James v. Stern
195 P. 1104
Nev.
1921
Check Treatment
Per Curiam:

W. H. James, Jr., a Democrat, and J. H. Stern, a Republican, were rival candidates for the office of sheriff of Ormsby County at the general election in November, 1920. There were no other candidates for said office at said election. Upon the official returns, as canvassed by the board of county commissioners of said Ormsby County, Stern had a majority of one vote, and he was declared elected by said board. Thereafter a contest was inaugurated by W. H. James, Jr., in the district court of said county, and such proceedings were had therein as resulted in a finding by a trial court, sitting without a jury, that Stern had received two more votes than James, and he was accordingly-declared elected. James, being dissatisfied with the result, appeals to this court from the judgment rendered in favor of his opponent and from an order refusing him a new trial. His appeal is based upon the rulings of the lower court in accepting or rejecting seven particular ballots, certified as Exhibits Nos. 12, 4-3, 10-3, 0-3, N-3, L-3, and K-3. The particular objections to each ballot go to its validity or invalidity as a whole, rather than as to its validity as a vote for either James or Stern. The integrity of the ballots is not questioned, and'they are certified up to us to determine whether or not, as a matter of law, the markings and defects appearing upon the face of each ballot, independently of the other, constitute distin-, guishing or identifying marks of such character as to authorize us to accept or reject the ballot.

1. The general election law provides in general terms the kind of ballots to be counted or- rejected, and contains this provision:

“But nothing in this act shall be construed as grounds for the rejection of a ballot where the intention of the voter is clear and where marks on the ballot cannot be definitely shown to be intentional distinguishing marks, characters or words.” Stats. 1917, sec. 48, p. 374; 3 Rev. Laws, p. 2759.

*434A distinguishing mark, as contemplated by the law, has been declared by this court to be that, if an unauthorized mark is inadvertently placed upon a ballot by a voter, and is not of a character to be used readily for a corrupt purpose, the ballot should be counted, but that, if it is made deliberately and may be used as a means of identification, the ballot should be rejected. Dennis v. Caughlin, 22 Nev. 447, 41 Pac. 768, 29 L. R. A. 731, 58 Am. St. Rep. 761, and note; 47 L. R. A. 824, note.

2. From this authority it follows that what constitutes a distinguishing mark is generally a question of fact for the trial court or jury, according as the trial may be had. It being a question of fact, we are of the opinion that, unless the marking is so apparent or conclusively identifying that we may say as a matter of law that the mark may be used for that purpose, the finding of the trial court upon such question is conclusive on appeal. It is conceded, or must be conceded, that no fixed or definite rule can possibly be prescribed for determining such question. If the mark is definitely shown to have been intentionally made, and is of such character as may be used for identification purposes, it is, of course, a distinguishing mark; or if the marking is of such character as the maker can describe it to another, it may safely be said that it is a mark that may be used readily for identification purposes, and the ballot should be rejected.

3. The markings complained of on Exhibit No. 12 constitute identification or distinguishing marks. The mark in the square opposite the name of each of the three candidates specified was evidently made by the voter with the stamp furnished by law with which to indicate his choice. It is also clear that the voter, in making the impressions, in each instance held the stamp in such position as to make an impression in the form of an acute angle that in no sense can be said to resemble a cross. The markings in some of the squares opposite the names of other candidates show an attempt on the *435part of the voter to make a cross, with imperfect success. In other instances the voter succeeded in making a cross. Conceding that the voter in each instance successfully indicated his choice, yet the statute requires that the voter shall prepare his ballot by stamping a cross or X in the square, and in no other place, after the name of the person for whom he intends to vote. In this instance the voter knowingly failed to do so, and left upon the ballot a mark that, in our judgment, can be used readily as a distinguishing mark; that is to say, in our opinion, the mark is of such character that it may be described by the maker to another for that purpose. Hence we conclude that the ballot, as a matter of law, should have been rejected and not counted for Stern.

4. The ballot certified as Exhibit 4-3 is a good ballot. The defect upon this ballot consists of a heavy blot unintentionally made in the square opposite the name of one of the candidates thereon, and it is of such character that the defect could not be used readily for a corrupt purpose, and was properly counted for Stern.

5. Exhibit 10-3 presents this sort of situation: The voter marked a so-called double cross in the square opposite the name of Peter Crow, a single candidate for county commissioner (long term). It is not denied that the ballot is otherwise regular in form. We are of the opinion that this particular marking comes within the principle announced in the cases of State v. Sadler, 25 Nev. 131, 58 Pac. 284, 59 Pac. 546, 63 Pac. 128, 83 Am. St. Rep. 573; Sweeney v. Hjul, 23 Nev. 409, 48 Pac. 1036, 49 Pac. 169, that where it is apparent the voter had attempted to retrace lines composing the cross, with the honest purpose and bona-fide attempt to comply with the requirement of the law, the ballot should not be rejected. There is nothing about the particular mark that definitely shows it was intentionally made in such manner as to enable a third person to determine from an inspection of it, without further aid, that the same was *436deposited by a particular person. There is nothing about the marking to show that it was in fact used for corrupt purposes, or could be used readily for such purpose. The ballot was properly counted for Stern.

Counsel for appellant' insists that the lower court erred in sustaining respondent’s objections to Exhibits 0-3, N-3, L-3, and K-3, and in refusing to count said ballots for appellant.

6. The particular objection to Exhibit 0-3 is that there appears in the square opposite the name of the candidate Donovan a distinguishing mark, caused apparently by the voter having stamped a cross in the square and then made an ineffectual attempt to erase it, and in so doing the voter disturbed the texture of the paper and left a decidedly distinguishing mark.

A ballot that is disfigured by the voter deliberately- and intentionally attempting to scratch out and obliterate a cross made opposite the name of a candidate thereon should not be counted. Sweeney v. Hjul, supra.

The defect is such that may be used readily for the purpose of identification, and the court’s ruling was correct. The ballot was properly rejected.

7. The lower court sustained the objection .of the respondent interposed to Exhibit N-3, upon the ground that in the squares opposite the names of several candidates the marks are so conclusively indistinguishable as not to indicate the slightest attempt or intent to make a cross. To count such a ballot would nullify the mandatory requirement of the statute that the voter in preparing his ballot must stamp a cross in the square, and in no other place, after the name of the person for whom he intends to vote. In this particular instance there is an indescribable impression in the squares opposite the names of several candidates of such a character that it is impossible to form an opinion as to whether or not the voter had any intention of complying with the requirement of the statute. The ballot was properly rejected.

*437For the same reason we are of the opinion that the court ruled correctly in rejecting Exhibit L-3.

Exhibit K-3 presents the common occurrence of a voter stamping a cross and then erasing it, thereby leaving the ballot in such condition as to make the erasure serve as an identifying mark. In this particular instance the voter succeeded so effectually in erasing a cross stamped in the square opposite the name of a candidate as to nearly mutilate the paper. The ballot was properly rejected.

Our conclusion upon appellant’s assignments of error decreases Stern’s majority to one vote. The certificate of election as originally issued to him will stand, and the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.