and v]eterans benefits statutes clearly fall in this category”). Thus, I see no basis for the Court to choose to construe narrowly the VBA provisions given their proclaimant remedial purpose. See Splane v. West, 216 F.3d 1058, 1068-69 (Fed.Cir.2000) (“canons of construction ... require us to give effect to the clear language of a statute and avoid rendering any portions meaningless or superfluous”). When Congress writes legislation that is less than completely clear, it is the judiciary’s role to make the best of the language that is enacted and to seek to find a reasonable interpretation of the statutory text consistent with the goals that Congress has indicated it sought to achieve with that legislation. Only if, after undertaking this analysis, the only reasonable conclusion is that Congress, notwithstanding its intention, failed to provide statutory language that can be fairly interpreted as achieving its basic legislative purpose should a court tell Congress “nice try, but you haven’t done the job you apparently intended to do.”
Because I believe that the question of the meaning of the VBA § 401 amendments has not been clearly and definitively addressed by our Court in light of our decisions in Gilbert, Roberson III, and Mariano, and has been forcefully and effectively argued by the appellant in his brief, I voted for full-Court examination of these matters. At a minimum, I would require a response from the Secretary before the Court votes on the appellant’s motion for initial full-Court consideration. See U.S. Vet.App. R. 35(g).
. See Bruce v. West, 11 Vet.App. 405, 408 (1998); Godfrey v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 398, 408-09 (1995); cf. Manlincon v. West, 12 Vet.App. 238, 240-41 (1999) (remanding, where claim was in appellate status before Board of Veterans' Appeals (BVA or Board), claim unadjudicated by BVA and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) regional office (RO) for BVA to remand to VARO).
. See supra note 1.
. The Court's decision in Roberson v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 135 (2003) (Roberson III) to address the amendments made by section 401 of the Veterans Benefits Act of 2002 (VBA), Pub.L. No. 107-330, § 401, 116 Stat. 2820, 2832, was also problematic because the Court had received virtually no briefing from the Secretary on the questions that it addressed regarding the VBA amendments, largely because the Secretary had (in my view, correctly) concluded that the Court could not properly reach those issues and because he (also, in my view, correctly) had asserted that the amendments could not affect the standard of review in the Court over Board decisions denying claims of clear and unmistakable error. Roberson III Secretary's Brief at 13-15.
. It appears that the panel had reservations about the correctness of the policy judgment that would underlie any effort by Congress to change this Court’s standard of judicial review: Specifically, at the end of its analysis, immediately before rejecting "the appellant’s argument that the VBA somehow altered the landscape of judicial review”, the Roberson III panel stated:
If [Congress] decides that the record produced by a non-adversarial claims adjudication process is, in its judgment, inadequate, then it can sharpen that process by making it adversarial through elimination of the attorney fee prohibition during claim development and adjudication. Merely changing this Court’s standard of review while doing nothing to enhance the record would compound rather than correct any problems.
Roberson III, 17 Vet.App. at 147. Moreover, the Roberson III Court refers to Congress’ having "amended section 7261(b) [by] adding an entreaty to the Court to ‘take due account of the Secretary's application of [38 U.S.C. § ]5107(b).’ ” Roberson III, 17 Vet.App. at 140. An entreaty, however, is “an earnest request; ^ supplication; prayer”, Webster’s New World Dictionary 454 (3d ed.1998), whereas in the amended section 7261(b)(1) Congress mandated ("shall”) that the Court carry out this new review. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(1).
.Chickasaw Nation v. United States, 534 U.S. 84, 93, 122 S.Ct. 528, 151 L.Ed.2d 474 (2001) (quoting United States v. Menasche, 348 U.S. 528, 538-539, 75 S.Ct. 513, 99 L.Ed. 615 (1955), and Montclair v. Ramsdell, 107 U.S. 147, 152, 2 S.Ct. 391, 27 L.Ed. 431 (1883) ("[i]t is the duty of the court to give effect, if possible, to every clause and word of a statute, avoiding, if it may be, any construction which implies that the legislature was ignorant of the meaning of the language it employed”)); see Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (quoting Market Co. v. Hoffman, 101 U.S. 112, 115, 25 L.Ed. 782 (1879), for proposition that "[a]s early as in Bacon’s Abridgment, sect. 2, it was said that 'a statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant' ”).
. See Taylor and Andrulonis, infra note 7.
. This distinction is well presented in Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington (on which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) had relied in Hensley v. West, 212 F.3d 1255, 1263 (Fed.Cir.2000)), where the Supreme Court described the general, traditional role of Article III appellate-court review (which, of course, is not carried out pursuant to the same standard of review made applicable to this Court by the VBA § 401 amendments to section 7261(a)(4) and (b)(1)):
If the Court of Appeals ... was of the view that the findings of the District Court were "clearly erroneous” ..., it could have set them aside on that basis. If it believed that the District Court’s factual findings were unassailable, but that the proper rule of law was misapplied to those findings, it could*39 have reversed the District Court’s judgment. But it should not simply have made factual findings on its own.
Icicle Seafoods, Inc., 475 U.S. 709, 714, 106 S.Ct. 1527, 89 L.Ed.2d 739 (1986) (emphasis added). Compare, e.g., Fed. Election Comm'n v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 25, 118 S.Ct. 1777, 141 L.Ed.2d 10 (1998) ("If a reviewing court agrees that the agency misinterpreted the law, it will set aside the agency's action and remand the case — even though the agency (like a new jury after a mistrial) might later, in the exercise of its lawful discretion, reach the same result for a different reason.” (emphasis added)), with Taylor v. Chater, 118 F.3d 1274, 1278 (8th Cir.1997) (reversing district court decision and ordering district court to grant summary judgment to party), and Andrulonis v. United States, 26 F.3d 1224, 1236 (2d Cir.1994) (reversing part of district court decision that awarded payment of interest through March 11, 1991, and "directfingl the district court to award interest through February 13, 1992” (emphasis added)).
. Cf. Myers v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 228, 232 (2002) ("Neither this Court nor the ... Federal Circuit has held whether this Court can disturb a favorable Board determination.”).
. I do not understand how the Court could reverse (as distinguished from setting aside) a finding of material fact without in some fashion finding facts itself based on evidence of record and, hence, I conclude that, by virtue of this new statutory authority, Hensley, supra, no longer applies to prevent this Court from reversing under section 7261(a)(4) and, in some manner, weighing evidence in order to take due account of the Secretary’s applica
. About this section 7261(b)(1) insertion, the Roberson III order stated:
The Secretary's application, or lack thereof, of the benefit[-]of[-]the[-]doubt rule is part of any decision of the Board, and was therefore already within the Court's review power under [38 U.S.C. § ] 7252(a). The command that the Board "shall review the record of proceedings before the Secretary and the Board ... pursuant to section 7252(b)” wraps the statutory text around on itself. Section 7252(b) states, in pertinent part, that "[r]eview in the Court shall be on the record of proceedings before the Secretary and the Board” and that "[t]he extent of the review shall be limited to the scope provided in section 7261." In other words, section 7261 states that the Court shall review the record of proceedings which in turn states that such review is limited by section 7261. Review is thus trapped between these two mutually referential provisions, which is to say that there is no clear reading of this provision.
Roberson III, 17 Vet.App. at 140. I must confess not to find any such "wrap[ping] ... around” or "trapping]” of review. Although section 7252(b)'s pre-VBA direction that the Court review the "record of proceedings” included, in a general way, the Board’s consideration of the equipoise standard, the direct command in new section 7261(b) that the Court, in completing its review, "take due account of the Secretary's application of section 5107(b)” has made a meaningful change to our scope of review. 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(1) (emphasis added). The first matter under section 7252(a) is a matter of jurisdiction and the latter matter under section 7261(b) defines how the Court will conduct review within its jurisdiction. Furthermore, that new section 7261(b) directive must be read in the context of the full section 7261(a), which commands such "tak[ing] account” in the context of evaluating BVA findings — including whether adverse findings of fact are clearly erroneous. As explained in the text immediately following this footnote, I believe that section 7261(b) requires the Court to review the Secretary’s application under that same "clearly erroneous” standard; that requirement surpasses that imposed by the broad language of section 7252(a), which does not mention section 5107(b) by name and which speaks only to what matters are included in the Court’s jurisdiction to review.
. See also Jackson v. West, 12 Vet.App. 422, 425, 429 (1999) (applying Williams (Willie) v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 270, 273-74 (1993)); Gaines v. West, 11 Vet.App. 353, 359 (1998) (same).
. See infra note 17 and accompanying text (legislative history clarifying that VBA § 401 amendments with respect to the benefit-of-the-doubt rule require Court to provide less deferential and more searching review of Board decisions and stating that that rule will, under VBA § 401, be given "full force”); cf. Gregory C. Sisk, The Trial [sic] Courts of the Federal Circuit; Diversity by Design, 13 Fed. Cir. B.J. 241, 263 (2004) ("the actual textual changes to the statute enacted ... [in the VBA] appear to mandate moderate but nonetheless meaningful adjustment by [this Court] on a case-by-case basis, rather than revolutionary change[;] ... a fundamental principle of statutory interpretation is that a change in statutory language presumptively effects a change in meaning”).
. The Roberson III assertion that "[t]he Secretary’s application, or lack thereof, of the benefit[-]of[-]the[-]doubt rule ... was ... already within the Court’s review power under section 7252(a)” does not take into consideration the difference between that which is permissible and that which is now mandated ("shall”), according to the two Veterans' Affairs Committees, to provide for "more searching appellate review of BVA decisions” in order to give "full force to the 'benefit of the doubt’ provisions.” 148 Cong. Rec. S11337, H9003 (daily ed. Nov. 18, 2002). If the Court had always given such "due regard”, it would seem that the Roberson III order would cite some precedent on that point, but it does not (perhaps because that "regard” has been, since Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49 (1990), only a reasons-or-bases check, see supra text accompanying note 11).
. Further, our review of Board decisions under this standard and the direction to this Court to engage in a limited form of factfind-ing in reviewing the Board’s factfinding should be a double-edged sword: In reviewing the record before the Secretary and the Board, the Court is not only empowered, by section 7261(a)(4) and (b)(1), to reverse a clearly erroneous finding of fact, but is also directed, by section 7261(b)(2), to affirm a Board decision with an error that is rendered nonprejudicial because the evidence is so overwhelmingly against the claim in question that a remand based on that error would be superfluous. See Soyini v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 540, 546 (1991); see also Valiao v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 229, 232 (2003) (“Where the facts averred by a claimant cannot conceivably result in any disposition of the appeal other than affirmance of the Board decision, the case should not be remanded for development that could not possibly change the outcome of the decision.”).
.The legitimacy of using legislative history as a method of assisting in finding the meaning of statutory provisions whose meaning is not free from doubt is well established. See Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363, 376 n. 9, 120 S.Ct. 2288, 147 L.Ed.2d 352 (2000) (relying on statements by sponsors of act to support conclusion as to statutory construction); id. at 378 n. 13, 120 S.Ct. 2288 (same); id. at 382 n. 17, 120 S.Ct. 2288 (same); Duffield v. Robertson Stephens & Co., 144 F.3d 1182, 1192 (9th Cir.1998) (criticizing U.S. Court of Appeals for the
. Amendments to section 7261 (dealing with all the same elements as did VBA § 401) were included in S.2079 as introduced by Senator Rockefeller on April 9, 2002. S.2079, 107th Cong., 2d Sess., § 2. The special responsibilities of a Committee Chairman in explaining a bill emanating from that committee have been recognized even by the Supreme Court’s greatest skeptic as to the utility of legislative history. Conroy v. Aniskoff, 507 U.S. 511, 521-22, 113 S.Ct. 1562, 123 L.Ed.2d 229 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment) ("This comment cannot be dismissed as the passing remark of an insignificant Member, since the speaker was the Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, the committee that reported the bill to the House floor.”).
. Senator Rockefeller stated in full regarding VBA § 401:
Section 401 of the Compromise Agreement would maintain the current "clearly erroneous” standard of review, but modify the requirements of the review the court must perform when making determinations under section 7261(a) of title 38. CAVC would be specifically required to examine the record of proceedings — that is, the record on appeal — before the Secretary and BVA. Section 401 would also provide special emphasis during the judicial process to the “benefit of the doubt” provisions of section 5107(b) as CAVC makes findings of fact in reviewing BVA decisions. The combination of these changes is intended to provide for more searching appellate review of BVA decisions, and thus give full force to the “benefit of doubt" provision. The addition of the words "or reverse” after “and set aside” in section 7261(a)(4) is intended to emphasize that CAVC should reverse clearly erroneous findings when appropriate, rather than remand the case. This new language in section 7261 would overrule the recent U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision of Hensley v. West, [212 F.3d 1255 (Fed.Cir.2000),] which emphasized that CAVC should perform only limited, deferential review of BVA decisions, and stated that BVA fact-finding "is entitled on review to substantial deference.” However, nothing in this new language is inconsistent with the existing section 7261(c), which precludes the court from conducting trial de novo when reviewing BVA decisions, that is, receiving evidence that is not part of the record before BVA.
148 Cong. Rec. S11334 (remarks of Sen. Rockefeller) (emphasis added).
. S. 2237 was passed by the Senate on September 26, 2002. 148 Cong. Rec. S9556, S9559 (daily ed. Sept. 26, 2002).
. See Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co. v. St. Joe Paper Co., 216 F.2d 832, 833 (5th Cir.1954) (defining “reverse a judgment” as "to overthrow it by a contrary decision, to make it void, to undo or annul it for error”).
. Utilizing this definition is consistent (1) with the characterizations of the “clearly erroneous” standard as less deferential than the "substantial evidence ... on the record” standard in the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E), and (2) with the fact that the original Senate-passed version of S. 2237 had adopted the "substantial evidence of record” standard drawn from the APA and that that standard was rejected in the final compromise that became VBA § 401. S. 2237, 107th Cong., 2d Sess., § 501 (amending section 7261(a)(4)); 148 Cong. Rec. S9558-9 (Senate passage of reported bill); see also 148 Cong. Rec. S11337, H9006 (Committees on Veterans’ Affairs Explanatory Statement explaining that compromise agreement "would not alter the formula of the standard of review [(that is, the 'clearly erroneous' formula)] on [sic] the Court, with the uncertainty of interpretation of its application that would accompany such a change”); S.Rep. No. 107-234, 107th Cong., 2d Sess. 18 n. 1, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2002, 1788, 1805 n. 1 (recognizing that Supreme Court in Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 162, 119 S.Ct. 1816, 144 L.Ed.2d 143 (1999), had "interpreted” the " 'substantial evidence' formula ... to be slightly more deferential than a traditional 'clearly erroneous’ standard”).
. In applying the "clearly erroneous” standard, the Board’s determinations about the credibility of live-witness testimony before the Board (such as that presented by the appellant here (Record at 443-64)) must be afforded substantial deference. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564, 575, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (holding that trial judge's choice "if not internally inconsistent”, between credible testimony of live witnesses, "each of whom has told a coherent and facially plausible story that is not contradicted by extrinsic evidence, ... can virtually never be clear error”); Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 123 n. 18, 89 S.Ct. 1562, 23 L.Ed.2d 129 (1969); United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 338 U.S. 338, 341-42, 70 S.Ct. 177, 94 L.Ed. 150 (1949).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent from the denial of en banc consideration in this case. The appellant seeks en banc review so that the Court might address (1) our application of the “clearly erroneous” standard of review; (2) the benefit-of-the-doubt rule; and (3) the doctrine that once this Court finds an issue warranting remand, we generally will not address other issues (aka the Best rule). I believe en banc review is warranted because these issues are of exceptional importance to our judicial review and there is a lack of uniformity or clarity in our caselaw in each of these areas. See U.S. Vet.App. R. 35(c) (motions for full-Court decision will ordinarily not be granted “unless such action is necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the Court’s decisions or to resolve a question of exceptional importance”).
A “Clearly Erroneous” Standard of Review
The meaning of the term “clearly erroneous” was first set out by this Court in Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 52-53 (1990). Gilbert cites to United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948), for the definition of this term: “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Gilbert then cites to Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573-74, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985), to illustrate when a court might not have a firm conviction:
This standard plainly does not entitle a reviewing court to reverse the finding of the trier of fact simply because it is convinced that it would have decided the case differently. The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty under Rule 52(a) if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court. “In applying the clearly erroneous standard to the findings of a district court sitting without a jury, appellate courts must constantly have in mind that their function is not to decide factual issues de novo.” Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 123, 89 S.Ct. 1562, 23 L.Ed.2d 129 (1969). If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous. United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 338 U.S. 338, 342, 70 S.Ct. 177, 94 L.Ed. 150 (1949); see also Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 102 S.Ct. 2182, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982).
Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52 (quoting Anderson, supra).
Although Gilbert favorably cited to the Supreme Court’s definitions of the “clearly erroneous” standard, Gilbert subsequently stated that “if there is a plausible basis in the record for the factual determinations
The Supreme Court also stated that a decision below was not clearly erroneous when that decision provided an “account of the evidence [that] is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Anderson, supra (emphasis added). This requires both (1) an explanation of the evidence and (2) that the explanation be plausible “in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Id. Thus, a plausible basis in the record is not enough to preclude a reversal of a finding; there must be an explanation that is plausible “in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Of course, if there is a plausible explanation in light of the entire record, the Court cannot substitute its own, alternate plausible basis for that of the lower tribunals. Id.; see also Yellow Cab, 338 U.S. at 342, 70 S.Ct. 177.
Although the Gilbert standard is generally used in this Court, it is not uniformly applied. There are a number of cases applying an even stricter, dual-based definition of the “clearly erroneous” standard that permits reversal only when “there is absolutely no plausible basis” for the BVA decision and where that decision “is clearly erroneous in light of the uncontroverted evidence.” See, e.g., Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 533 (2002); Shoffner v. Principi 16 Vet.App. 208, 212 (2002); Pentecost v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 124, 129 (2002).
The genesis and development of this two-pronged standard is a classic example of the evolution of case meanings over time. The phrase “absolutely no plausible basis” was first used in our cases in Hersey v. Derwinski 2 Vet.App. 91, 95 (1992). After restating the Supreme Court’s definitions of the “clearly erroneous” standard, as well as noting it as the Gilbert standard,
I suspect that the Gilbert standard and the evolutionary Kersey standard were both unintentional deviations from the Supreme Court’s definition of “clearly erroneous.” Regardless, this is an exceptionally important issue on which we do not have uniformity within the Court, and therefore en banc review is warranted.
B. The Benefit of the Doubt
Section 5107(b) of title 38, U.S.Code, requires the Secretary to consider all the information and evidence in a veteran’s case and, if “there is an approximate balance of positive and negative evidence regarding any issue material to the determination of a matter,” to give the benefit of the doubt to the veteran/claimant. This Court established early on that the Secretary’s application of the benefit-of-the-doubt rule, as finally applied by the Board, would be reviewed for whether it was “ ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’ ” Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 57-58.
What was once well settled, however, is now open to question as a result of the panel decisions in Roberson v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 135, 146 (2003), and Mariano v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 305, 313 (2003), which state the standard of review of the benefit-of-the-doubt rule as “clearly erroneous.” Neither case cites a basis for changing the standard of review, with Mariano simply citing Roberson. See Mariano, supra. Indeed, neither case cites Gilbert. Moreover, Roberson gives the impression that “clearly erroneous” was always the standard of review for the Secretary’s application of the benefit-of-the-doubt rule. Id. There is a conflict in our caselaw on this significant issue and it should be resolved en banc.
C. The Best Doctrine
The panel decision in Best v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 18, 19 (2001) (per curiam order), proclaimed that “[f]rom the outset, it has been the practice of this Court that when a remand is ordered because of an undoubted error that requires such a remedy, the Court will not, as a general rule, address other putative errors raised by the appellant.” See also Mahl v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 37 (2001) (per curiam order) (acknowledging departures from the Best doctrine, but maintaining they are the exception rather than the rule). In support of its proposition, Best cites directly to Dunn v. West, 11 Vet.App. 462, 467 (1998), and further refers the reader to Aronson v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 153, 155 (1994), and Mokal v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 12 (1990). A closer look, however, finds that none of these cases supports the broad proposition announced in Best. Indeed, Dunn supports a much narrower proposition and almost inverse general rule.
Dunn fully addressed the appellant’s assertion on appeal that the Board had erred
It also seems that Best actually turned the Dunn approach on its head, with its “recognition” of a general rule that if a finding or holding on one claim or issue causes remand of a case, none of the other claims or issues generally should be decided at that time by the Court. Although Dunn refused to address additional issues that were mooted by decision on one issue, application of the Best rule does not depend on mooting an issue; it simply remands all claims and issues in the ease to the Board where they all can be reconsidered. See Fletcher v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 394, 397 (1991) (“A remand is meant to entail a critical examination of the justification for the decision. The Court expects that the [Board] will reexamine the evidence of record, seek any other evidence the Board feels is' necessary, and issue a timely, well-supported decision in this case.”). •
The other cases relied on by Best similarly do not support the general rule as announced in Best. Aronson stands for the sole proposition that when a claim is rendered moot, the Court no longer has jurisdiction over that claim or any matters appurtenant to that claim. Aronson, 7 Vet.App. at 155-56. Mokal stands for the proposition that this Court has adopted the case-or-controversy jurisdictional restraints imposed by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. Mokal, 1 Vet.App. at 15. Both cases support the general Dunn approach, i.e., not addressing issues mooted by a remand, but not the broad rule enunciated in Best that if one issue warrants remand none of the others generally should be addressed.
Best further cites to a number of other courts that “regularly decline to address the remaining allegations of error if the court orders a remand and a new trial based on any one allegation of error.” Best, 15 Vet.App. at 19. Reliance on these cases for adopting the broad principle enunciated in Best is misplaced. For one, a new trial is far different than the remand of a case from this Court to the Board. In a new trial, the entire process is redone, whereas during new proceedings after a remand from this Court, the record below remains intact; it can be augmented, but it is not redone. Moreover, with the exception of the issue on which the remand was based and those, as in Dunn, that were mooted by the remand, I fail to see the basis for believing that the Board will render a different decision on any remaining issues. This leaves the veteran with the prospect that his case will be remanded as many times as he has separate claims or independent issues, before he can get a final decision. See Brambley v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 20, 25-28 (2003) (Steinberg, J., concurring). Unlike the moot issues in Dunn, the issues and claims remanded
Finally, in addition to being, at best, a stretch from the Dunn case, the Best principle is applied inconsistently and without uniformity in the Court. Compare, e.g., Best and Mahl, both supra, with Pelegrini v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 412, 423-24 (2004) (remanding for compliance with 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a) but also addressing another argument raised in case), and Moran v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 149, 155-56 (2003) (remanding for inadequate reasons or bases, but also addressing appellant’s arguments regarding 38 C.F.R. § 3.304(f)); see also Brambley, supra (Steinberg, J., concurring) (enumerating other remandable errors, outside of those addressed by majority option, that without having been so addressed might reoccur on readjudication). This issue is important and there is a lack of uniformity in this area within our cases, both warranting clarification by the en banc Court.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.
. The Hersey court made no mention of the standard actually enunciated in Gilbert and applied in most of our cases, i.e., "if there is a plausible basis in the record for the factual determinations of the BVA, even if this Court might not have reached the same factual determinations, we cannot overturn them,” Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 53 (1990). See Hersey v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 91, 93-95 (1992).
. Although I believe the differences between the Gilbert and Hersey standards of review are significant, to the extent some view them as subtle this should not preclude review. The Supreme Court noted there was a subtle difference between the "substantial evidence” and the "clearly erroneous” standards of review, but still found it important to apply the correct standard. Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 162-63, 119 S.Ct. 1816, 144 L.Ed.2d 143 (1999).
. See also Mahl v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 37, 40-47 (2001) (per curiam order) (Steinberg, J., dissenting) (noting additional infirmities in the Best rule).