Jean Marie Valere, a citizen of Haiti, was admitted to the United States as a lawful permanent resident in 1968, when he was ten years old. In 1994 he pleaded guilty to indecent assault of a child in Florida. Based on that conviction, the United States identified Valere as an aggravated felon and in 1998 initiated removal proceedings against him. Valere eventually sought relief under § 212(c) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994), which was repealed in 1996 but under
INS v. St. Cyr,
In his petition for review, Valere argues that Blake and a 2004 regulation codifying the “statutory counterpart” rule for determining a removable alien’s eligibility for § 212(c) relief have an impermissibly retroactive effect as applied to his case. He also asserts that the “statutory counter *759 part” requirement violates equal protection. We deny the petition for review.
I. Background
Valere came to the United States from Haiti in 1968, at age ten, and was admitted as a legal permanent resident. In 1994 he pleaded guilty to a Florida charge of indecent assault of a child and was sentenced to four-and-a-half years’ imprisonment. In 1998 the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) (then called the Immigration and Naturalization Service or “INS”) issued a Notice to Appear, charging that Valere was deportable under § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (1998), as an alien convicted of an aggravated felony, and under § 237(a)(2)(E)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(E)® (1998), as an alien convicted of a crime of domestic violence, stalking, child abuse, child neglect, or child abandonment.
At Valere’s initial removal hearing, the IJ held that the INS had established Val-ere’s status as an aggravated felon,
see
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A) (1998), and ordered him removed to Haiti. Valere unsuccessfully appealed this decision to the BIA. In July 2003 the DHS detained Val-ere to execute the removal order against him. At this point Valere moved to reopen his removal proceedings, citing
St. Cyr,
in which the Supreme Court held that § 212(c) relief remained available, despite its repeal, to aliens whose criminal convictions were obtained through guilty pleas prior to the effective date of the repeal and who would have been eligible to apply for § 212(c) relief under the law in effect at the time of the plea.
St. Cyr,
After a change of venue from Miami to Chicago, Valere submitted his § 212(c) waiver, application, which the IJ. granted after a merits hearing. The DHS appealed, and during the pendency of the appeal, the BIA issued its ruling'in Blake, holding that an alien deportable because of a conviction for sexual abuse of a minor is not eligible for a § 212(c) waiver because there is no statutory counterpart to that offense in the enumerated grounds for inadmissibility in § 212(a). Relying on Blake, the BIA reversed the IJ’s decision and ordered Valere removed to Haiti. Valere petitioned for review in this court.
II. Discussion
Aliens who have committed certain crimes generally may not be admitted to the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2) (2000). The current § 212(a) of the INA enumerates the grounds, including the commission of certain crimes, which render an alien inadmissible. Under former § 212(c), in effect at the time Valere entered his guilty plea to indecent assault of a child, the Attorney General was authorized to grant discretionary admission to an otherwise excludable alien (“inadmissibility” was formerly known as “exclusion”). 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994). Former § 212(c) allowed a discretionary waiver of inadmissibility for permanent resident aliens who voluntarily left the' United States, sought reentry, and were returning to a “lawful unrelinquished domicile” of seven (or in some cases, ten) years. Id. Not 'all returning aliens were eligible to apply for a § 212(c) waiver, however; an amendment passed in 1990 prohibited § 212(c) relief for aliens convicted of aggravated felonies who served terms of imprisonment of five years or more. Immigration Act of 1990, Pub.L. No. 101-649, § 511, 104 Stat. 4978, 5052 (1990) (amending 8 U.S.C. § 1182).
By its terms, former § 212(c) applied only to lawful resident aliens who were denied
admission
to the United States
*760
after voluntarily leaving the country and then attempting reentry. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994). But in
Francis v. INS,
In
In Matter of Silva,
16 I. & N. Dec. 26 (B.I.A.1976), the BIA adopted the Second Circuit’s position.
Leal-Rodriguez,
The passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) in 1996 wrought more changes in § 212(c), identifying certain convictions that would make an alien ineligible for waiver consideration. Pub.L. No. 104-132, § 440(d), 110 Stat. 1214, 1277 (1996) (amending 8 U.S.C. § 1182). Later that same year, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (“IIRIRA”) repealed § 212(c) altogether, replacing it with 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. Pub.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-594 (creating 8 U.S.C. § 1229b). Section 1229b grants the Attorney General authority to cancel removal only for certain classes of inadmissible or deportable aliens, but excludes from consideration aliens previously convicted of aggravated felonies. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. Section 1229b applies to aliens in removal proceedings after April 1, 1997.
Velez-Lotero v. Achim,
In October 2004 the DHS promulgated 8 C.F.R. § 1212.3, which codified the judicially created “statutory counterpart” rule noted above, as well as the Supreme Court’s decision in
St. Cyr,
which held that “the repeal of § 212(c) was impermissibly retroactive as applied to aliens who pleaded guilty prior to IIRIRA’s effective date in the expectation that they would continue to be eligible for § 212(c) waivers.”
Velez-Lotero,
The BIA held that Valere was ineligible for a § 212(c) waiver because under the authority of Blake, the aggravated felony for which he was being deported— indecent assault of a minor — had no statutory counterpart in § 212(a). In Blake, the BIA traced the evolution of the statutory counterpart rule, codified in § 1212.3(f)(5), and held that the crime of sexual abuse of a minor had no statutory counterpart in § 212(a). The BIA rejected the petitioner’s argument that § 212(a)’s broad “crime of moral turpitude” ground for exclusion was a statutory counterpart *761 to sexual abuse of a minor, holding that “the moral turpitude ground of exclusion addresses a distinctly different and much broader category of offenses than the aggravated felony sexual abuse of a minor charge.” Blake, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 728. Blake held that while there need not be a “perfect match” in order to satisfy the “statutory counterpart” requirement, an “overlap” in categories of crimes — even a “considerable overlap” — -is not enough. “[W]hether a ground of deportation or removal has a statutory counterpart in the provisions for exclusion or inadmissibility turns on whether Congress has employed similar language to describe substantially equivalent categories of offenses.” Id.
Valere does not directly challenge the BIA’s conclusion in Blake that the crime of sexual abuse of a minor has no statutory counterpart in § 212(a). Neither does he attempt to distinguish his crime of conviction — indecent assault of a minor — from the sexual abuse of a minor offense at issue in Blake. Rather, he argues that the BIA’s application of Blake to his case — and by extension, the application of § 1212.3(f)(5) — has an impermissibly retroactive effect. He also claims that application of the statutory counterpart requirement of § 1212.3(f)(5) violates his equal protection rights.
Before proceeding to the substance of these claims, we note that we have jurisdiction to resolve them. Although § 242(a)(2)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), strips this court of jurisdiction to entertain reviews of “any final order of removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense covered by section 1182(a)(2) or 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) ... of this title,” § 1252(a)(2)(D) permits appellate court review of constitutional claims and questions of law.
Knutsen v. Gonzales,
The contours of Valere’s retroactivity argument are fuzzy at best. Valere seems to be arguing that the decision in
St. Cyr
gave rise to a vested right — the right to § 212(c) eligibility — that was eliminated by the application of the new DHS regulation, § 1212.3(f)(5), to his case. He contends that applying
Blake
(and thus § 1212.3(f)(5)) impairs his right to § 212(c) eligibility and thus has an impermissibly retroactive effect in violation of the rule of
Landgraf v. USI Film Prods.,
But Valere never had any right to § 212(c) eligibility.
St. Cyr
only extended § 212(c) eligibility to those who would have qualified to apply for this relief at the time of their guilty pleas and prior to the effective date of the repeal — it did not extend eligibility to aliens who would not have qualified under the law then in effect. The “statutory counterpart” rule for deportees seeking to invoke § 212(c) appears in the case law as far back as the late 1970s, well before Valere’s guilty plea.
See, e.g., Leal-Rodriguez,
That leaves Valere’s equal protection argument, which is likewise difficult to make out. He seems to suggest that the Second Circuit’s reasoning in Francis requires that § 212(c) eligibility be extended to all removable aliens — not just those who are similarly situated to inadmissible aliens by virtue of being removable for a crime that has a comparable ground of exclusion in § 212(a). He argues that equal protection requires that “no distinction shall be made between permanent resident aliens who proceed abroad and nondeparting aliens who apply for the benefits of section 212(c) of the Act.” But the requirement of a comparable ground of exclusion in § 212(a) — a “statutory counterpart” — is what makes a removable, nondeparting alien similarly situated to an inadmissible alien in the first place. If the removable alien’s crime of conviction is not substantially equivalent to a ground of inadmissibility under § 212(a), then the removable alien is not similarly situated for purposes of claiming an equal protection right to apply for § 212(c) relief. \
Section 212(c) on its face applies only to aliens seeking readmission to the country, not those being deported. Beginning with
Francis,
courts and the BIA have held § 212(c) relief is available to deportees who are
similarly situated
to inadmissi-bles, i.e., are being deported on a ground that substantially corresponds to a ground for inadmissibility under § 212(a). These holdings established the statutory counterpart rule that was codified in 8 C.F.R. § 1212.3(f)(5) and applied in
Blake.
Val-ere argues that unless § 212(c) relief is available to
all
people facing deportation for convictions obtained by guilty plea pri- or to § 212(c)’s repeal, the regulation violates equal protection. In
Leal-Rodriguez,
we declined to expand the reach of § 212(c) beyond the Second Circuit’s holding in
Francis,
specifically rejecting the argument that § 212(c) eligibility “should be extended to all deportable aliens, whatever their ground for expulsion.”
Leal-Rodriguez,
Valere’s petition for review is Denied.