Jamison v. FischerJamison v. Fischer
- Reporters:
- Before:
- Pierre N. Leval, Chester J. Straub, Reena Raggi
Plaintiff Randy Jamison challenges (1) the July 11, 2013 award of summary judgment to defendant Mark Tokarz, a hearing officer at Green Haven Correctional Facility, on Jamison‘s claim that he was denied due process at a prison disciplinary proceeding, see
Qualified immunity shields government officials from civil damages liability unless (1) the official violated a statutory or constitutional right (2) that was clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct. See Reichle v. Howards, — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 2088, 2093, 182 L.Ed.2d 985 (2012). “[L]ower courts have discretion to decide which of the two prongs of qualified-immunity analysis to tackle first.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 2080, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011); see Zalaski v. City of Hartford, 723 F.3d 382, 389 (2d Cir.2013) (“Addressing the latter question first is particularly appropriate where the former turns on difficult or novel questions of constitutional or statutory interpretation, but it is nevertheless clear that the challenged conduct was not objectively unreasonable in light of existing law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We move directly to the second prong of analysis here.
Jamison contends that his right to call witnesses at his prison disciplinary hearing was clearly established by Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), and that no reasonable officer could have concluded otherwise. Although Wolff v. McDonnell recognized a right to call witnesses at prison disciplinary proceedings, that right is not absolute. See id. at 566-67, 94 S.Ct. 2963; accord Ponte v. Real, 471 U.S. 491, 499, 105 S.Ct. 2192, 85 L.Ed.2d 553 (1985) (recognizing inmate‘s right to call witnesses as “limited one“). Instead, it is tempered by prison interests in keeping hearings “within reasonable limits,” refusing to call witnesses who “may create a risk of reprisal or undermine authority,” and limiting “access to other inmates to collect statements or to compile other documentary evidence.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. at 566, 94 S.Ct. 2963. Thus, an inmate‘s request to call a particular witness at a disciplinary hearing may be properly refused for “irrelevance, lack of necessity, or the hazards presented in individual cases.” Id. It may also be refused upon a reasonable determination that the witness will not testify. See Silva v. Casey, 992 F.2d 20, 22 (2d Cir.1993) (holding that if witness “will not testify if called, it cannot be a ‘necessity’ to call him,” and that prison official who “reasonably concludes that it would be futile to call a witness to testify” does not violate inmate‘s constitutional rights).
Here, Tokarz denied Jamison‘s witness requests on the final ground—futility. Jamison nevertheless contends that Tokarz violated his constitutional rights by relying on incomplete “Witness Refusal Forms” to make his decision, rather than conducting an independent inquiry of the requested witnesses. But Jamison points to no federal law that clearly alerted hearing officers that, in reaching a reasonable conclusion of futility, they could not rely on a correction officer‘s signed statement that, upon inquiry, an inmate indicated an unwillingness to testify. Indeed, Jamison cites no case in which we have ever held a hearing officer‘s futility determination unreasonable, much less any precedent that apprised hearing officers of the nature of any inquiry they might be expected to undertake. Accordingly, existing precedent did not place the constitutional question “beyond debate,” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S.Ct. at 2083, and we therefore identi
That Tokarz may have violated state law in denying Jamison‘s request does not alter our conclusion. See
Jamison‘s claim that Bezio violated due process by affirming the disciplinary action on administrative appeal is necessarily derivative of his claim against Tokarz. For the reasons stated as to Tokarz, then, Bezio also was entitled to qualified immunity.1
Jamison‘s final argument—that Tokarz violated due process by refusing a request for photographic evidence of the injuries allegedly inflicted on corrections officers—merits little discussion. On this point, Jamison failed to exhaust administrative remedies as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act,
We have considered Jamison‘s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without merit. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.