44 N.Y.S. 15 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1897
Lead Opinion
The action was brought to restrain the defendants from carrying out a contract entered into between them relating to the reinsurance by the Hartford Company of the risks of the Broadway Company; and for other relief, upon the ground that such contract was illegal, ultra vires and void, and that carrying it out would cause irreparable injury to the plaintiffs and others. The plaintiffs were stockholders of the Broadway Company, and the defendants were the two companies parties to the contract and the directors of the Broadway Company.
The. contract was made November 11, 1896. The action was commenced November 12,1896. Upon that day the plaintiffs served the papers upon which an application was subsequently made for an injunction pending the action. An order was made enjoining and restraining the .defendants until the hearing and determination of the application. The application was subsequently heard, and, on December 80, 1896, the order was made from which this appeal is taken.
The complaint in this action alleged, among other things, that the Broadway Company was a domestic eofpóration and the Hartford Company was a foreign Connecticut corporation; that, November 11, 1896, the board of directors of the Broadway Company held a meeting in the city of New York, at which they agreed and determined to wind up the affairs of the corporation, and to suspend the business for which it was incorporated, arid to execute the contract in question; that on the same day the president made the contract with the Hartford Company and mailed to the company’s agents a. notice of such determination and of the making of the contracts, etc.; that the contract was made and the notice mailed with the knowledge, consent and authority of the board of directors, and in pursuance of resolutions adopted at the meeting; that the object
We are unable to say, from an examination of the papers, that the directors, were not justified in their conclusion that it was beneficial, to the interests of the stockholders that the corporation should be dissolved. Indeed, ¿here seemed to be no other conclusion possible. This being so, they were not only acting within their legal right, but in accordance with their duty, in determining to commence the proceedings for dissolution of the corporation, and in acting promptly in instituting the proceedings, ft will be noticed that the plaintiffs. did not, in their complaint, attack either the legality or propriety of this action by the board of directors, although it was a part of the scheme outlined in the resolutions, and was the basis for the action of the directors in reinsuring the risks of the company, and the reason alleged for the propriety and necessity of making the contract of reinsurance.
It cannot be said as ah’ abstract proposition that the board of directors had no legal power to reinsure the risks of the company, because the amended charter of the company, by section 2, provided expressly that “ this company shall have power to make reinsurance upon any or all of the risks to be taken by them as aforesaid.” If it be claimed that this section did not give the directors the power to "close up the business of the company, the reply is that this contract of reinsurance did not, in and of itself, close or' assume to close the business of the company. It in no way deprived the company of the power to go on and take new business. The contract was evidently made with a view to the dissolution of the corporation, but the dissolution was to be effected, if at all, in the proceedings begun at the time, and if the court refuses to order such dissolution, the corporation will have to go on with its business, which it can
The views we have expressed lead us to conclude that this in junction order was improperly granted, upon the papers before the court, and that the order’ should be reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements of this appeal, and the application should be denied, with ten dollars costs. .
"Van Brunt, P. J., and Barrett, J., concurred; Patterson, J., dissented.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the reversal of this order for the following reasons, in addition to those given by Mr. Justice Williams :
This property was an essential incident to the contract of reinsurance, and if that contract was within the ¡lower of the directors so certainly was the sale of these necessary appendages to its due execution by the purchaser. The sale of this personal property as an independent act had no taint of invalidity. Still less was it ultra. rnres when appurtenant to a valid contiiáctof reinsurance. Nor did this contract, as is also assumed, leave the seller company with nothing but its corporate name and its liabilities. On the contrary, it guaranteed the company against its liability upon contracts of insurance to the amount of about $30,000,000, and, as between the two companies, practically transferred that liability to the purchaser company. It also saved it from heavy expenses pending the dissolution. proceedings, and secured for the stockholders some $50,000 more than would have been available for distribution had the company not been relieved from its liability upon such contracts. And, further, it not only left to the company all its capital and.assets not specifically .included in the contract, but also left it perfectly free and with ample means at any future time to resume business should such resumption be deemed proper or expedient, or should unforeseen circumstances favor such resumption.
(2) "Upon the facts here presented the contract was a valid exercise of power upon the part of the directors. This being a private corporation, exercising no public or quasi public function, its business having been'conducted for years at a steady loss, and there being no reasonable prospect of future success or of profit to the shareholders, it was the duty of the directors to stop the outgo and to wind up its affairs. As Mr. Mbrawetz well says in his work on-Corporations (§ 412): “ The ultimate object of every ordinary trading corporation is evidently the pecuniary gain of its shareholders. * * * It seems to follow,' therefore} that after a corporation of this character has become hopelessly insolvent, or unable to eawry
The exercise of a sound judgment upon this subject was within the province of these directors. “ The right of a manufacturing corporation,” said Follett, J., in Skimmer v. Smith (134 N. Y. 250), “ to discontinue its operations when they have become unprofitable, for the purpose of protecting shareholders from further loss, does not admit of doubt.” (Citing Treadwell v. Salisbury Manufacturing Go., 7 Gray, 395, and many other cases.) The principle thus enunciated is not at all in- conflict with -that stated in Abbot v. The American Hard Hubber Co. (33 Barb. 578). There the action of the directors entirely incapacitated the company from ever transacting the business for which it was incorporated. The sale covered the very patent rights under which alone the company could do business; and that sale was made by the directors to some of their own num_ ber, who formed a new organization to conduct the business of manufacturing under these patents. Upon this latter fact, the court held the action of the directors to be fraudulent. It is true that it also held, their action to be ultra vires. But why ? Because the company was apparently successful and prosperous, and because the action of the trustees was simply an attempt to inflict upon it, to quote the language of Justice Allen, “ political death,” for their own benefit and in fraud of the rights of their cestuis gue trust, the stockholders. The company there was not, as here, operating at a steady loss. The wiping out of its surplus was not imminent. Insolvency was not impending, either presently or remotely. Here, upon the other hand, all these features exist; and there is no suggestion of fraud or bad faith upon the part of the directors. On the contrary, the contract which these directors have made is the ordinary and sensible accompaniment of dissolution proceedings rendered appropriate, indeed essential, by the special facts disclosed ; and which apparently must result in a final order of dissolution. That contract, too, is highly beneficial to the stockholders and to all concerned. It is, therefore, neither fraudulent nor ultra vires.
(3) A mandatory injunction summafily evicting the purchaser and commanding it, upon the very ■ commencement of .the action, to restore to the seller the subject of the sale, and to relinquish pendente . lite all the rights which it had secured under its contract, should certainly not have been granted. That was an extraordinary, and,
In every aspect of the case the order appealed from should be reversed.
Van Brunt, P. J., and Williams, J., concurred.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur with the majority of the court, that the order appealed from should be reversed; but I put my concurrence solely upon the ground that substantially all the acts enjoined were practically completed before the granting of the injunction, and the injunction amounts simply to an eviction of the Hartford Fire Insurance. Company from the premises it occupies and to. a command to them to
It is purely a mandatory injunction in all its essentials. Such an injunction should rarely, if ever, be granted pendente lite, and the granting of such an injunction in this case was not, as it seems to me, a proper exercise of the discretion of the court. This ground is sufficient to require the reversal of the order.
The other questions are so important in their nature that, in my judgment, they ought not to be decided upon a motion which appeals purely to the discretion of the court, since the decision upon such a motion cannot be reviewed. ■
Dissenting Opinion
I am not able to concur in the views expressed in the opinion of the majority of the court on the matters involved in this appeal. I think the injunction was properly granted and should be maintained for the reason that the acts of the directors of the Broadway Insurance Company, complained of by the plaintiffs and performed in execution of the terms of the contract between that company and the Hartford Insurance Company, were altogether beyond the powers of those directors and were destructive' of the business of the Broadway Company, which they were bound to preserve for the benefit of the stockholders' until a judicial sentence of dissolution is pronounced against that corporation, if-that is ever done. No one will assert that it is competent for the directors of a solvent' and going corporation to transfer all its business assets and good will to another corporation' and leave their own company nothing but its corporate name and its liabilities, and that is in effect what the directors of the Broadway Insurance Company have done. The contract made by them with the Hartford Fire Insurance ■ Company virtually terminates everything but the ' nominal -existence of the Broadway Company. It is called a contract of reinsurance. It is not only such a contract, but it is one by which everything of real value belonging to the Broadway Company is turned over to a- foreign insurance company or its agents within this State. The. contract has not only been formally executed and delivered, but acts have been performed under it which, if allowed to stand, completely destroy the corporation. Justifica
The only ground upon which the directors of the Broadway Insurance Company can claim (and they do claim it) to justify their action is, that they determined that it was. for the best interests of the stockholders of that company that it should be dissolved, and that they passed a resolution to that effect,, and that in pursuance of that resolution they took proceedings under the statute for a voluntary dissolution of the corporation, and that their action in making the contract with the Hartford Insurance; Company, and all that they 'have done under and pursuant to that contract, is in the best interests of the stockholders. But all that is unavailing to sanction what the directors of the Broadway Insurance Company have done. It is stated in the majority opinion of the court that it is not charged that the action of these directors is fraudulent. It is not so charged in the complaint, and, therefore, I do not intend, to impute any fraud to any of the directors who have united in the resolution or who have authorized the contract or the acts done under it, but 'the consideration of fraud, has nothing to do with the question of power which is the one involved in this matter. That question of power must be considered as relating to the dissolution of the. company. The institution and- pendency of proceedings for the voluntary dissolution of the corporation gave no right, whatever, to the directors to do any of the things they have done in their transaction with the .Hartford Insurance Company. The voluntary proceedings referred to are taken under the statute and those proceedings must be strictly pursued. (Matter of E. M. Boynton Saw & File Company, 34 Hun, 371; Chamberlain v. Rochester S. P. V. Co., 7 id. 557; Matter of French Manufacturing Company, 12 id. 488.) All the right given under that statute to the majority of the directors is to present
There are affidavits presented on the part of the defendant, made by gentlemen in the business of fire insurance, who assert that, notwithstanding' the agreement with the Hartford Insurance Company, and the acts of the directors of the Broadway Company under it, the Broadway Insurance Company, in case the petition of the directors is not granted by the court, could repossess themselves of the business, and go on with it.. But this seems to be utterly incred
The purpose of this injunction was to stop the acts of the directors just where they were, and until the question of the dissolution •of the corporation can be determined, by the only court that has jurisdiction to determine it, namely,, that branch of this court- in which the order to show cause is made returnable, I think we have no right- on this appeal to go into the merits of that application. That would be sitting in appeal upon such, merits before the court •of first instance has jurisdiction to hear the parties. The right of the directors of the Broadway Company was limited merely to getting that application properly and regularly before the court. • In the meantime the business of the Broadway Company should stand ■as it had stood, namely, within the control of its directors as an active and going concern. As the whole purpose was merely to invoke judicial action, those directors had no power to do anything further, and no injury can result because the control of the business is in their hands, and there are no outside influences that can interfere with their discreet and proper management of that business in their own way. It is entirely clear to me that these directors have . undertaken to do that which can only be done by the judgment of the Supreme Court, and through its receiver when dissolution is adjudged, and that the injunction was a wise and just exercise of the discretion of the court, from whose order this appeal is taken.
This is not the case of the directors of a manufacturing or trading ■corporation, suspending active business to prevent further loss to .stockholders. All that was here done was directly connected with a proceeding devolving upon the court the duty of deciding the fate •of the corporation. The statute controls. No other ■ method than "that prescribed by the statute to effect dissolution and end the business could be pursued. “ The method! of effecting corporate dissolution, when prescribed by statute, as in this State, is exchosive.” (Hitch v. Hawley, 132 N. Y. 217, citing Verplanck v. Mercantile
I think the original injunction, as modified by the order of Mr. J ustice Lawrence, should be maintained; but there should also be a provision made in it that nothing therein contained shall operate to prevent the directors of the Broadway Insurance Company from bringing on their application for the voluntary dissolution, to be heard in accordance with the terms of the order to show cause.
With this modification, I think the order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and application denied, with ten dollars costs.