75 Ala. 577 | Ala. | 1884
-This case presents the question of homestead and other exemptions in a form different from any heretofore considered. We have considered the question in many phases ; where such property was sought to be subjected to sale under legal process, and where it was sought to be brought under the dominion of administration, for the payment of debts, or for distribution. In all such cases, we have held that exemption is a privilege to be claimed ; and if not claimed until the property has been subjected to sale, our ruling has been that the right is lost. We have taken a further step, and held that if the homestead is to be severed from a larger tract, or the exempt personalty from a larger bulk, the selection of the exempt portion must be made before sale, or the right is lost. And the claim of exemption, to be successful, must not be in excess of that allowed by law.—Tucker v. Henderson, 63 Ala. 280 ; Martin v. Lile, Ib. 406 ; Simpson v. Simpson, 30 Ala. 225 ; Bell v. Davis, 42 Ala. 460 ; Henderson v. Tucker, 70 Ala. 381; Wright v. Grabfelder, 74 Ala. 460; Barber v. Williams, Ib. 331; Spencer v. Clark [ante, p. 49].
In the present case, there has been no attempt to subject the land or personal property to sale, either under legal process, or under an order of the probate court. The exact case is as follows : John T. Jarrell died, leaving a last will, and appointing William C. Jarrell to be executor thereof. The will was probated, and the executor qualified. Testator left a surviving widow and one infant child. He owned and occupied eighty acres of land at the time of his death, and personal property, valued by the appraisers at two hundred and sixty-five dollars. The testimony declares this was the only property he owned, and that the land was occupied by testator as a homestead at the time of his death, and was worth not exceeding one thousand dollars. It has ever since been occupied by the widow and child as a homestead. The report of the appraisers states, “ the following articles ” (the entire personal assets) “ are selected and
The statute makes express provision for reporting claim of homestead in the following cases: Sections 2828-9 of the Code ■of 1876 provide for the declaration and recording of such claim before any process is levied upon it. Sections 2832 and 2834 provide for reporting such claim, when no claim has been made before, but is made after process levied. Section 2840 makes provision for selecting the homestead, “ when any resident of this State dies, leaving a widow or minor child or children, one or both, and such resident owned lands, or an interest therein in this State, but did not at the time of his death reside on a homestead owned by him, of the value of two thousand dollars.” There is no express direction or provision for selecting the homestead by or for the widow or minor children, when the family resided on the homestead at the time of the husband’s death. Yet, section 2841 declares that “ when homestead or ■exemption is claimed by the widow or guardian of the minors, or by commissioners appointed by the judge of probate under any of the provisions of this chapter [the whole subject of exemptions], the same shall be returned to the probate court having jurisdiction of the estate within sixty days thereafter,” etc. The statute is silent as to the person who shall make the report in a case circumstanced as this is; as silent as it is as to the manner of asserting the claim, or making the selection. On whom does the duty rest of making the return ? We think we best promote the policy and symmetry of the law by holding' that this duty rests on the personal representative.
When the tract consists of more acres, or is of greater value than can be claimed as exempt homestead, there must be a selection of the part claimed. This is indispensable, for otherwise it can not be known of what the homestead consists, nor whether the claim is excessive. But when, as in this case, the whole tract does not exceed the quantity the law exempts, there is no room for selection, unless the value exceeds two
There is, in substance, no difference between the right of homestead asserted in this case, and the kindred right of exempt personal property, claimed by the widow or - minor children. In Mitcham v. Moore, 73 Ala. 542, this court said:' “ The right of exemption is not dependent upon the existence of an administration. The purpose of making it is the maintenance of the widow and minor children, a purpose which could not often be accomplished, if the right was dependent on the existence of an administration. . . . And so it may occur that if there was a grant of an administration, the personal property which would pass to the personal representative would not equal the value of the exemption. There would be no duty in reference to it to be performed by the personal representative, except that of permitting the selection to be made. The grant of administration would be, as to such property, merely formal and ceremoneous, creating unnecessary expense, and diminishing the value of the exemption.”
In the case of Farley v. Riordon, 72 Ala. 128, we find this remark :■ “ Tiie clause having reference to the ‘ sixty days ’ [in § 2841 of the Code] seems to have no field for operation except in those cases where commissioners are appointed, and it becomes their duty to make report.” This opinion is not absolutely declared, and must be considered in connection with the sentence immediately preceding.it, and with the facts of that case. It was not absolutely necessary to the opinion then pronounced, and we do not feel bound by it, so as to preclude further inquiry into it. The present case makes it our duty to inquire, whether there should not have been a report of the claim of homestead, although commissioners were not appointed to lay it off. The language of the statute — Code, § 2841 — is, “When homestead or exemption is claimed by the widow or guardian of the minor, or by commissioners appointed by the judge of probate under any of the provisions of this chapter, the same shall be returned to the probate court
The only testimony in this record bearing on the question under discussion is that of the executor himself. He testified as follows : That said John T. Jarrell died on or about the 20th day of September, 1881, leaving surviving him his widow, Mrs. Jane Jarrell, and Luke M. Jarrell, a minor child of hers, who were members of his family at the timé of his death ; and that the lands on which his dwelling was located, and on which he resided last before his death, consisted of about eighty acres only, and that the said lands and improvements thereon did not exceed in value one thousand dollars at the very highest estimate ; and that the same aré situate, lying, and being in the county of Tallapoosa., State of Alabama ; and that the widovv of said deceased, Mrs. Jane Jarrell, had asserted her right and claim to said]land and dwelling situated thereon, as a homestead for herself 'and minor child of said decedent, exempt from the payment of debts contracted after the 23d day of April, 1873 ; that he recognized the right of said widow and minor child to said premises as a homestead, and assented thereto ; and that said widow had continued to exercise control and dominion over said premises, as a homestead for herself and minor child of said deceased, up to the present time.”
On the principles declared above, and which we decide to be the true rule, the executor must be held accountable as for negligence in failing to return the claim of homestead. What is the effect of this neglect, so far as his liability is concerned ? On principle, the measure of his liability is the injury the creditors suffered by the failure. The failure of a sheriff to levy an execution in his hands on property found in the defendant’s possession,' furnishes an analogy. Such failure fixes on the sheriff a prima facie liability, but it is only prima facie. It
Reversed and remanded.
