93 A.3d 306 | N.J. | 2014
Lead Opinion
In this appeal, the Court considers a health care worker’s claim asserted under the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 to -8, premised upon standards set forth in a professional code of ethics, an employee handbook, and the employer’s statement of patient rights.
Plaintiff James Hitesman’s employment as a registered nurse in a nursing home operated by defendant Bridgeway, Inc. (Bridge-way) was terminated in January 2008 after he complained to the facility’s management about the rate of infectious diseases among patients, reported his concerns to governmental agencies and the press, and disclosed partially-redacted records of patient care to a television reporter.
In this action, plaintiff alleged a claim under CEPA’s provision barring employer retaliatory action against a licensed or certified health care employee who reports on, or objects to, an employer activity, policy, or practice that the employee reasonably believes
The trial court denied Bridgeway’s motion to dismiss at the close of plaintiffs case and the jury returned a verdict of liability under CEPA, but awarded no damages. The parties cross-appealed, and an Appellate Division panel reversed plaintiffs liability verdict, holding that plaintiffs CEPA claim failed as a matter of law because he did not demonstrate an objectively reasonable belief that Bridgeway’s conduct gave rise to an improper quality of patient care or was incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy.
We affirm. We hold that claims asserted under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(1) and (c)(l)’s “improper quality of patient care” provision must be premised upon a reasonable belief that the employer has violated a law, rule, regulation, declaratory ruling adopted pursuant to law, or a professional code of ethics that governs the employer and differentiates between acceptable and unacceptable conduct in the employer’s delivery of patient care. N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l); N.J.S.A 34:19-3(c)(l). We further hold that a plaintiff asserting that his or her employer’s conduct is incompatible with a “clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health” must, at a minimum, identify authority that applies to the “activity, policy or practice” of the employer. N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3).
Applied here, that standard warrants dismissal of plaintiffs CEPA claims. Although a professional code of ethics governing an employer’s activities may constitute authority for purposes of N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l), (c)(1) and (c)(3) in an appropriate setting,
I.
We derive the facts of this case from the evidence presented by the parties at trial.
Bridgeway operates the Bridgeway Care Center, a nursing home in Bridgewater. In January 2008, Bridgeway employed 177 people and served approximately 145 patients, most of them elderly. Bridgeway’s management team included Chief Executive Officer Donald Pelligrino, also a part owner of Bridgeway, as well as Medical Director Anthony Frisoli, M.D., Director of Nursing Frances Gerber, R.N., and Administrator Wayne Blum.
In December 2003, Bridgeway hired plaintiff to work as a staff nurse in the subacute unit of the nursing home. At the time of his hiring, plaintiff executed a confidentiality agreement in which he agreed not to disclose confidential patient information and acknowledged that if he did so, he would be subject to termination. After a brief period in the subacute unit, plaintiff was assigned to work as a staff nurse in Bridgeway’s long-term care unit.
In 2006, Bridgeway promoted plaintiff to the position of shift supervisor, with responsibility to oversee nursing staff in all three wings of the facility during the three p.m. to eleven p.m. evening shift. In that capacity, plaintiff created records that he termed “administrative logs” or “shift logs,” in which he would record the entry of new admittees into the nursing home, patient hospitalizations, employee absences for illness or other reasons, extra monitoring provided for particular patients, and facility maintenance issues.
At about midnight on January 11, 2008, plaintiff sent Bridgeway management an e-mail expressing concerns about the “seasonal prevalence of respiratory and GI symptoms” in the facility. Later that day, Gerber responded with an e-mail in which she stated that illnesses could be spread by contact, and noted the importance of hand-washing for staff and residents.
According to plaintiff, at some point on January 11, 2008, he presented to Gerber an article from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website entitled “Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Influenza.”
On January 14, 2008, using the pseudonym “Bill Yates,” plaintiff reported to the Bridgewater Township Board of Health that there was an increase in respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms at Bridgeway. According to plaintiff, the Board stated that it had no
The following day, using the same pseudonym, plaintiff contacted the Somerset County Department of Health. The Somerset County Department of Health promptly contacted Gerber, told her that it had a report of major illnesses in the facility, and requested information pertaining to any hospitalizations of residents. Gerber immediately gathered information about patient symptoms and hospitalizations and provided it to the Somerset County Department of Health.
On January 16, 2008, again using the pseudonym “Bill Yates,” plaintiff contacted the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services (HSS). Plaintiff testified that this third contact with government officials was prompted by his belief that the situation at Bridgeway had not improved and that he had not made progress with municipal or county officials. According to plaintiff, the state health official with whom he spoke advised him that HSS would not get involved with Bridgeway unless asked to do so by Somerset County.
Nonetheless, the day after plaintiffs call, an investigator from HSS contacted Blum, Bridgeway’s administrator. According to Blum, the investigator stated that HSS was following up on an anonymous call reporting an “epidemic” at Bridgeway, and asked Blum what his facility was doing to combat the epidemic. Blum testified that he advised the HSS investigator that there was no epidemic, just “our usual things that are going on.” The investigator requested that Bridgeway report any issue of concern and advise HSS of its remedial steps and their outcome.
Shortly after the HSS investigator’s call to Bridgeway, Gerber and Blum convened a meeting with plaintiff in Blum’s office. According to plaintiff, Gerber and Blum asked him whether he had contacted county and state health officials, and plaintiff denied having made the calls.
According to his testimony, plaintiff then learned from another nurse that a patient complaining of gastrointestinal symptoms had
Plaintiff contacted a local television station on January 22, 2008. He gave the television station copies of Bridgeway administrative logs that he partly, but incompletely, redacted. The documents included some residents’ room numbers, which could enable an outsider to identify certain Bridgeway patients.
On the morning of January 23, 2008, Bridgeway Chief Executive Officer Pelligrino was approached by a television news reporter in the facility’s parking lot. According to Pelligrino, the news reporter asked him whether he was aware that “people are dying in your building.” When Pelligrino expressed confusion about this allegation, the reporter showed Pelligrino the administrative logs and said that he had received them from “someone at Bridgeway.” Pelligrino subsequently verified that Bridgeway management had not authorized the documents’ release and contacted Bridgeway counsel.
That afternoon, Blum, Gerber and Bridgeway’s head of human resources met with plaintiff.
II.
Plaintiff filed this action in the Law Division, seeking compensatory and punitive damages and other relief. He pled a CEPA claim quoting N.J.S.A, 34:19-3(c)(l), alleging a reasonable belief that Bridgeway practices “constituted improper quality of patient care and violations of [plaintiff’s] professional code of ethics (for example, acting on questionable practice under Section 3.5 of the American Nursing Association’s Code of Ethics).” Although plaintiff’s complaint did not cite the “clear mandate of public policy” language of N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(e)(3), he relied on that provision of CEPA, as well as N.J.S.A, 34:19-3(a)(l) and (c)(1), before and during trial.
On June 1, 2010, prior to trial, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment as to the first element of his CEPA claim — that plaintiff had a “reasonable belief’ that Bridge-way provided “improper quality of patient care” under N.J.S.A, 34:19-3(c)(l). The trial court granted Bridgeway’s motion for reconsideration. Thereafter, the trial court held that plaintiff properly relied upon the ANA Code and Bridgeway Employee Handbook and Statement of Resident Rights in support of his CEPA claim. In support of its decision, the trial court cited additional sources of law and public policy, including CDC guidelines and federal and state regulations addressing infection control.
Prior to trial, plaintiff presented a stipulation agreed upon by Bridgeway’s prior counsel that the value of plaintiffs lost income claim was $59,000. The trial court determined that plaintiff could rely upon the stipulation at trial.
The case was tried before a jury in February and March of 2011. The parties disputed the cause of plaintiffs dismissal. Plaintiff contended that Bridgeway terminated his employment in retaliation for his communications to municipal, county, and state regulatory authorities about the spread of infections among staff and patients at the nursing home.
In his proposed jury instruction submitted prior to trial, plaintiff identified a single authority supporting his CEPA claim: section 3.5 of the ANA Code. Plaintiff testified at trial regarding the ANA Code, stating that it required him to try to improve patient care. He contended that Bridgeway violated the ANA Code because it did not ensure proper quality of care. On cross-examination, plaintiff conceded that although the ANA Code applied to him by virtue of his status as a registered nurse, it did not apply to Bridgeway.
Plaintiff further testified that the Bridgeway Employee Handbook required him to comply with the ANA Code and to perform his duties as a registered nurse, and that the Bridgeway State
Following plaintiffs testimony, Bridgeway moved for an involuntary dismissal under Rule 4:37-2(b). It argued that plaintiff had failed to establish an objectively reasonable basis for his belief that Bridgeway violated the ANA Code. Plaintiff countered that Bridgeway had violated the ANA Code, its Employee Handbook, and its Statement of Resident Rights. The trial court reasoned that the ANA Code could serve as an authority for the purposes of the jury’s determination of whether plaintiff had an objectively reasonable belief that Bridgeway provided improper health care or violated public policy. It held that plaintiff had presented a prima facie showing supporting his CEPA claim, and denied Bridgeway’s motion to dismiss.
At the jury charge conference, the trial judge noted, and plaintiff confirmed, that plaintiff relied on three sources of law or public policy: the ANA Code, Bridgeway’s Employee Handbook, containing its Code of Conduct, and Bridgeway’s Statement of Resident Rights. The trial court instructed the jury that “the American Nursing Association’s Code of Ethics, Section 3.5, Bridgeway’s own Code of Conduct, Bridgeway’s Employee Handbook and Bridgeway’s Statement of Resident Rights are sources of law or public policy that closely relate to the conduct about which [plaintiff] blew the whistle.”
Following the trial, Bridgeway moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict pursuant to Rule 4:40-2(b). Bridgeway asserted that the jury’s verdict was against the weight of the evidence and that plaintiff had not presented a cognizable CEPA claim. Separately, plaintiff moved for a new trial pursuant to Rule.4:49-1 (a) arguing that the jury’s verdict was inconsistent and was the product of jury confusion. The trial court denied both motions.
Both parties appealed the trial court’s judgment. Plaintiff argued that the jury had been confused and had consequently rendered an inconsistent verdict in which it found liability but ignored the parties’ stipulated lost income damages. Bridgeway contended that plaintiff had failed to establish the elements of a CEPA claim and that the jury’s liability verdict was against the weight of the evidence. It maintained, however, that the jury’s liability and damages verdicts were not inconsistent.
This Court granted certification. 214 N.J. 235, 69 A.3d 117 (2013).
III.
Plaintiff argues that the Appellate Division’s holding eviscerates CEPA’s 1997 amendments, enacted to protect health care professionals who complain about improper patient care, and that it weakens CEPA’s protections for New Jersey employees who notify authorities about employer actions that contravene public policy. He challenges the Appellate Division’s rejection of the ANA Code as an authority supporting his CEPA claim, arguing that the panel effectively wrote the “professional code[ ] of ethics” text out of N.J.S.A 34:19-2(f). Plaintiff cites case law authorizing courts to use industry guidelines and employer manuals as sources of public policy for purposes of CEPA, Plaintiff also cites on appeal statutory and regulatory provisions, not introduced at trial, that prescribe standards for nursing homes as sources of law and public policy supporting a CEPA claim. He argues that the jury’s liability verdict should be reinstated, and thát he is entitled to a new trial on damages or an additur.
Amicus curiae New Jersey Chapter of the National Employment Lawyers Association (NELA-NJ) argues that the Appellate Division’s decision in this case forces nursing home employees to choose between their jobs and their ethical obligations. NELANJ relies upon the legislative history of CEPA, asserting that it demonstrates clear legislative intent to protect health care professionals who complain about substandard patient care. NELA-NJ defends the trial court’s reliance on the ANA Code as a standard that plaintiff reasonably believed that Bridgeway violated. It argues that CEPA incorporates professional codes of ethics in N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(f)’s definition of improper quality of patient care, and that this term is not limited to codes that govern the conduct of employers.
IV.
In this case, we review the trial court’s denial of Bridge-way’s motion for an involuntary dismissal, filed pursuant to Rule 4:37-2(b) at the close of plaintiffs case. A motion for an involuntary dismissal is premised on “the ground that upon the facts and ... the law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief.” R. 4:37-2(b). The motion “shall be denied if the evidence, together with the
To the extent that the trial court’s denial of Bridgeway’s motion for an involuntary dismissal was premised upon a construction of CEPA, our review is de novo. Twp. of Holmdel v. N.J. Highway Auth., 190 N.J. 74, 86, 918 A.2d 603 (2007). “A trial court’s interpretation of the law and the legal consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference.” Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378, 658 A.2d 1230 (1995).
The Court construes a statute so as “to determine and give effect to the Legislature’s intent.” N.J. Dep’t of Children & Families v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 20, 59 A.3d 576 (2013) (citing Allen v. V & A Bros., Inc., 208 N.J. 114, 127, 26 A.3d 430 (2011)). The Court’s initial task is to analyze the statute’s plain language. DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 493, 874 A.2d 1039 (2005). Only if the plain language is ambiguous does the Court look to extrinsic evidence such as legislative history. A.L., supra, 213 N.J. at 20, 59 A.3d 576 (citing Murray v. Plainfield Rescue Squad, 210 N.J. 581, 592, 46 A.3d 1262 (2012)); see DiProspero, supra, 183 N.J. at 492, 874 A.2d 1039.
The “clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health” provision of CEPA was an original component of the statute when it was enacted in 1986. See L. 1986, c. 105, § 3. N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(c)(3) bars any retaliatory action against an employee because the employee:
(c) Objects to, or refuses to participate in any activity, policy or practice which the employee reasonably believes:
(8) is incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health, safety or welfare or protection of the environment.
[N.J.SA. 34:19-3(c)(3).7 ]
In 1997, the Legislature amended CEPA to add the second provision upon which plaintiff asserted a claim in this case, the “improper quality of patient care” language of N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(1) and (c)(1). See L. 1997, c. 98, § 2. The amended version of N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a) bars employer retaliation against an employee who:
(a) Discloses, or threatens to disclose to a supervisor or to a public body an activity, policy or practice of the employer ... that the employee reasonably believes:
(1) is in violation of a law, or a rule or regulation promulgated pursuant to law ... or, in the case of an employee who is a licensed or certified health care professional, reasonably believes constitutes improper quality of patient care.
[N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(a)(1).]
In a parallel amendment, the Legislature added language to N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(l), which specifically applies to employees in the health care field and bars retaliation against an employee who:
(c) Objects to, or refuses to participate in any activity, policy or practice which the employee reasonably believes:
*29 (1) is in violation of a law, or a rale or regulation promulgated pursuant to law ... or, if the employee is a licensed or certified health care professional, constitutes improper quality of patient care.
[N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(c)(1).]
As amended, CEPA defines “improper quality of patient care” as “any practice, procedure, action or failure to act of an employer that is a health care provider which violates any law or any rule, regulation or declaratory ruling adopted pursuant to law, or any professional code of ethics.” N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(f).
Plaintiffs CEPA claims — his “improper quality of patient care” claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(a)(1) and (c)(1) and his “clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health” claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(c)(3)—require proof of four elements. First, plaintiff was required to demonstrate that he reasonably believed that Bridgeway either provided an improper quality of patient care as defined in N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(f), or acted in a manner incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy. See Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 462, 828 A.2d 893; Klein v. Univ. of Med. & Dentistry of N.J., 377 N.J.Super. 28, 38-39, 871 A.2d 681 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 185 N.J. 39, 878 A.2d 856 (2005); Kolb v. Burns, 320 N.J.Super. 467, 476, 727 A.2d 525 (App.Div.1999). Second, plaintiff had the burden to prove that he engaged in protected “whistle-blowing” activity as defined in N.J.S.A. 34:19— 3(a) or 3(c). Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 462, 828 A.2d 893; Klein, supra, 377 N.J.Super. at 38, 871 A.2d 681. Third, plaintiff had the burden of proving that an “adverse employment action was taken against him.” Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 462, 828 A.2d 893; see Klein, supra, 377 N.J.Super. at 38, 871 A.2d 681. Fourth, plaintiff had the burden to demonstrate a causal connection between his whistle-blowing activity and his termination. Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 462, 828 A.2d 893; Klein, supra, 377 N.J.Super. at 38, 871 A.2d 681. Because the parties stipulated that the second element was satisfied by plaintiffs contact with governmental authorities, and that the third element was satisfied because his employment at Bridgeway was terminated, only the
In Dzwonar, swpra, this Court defined the framework to guide a trial court’s determination of a defense challenge to a plaintiffs proof of the first element of a CEPA claim:
[W]hen a'defendant requests that the trial court determine as a matter of law that a plaintiffs belief was not objectively reasonable, the trial court must make a threshold determination that there is a substantial nexus between the complained-of conduct and a law or public policy identified by the court or the plaintiff. If the trial court so finds, the jury then must determine whether the plaintiff actually held such a belief and, if so, whether the belief was objectively reasonable.
[177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893.]
The Court noted that CEPA’s goal “is ‘not to make lawyers out of conscientious employees but rather to prevent retaliation against those employees who object to employer conduct that they reasonably believe to be unlawful or indisputably dangerous to the public health, safety or welfare.’ ” Ibid, (quoting Mehlman, supra, 153 N.J. at 193-94, 707 A.2d 1000). Accordingly, it is not the plaintiffs burden to show that the defendant actually violated the law, rule, regulation, or other authority cited, but only to demonstrate that he or she held a reasonable belief that such a violation occurred. Ibid.
Thus, Dzwonar identifies the framework to be used by a trial court in determining a defendant’s motion to dismiss CEPA claims under the two provisions at issue here. In order for a claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l) and (c)(1), alleging improper quality of patient care, to be submitted to the jury, the trial court must find a substantial nexus, as explained by Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893, between the defendant employer’s “practice, procedure, action or failure to act,” N.J.S.A. 34:19—2(f), and the “improper quality of patient care.” See Maimone v. City of Atlantic City, 188 N.J. 221, 233, 903 A.2d 1055 (2006); Klein, supra, 377 N.J.Super. at 40, 871 A.2d 681; Turner v. Associated Humane Soc’ys. Inc., 396 N.J.Super. 582, 593, 935 A.2d 825 (App.Div.2007). The trial court’s task is to determine whether
The same factors guide a trial court’s analysis in deciding a motion to dismiss a plaintiffs “clear mandate of public policy” claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3). Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893. The trial court must determine whether there is a substantial nexus between the complained-of conduct and a “clear mandate of public policy” identified by the court or the plaintiff. Ibid. If the trial court, reviewing the evidence under the standard of Rule 4:37-2(b), determines that the plaintiff has demonstrated such a substantial nexus, the motion should be denied. Ibid. The court should then instruct the jury to determine whether the plaintiff believed that the defendant’s conduct was incompatible with a “clear mandate of public policy,” and if so, whether such a belief was reasonable. Ibid. If the plaintiff fails to demonstrate a substantial nexus between the employer’s conduct and the identified clear mandate of public policy, the trial court should grant the motion and dismiss the N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3) claim.
The statutory elements and the analytical framework set forth in Dzwonar distinguish an employee’s objection to, or reporting of, an employer’s illegal or unethical conduct from a routine dispute in the workplace regarding the relative merits of internal policies and procedures. See Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 467-69, 828
[I]f an employee were to complain about a co-employee who takes an extended lunch break or makes a personal telephone call to a spouse or friend, we would be hard pressed to conclude that the complaining employee could have “reasonably believed” that such minor infractions represented unlawful conduct as contemplated by CEPA. CEPA is intended to protect those employees whose disclosures fall sensibly within the statute; it is not intended to spawn litigation concerning the most trivial or benign employee complaints.
[164 N.J. at 613-14, 754 A.2d 544.]
Accordingly, a pivotal component of a CEPA claim is the plaintiffs identification of authority in one or more of the categories enumerated in the statute that bears a substantial nexus to his or her claim. As the Court noted in Dzwonar, supra, in which it rejected the plaintiffs contention that union bylaws constituted a law, rule, regulation, or clear mandate of public policy for purposes of N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c), “[t]he trial court can and should enter judgment for a defendant when no such law or policy is forthcoming.”- 177 N.J. at 463, 828 A.2d 893. Whether a CEPA plaintiff invokes a law, rule, regulation, declaratory ruling, or professional code of ethics as a benchmark for “improper quality of patient care” under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l) or (e)(1), or alleges employer conduct “incompatible with a clear mandate of public
By their express terms, and as construed by our courts, the relevant provisions of CEPA recognize a range of standards that may support a claim. For purposes of N.J.S.A. 34:19 — 3(a)(1) and (c)(1), the Legislature specifically enumerated the categories of authority that may establish the “improper quality of patient care.” N.J.S.A 34:19-2(f) defines “improper quality of patient care” to be a violation of “any law, or any rule, regulation or declaratory ruling adopted pursuant to law or professional code of ethics.” N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(0.
As an Appellate Division panel has noted, CEPA is not intended to protect an employee “who simply disagrees with the manner in which the hospital is operating one of its medical departments, provided the operation is in accordance with lawful and ethical mandates.” Klein, supra, 377 N.J.Super. at 42, 871 A.2d 681. Thus, a claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(1) or (c)(1) cannot proceed unless the plaintiff demonstrates a reasonable belief that the defendant’s patient care is “improper,” measured against an authority recognized by CEPA. Therefore, to assert a CEPA claim based on the “improper quality of patient care,” the plaintiff must identify a law, rule, regulation, declaratory ruling adopted pursuant to law or professional code of ethics that applies to and governs the employer in its delivery of patient care.
Plaintiffs second claim, based on a “clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health” under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3), similarly requires a plaintiff employee to identify a source of law or other authority, constituting an expression of public policy, that sets a governing standard for the defendant employer’s conduct. As the Court has observed, a “clear mandate” of public policy need not be enacted in a constitution, statute or rule, but must nonetheless provide a definite standard by which the employer’s conduct may be gauged:
*34 Like [N.J.S.A. 34:19—3(c)(1) ], the reference in [N.J.S.A. 34:19—3(c)(3) ] to “a clear mandate of public policy” conveys a legislative preference for a readily discernible course of action that is recognized to be in the public interest. A “clear mandate” of public policy suggests an analog to a constitutional provision, statute, and rale or regulation promulgated pursuant to law such that, under [N.J.S.A. 34:19—3(c)(3)], there should be a high degree of public certitude in respect of acceptable vers[u]s unacceptable conduct.
[Maw, supra, 179 N.J. at 444, 846 A.2d 604.]
As the Court noted in Mehlman, supra, the mandate of public policy must be “ ‘clearly identified and firmly grounded’ ” and cannot be “‘vague, controversial, unsettled [or] otherwise problematic.’ ” 153 N.J. at 181, 707 A.2d 1000 (quoting MacDougall v. Weichert, 144 N.J 380, 391-92, 677 A.2d 162 (1996)).
Consistent with this principle, our courts have recognized various sources of authority bearing the required substantial nexus to the plaintiff’s claim. In each ease, the law, regulation, or other authority held to support a CEPA claim, not only expressed a “clear mandate of public policy,” but identified acceptable and unacceptable practices in the defendant employer’s business. In Mehlman, supra, the Court found, based on several sources of law and regulation that were admitted into evidence at trial, a “clear mandate of public policy” governing the concentration of benzene in the defendant employer’s gasoline. 153 N.J. at 190-92, 707 A.2d 1000.
Thus, to present a cognizable retaliation claim based on “improper quality of patient care” under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l) and (c)(1), or based on practices “incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy concerning the public health” under N.J.S.A. 34:19— 3(c)(3), a plaintiff must present authority meeting the statutory criteria that serves as a standard for the employer’s conduct. In the absence of such authority, the CEPA claim fails.
Y.
In light of the statutory text and the framework of our case law, we consider the three sources upon which plaintiff relied in support of his CEPA claims.
The nurse’s primary commitment is to the health, well-being, and safety of the patient across the life span and in all settings in which health care needs are addressed. As an advocate for the patient, the nurse must be alert to and take appropriate action regarding any instances of incompetent, unethical, illegal, or impaired practice by any member of the health care team or the health care system or any action on the part of others that places the rights or best interests of the patient in jeopardy. To function effectively in this role, nurses must be knowledgeable about the Code of Ethics, standards of practice of the profession, relevant federal, state and local laws and regulations, and the employing organization’s policies and procedures.
When the nurse is aware of inappropriate or questionable practice in the provision or denial of health care, concern should be expressed to the person carrying out the questionable practice. Attention should be called to the possible detrimental [ejffect upon the patient’s well-being or best interests as well as the integrity of nursing practice. When factors in the health care delivery system or health care organization threaten the welfare of the patient, similar action should be directed to the responsible administrator. If indicated, the problem should be reported to an appropriate higher authority within the institution or agency, or to an appropriate external authority.
The ANA Code provision also addresses the importance of “established processes for reporting and handling incompetent, unethical, illegal, or impaired practice” in the employment setting to reduce the risk of reprisal. It provides that a nurse reporting such improper practice should be assisted by nursing colleagues, state nursing associations, and “appropriate authorities” such as practice committees of professional organizations, licensing authorities, and regulatory agencies concerned with evaluating standards of practice. The section concludes by noting that “[a]ccurate reporting and factual documentation, and not merely opinion, undergird all such responsible actions,” and that professional risks resulting from reporting “do not eliminate the obligation to address serious threats to patient safety.”
We concur with the Appellate Division panel that the ANA Code does not constitute a source of law or other authority bearing a “substantial nexus” to Bridgeway’s conduct, as Dzwonar mandates. Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893. The ANA Code expresses the nursing profession’s commitment to sound
As the Appellate Division panel found, the second authority cited by plaintiff, the Bridgeway Employee Handbook’s Code of Conduct, similarly falls short of the mark. The Code of Conduct states that Bridgeway has “adopted a Compliance Program to ensure that [it] operates in full compliance with applicable State and Federal statutes and regulations, including health care programs and private insurance program requirements,” and states that “[i]t establishes the basic legal and fundamental principles ... that Bridgeway will operate under.” The Code of Conduct sets forth ethical standards for Bridgeway staff, prescribes em
Moreover, the Code of Conduct articulates no public policy with respect to the control of infectious disease. In contrast to the guide at issue in Abbamont, supra, 138 N.J. at 424, 650 A.2d 958, which specifically incorporated administrative regulations addressing safety, the Bridgeway Employee Handbook sets forth no authority which could be construed as an expression of public policy regarding infection control. The Code of Conduct does not constitute authority on which a plaintiff could premise a claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19—3(a)(1) and (c)(1) for the “improper quality of patient care,” or a claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3) asserting retaliation for objecting to conduct incompatible with a “clear mandate of public policy.”
Finally, plaintiff relies on the Bridgeway Statement of Resident Rights.
Our dissenting colleague contends that Bridgeway’s motion for an involuntary dismissal under Rule 4:37-2(b) should have been denied. Post at 50, 93 A.3d at 331. He reasons that because the trial court cited CDC guidelines when it denied a pretrial motion for summary judgment, and by virtue of references in plaintiffs testimony to “standard precautions” recommended by the CDC, the trial court properly denied Bridgeway’s motion. Post at 47-50, 93 A.3d at 329-31. Neither the trial court’s prior references to CDC standards in its summary judgment decision, nor plaintiffs vague references to CDC-recommended precautions in his testimony, provide what CEPA demands: evidence of a law, rule, regulation, declaratory ruling, professional code of ethics, or clear mandate of public policy that bears a substantial nexus to plaintiffs claim. Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893.
Contrary to the suggestion of our dissenting colleague, the trial court’s citation to CDC guidelines to buttress its decision, in a pretrial summary judgment motion, is no substitute for evidence of a governing standard admitted for the jury’s consideration at trial. By its very terms, Rule 4:37-2(b) limits the trial court to the evidence in, and inferences that may be drawn from, the trial record. R. 4:37-2(b); see also Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 536, 666 A.2d 146 (1995) (explaining that, unlike summary judgment motions, motions to dismiss under Rule 4:37-2(b) “are based on evidence presented during ... trial”). The inquiry is not whether factual assertions and legal arguments could have been made by the trial court or counsel to support the plaintiffs claim, but whether the plaintiff has presented at trial evidence that “together with the legitimate inferences therefrom,
The proofs that can be found in the record fell far short of the mark set by CEPA, as construed in Dzwonar. None of the three sources of authority that plaintiff elected to rely upon in his presentation of evidence and his proposed instructions to the jury — the ANA Code and the two Bridgeway documents — consisted of a CDC guideline or state law standard. During his cross-examination, plaintiff briefly alluded to, but did not identify, “standard precautions” involving hand-washing, the use of gloves, and “other barriers,” emanating from the CDC and “State policies[ ] from the health department.” As the dissent notes, among the numerous recommendations published by the CDC, there is an infection control guideline entitled Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings, available at http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdfliso Iation/Isolation2007.pdf. HSS also has enacted regulations governing infection control in hospitals and nursing homes, including N.J.AC. 8:39-19.4. See also N.J.S.A. 26:2H-93 (finding that “[i]t is in the public interest of [New Jersey] for its nursing home industry to continue to provide high-quality services to those frail and vulnerable citizens who critically need nursing home care”). The record does not indicate whether these were the sources to which plaintiff generally referred; at trial, he revealed neither the name nor the contents of the CDC guidelines and state policies,
Contrary to our dissenting colleague’s contentions, the trial record is devoid of proof that would put the defendant on notice of any CDC or state regulatory standard against which its conduct was to be assessed, or enable the trial judge, the jury, or an appellate court to evaluate plaintiffs claims against the statutory benchmark.
As a matter of law, plaintiff failed to present evidence to support a substantial nexus between the complained-of conduct and an authority cognizable under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l), (c)(1) or (e)(3). Viewing the record in plaintiffs favor as required by Rule 4:37-2(b), the trial court should have granted Bridgeway’s motion for an involuntary dismissal at the close of plaintiffs case. Accordingly, the Appellate Division panel properly reversed the liability verdict in plaintiffs favor.
VI.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed.
Plaintiff did not contend in his reports to government officials or the media that there was an outbreak of influenza at Bridgeway, and there is no indication in the record that any Bridgeway patients contracted influenza during the relevant period.
Septicemia is defined as a "[sjystemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins through circulating blood; formerly called ‘blood poisoning.' " Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1750 (28th ed. 2006).
Plaintiff recorded the meeting. A portion of the recording, much of it unintelligible, was played at trial.
The additional references included 42 C.F.R. § 483.25, requiring nursing facilities to maintain the well-being of their patients, N.J.S.A. 26:2H-93, stating
Plaintiff did not contend that his contact with the media constituted protected activity for purposes of CEPA. See N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a); N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c).
The model charge governing CEPA, Model Jury Charge (Civil), 2.32, "New Jersey Conscientious Employee Protection Act," does not include the statutory
N.J.SA. 34:19-3(a) and N.J.SA. 34:19-3(c) address distinct categories of protected activity. The “clear mandate of public policy” provision of CEPA is found only in N.J.SA. 34:19-3(c)(3), which bars retaliation by an employer against an employee who “[ojbjects to, or refuses to participate in any activity, policy or practice which the employee reasonably believes ... is incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy.” There is no parallel subsection addressing a “clear mandate of public policy” under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a), which is the section of CEPA that bars retaliation for, among other conduct, an employee’s reporting of employer conduct “to a public body.” Although this issue was not raised by the parties in the trial court or on appeal, it appears that the trial court incorrectly charged the jury that plaintiff could assert a CEPA claim, under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3), for retaliation based upon his reports to government
These included United States and Japanese gasoline regulations that addressed benzene safety hazards, a Japanese Petroleum Associates guideline banning the sale of gasoline with a high concentration of benzene, a United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulation regarding benzene exposure, and the New Jersey product liability laws. See Mehlman, supra, 153 N.J. at 174-77, 707 A.2d 1000.
In Kalman v. Grand Union Co., a pre-CEPA case upon which plaintiff relies, an Appellate Division panel reversed a trial court's dismissal of a claim brought by a retail pharmacist terminated after he alleged that the pharmacy in which he worked illegally closed while the grocery store in which it stood remained open, leaving prescription drugs available to the public without a pharmacist present. 183 N.J.Super. 153, 155-56, 159, 443 A.2d 728 (App.Div.1982). The plaintiff in Kalman cited several forms of authority in support of his common-law whistle-blower claim: state statutes and state regulations governing the operation of pharmacies, and the American Pharmaceutical Association's Code of Ethics. Id. at 157-58, 443 A.2d 728. The pharmacists' Code of Ethics, governing both the plaintiff and his employer, required pharmacists to "observe the law” and to expose illegal or unethical conduct in the profession. Id. at 158, 443 A.2d 728. The Appellate Division concluded that the pharmacists' Code of Ethics supported state statutory and regulatory mandates and, in conjunction with those mandates, constituted an expression of public policy. Id. at 159, 443 A.2d 728. Kalman does not support plaintiff's contention that a code of ethics that compels the employee to report illegal activity, but imposes no requirements on the employer, can independently constitute a "clear mandate of public policy” under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(c)(3).
The Bridgeway Statement of Resident Rights is not part of the record. The record includes only plaintiff's acknowledgement that he had reviewed the Statement of Resident Rights. In his acknowledgement, plaintiff verified that he understood each right, that he agreed "to promote and protect the rights of each resident," and that he committed "to treat each resident with kindness, dignity and respect and to report any instances of abuse, neglect and/or mistreatment of residents" to his supervisor, without delay.
The excerpts from the record set forth by our dissenting colleague confirm that plaintiff presented no specific CDC standards or other policies that would provide a benchmark for the jury. In the first selection from plaintiffs testimony cited by the dissent, post at 44-45, 93 A.3d at 327, plaintiff did nothing more than to note the existence of unidentified “CDC policies on infection control" in which the use of masks was recommended. In the second excerpt cited by our dissenting colleague, post at 44-45, 93 A.3d at 327-28, plaintiff simply recounted his instructions to staff, with no mention of any CDC guideline or any other standard. The third excerpt cited in the dissent, post at 45, 93 A.3d at 328, involved plaintiffs discussion of a supervisor’s job duties, and similarly failed to identify any CDC or other infection control standard. While our dissenting colleague has identified specific “standard precautions" promulgated by the CDC, post at 45-47, 93 A.3d at 328-29, and has explained them in detail, no such effort was undertaken by plaintiff at trial.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Plaintiff James Hitesman, a registered nurse, claimed defendant Bridgeway Care Center terminated his employment because he complained to his supervisors and governmental authorities about the nursing home’s failure to take standard precautions to address an incipient, life-threatening outbreak of infection among the facility’s elderly patients and staff. Hitesman contended that Bridgeway’s retaliatory firing for his whistleblowing activities violated the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 to -8.
In denying Bridgeway’s motion for an involuntary dismissal at the end of Hitesman’s case, the trial court did exactly what is asked of all courts deciding such motions — it looked at the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Hitesman. Based on that standard, the court concluded that Hitesman established the elements of a cause of action under CEPA. The court found evidence to support the conclusion that Hitesman reasonably believed that Bridgeway was violating laws and regulations governing the proper quality of patient care, that he reported Bridgeway’s violations to the appropriate authorities, and that he was fired for doing so.
The majority has simply ignored the record in overturning the trial court’s decision. The record clearly reveals that Hitesman testified about violations of “standard precautions” concerning infection control reflected in federal and state healthcare law and that the trial court relied on his testimony and those sources of law in denying Bridgeway’s motion to dismiss. The majority’s
I therefore respectfully dissent. In doing so, I will turn to those portions of the record either omitted or barely mentioned in the majority’s opinion. I will let the record speak for itself.
I.
To support a CEPA claim under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a), (c)(1), or (c)(3), plaintiff must establish that he reasonably believed an activity, policy, or practice of his employer constituted improper quality of patient care, contrary to law or a clear mandate of public policy, and that his employer fired him for his whistleblowing. The plaintiff does not have to show that his employer “actually violated the law or a clear mandate of public policy.” Dzwonar v. McDevitt, 177 N.J. 451, 462, 828 A.2d 893 (2003). So long as a plaintiff has an objectively reasonable belief that his employer has done so, the plaintiff is protected even if he is mistaken. Id. at 464, 828 A.2d 893. CEPA’s intent “is not to make lawyers out of conscientious employees” who report conduct “that they reasonably believe to be unlawful.” Mehlman v. Mobil Oil Carp., 153 N.J. 163, 193-94, 707 A.2d 1000 (1998). Rather, CEPA’s intent is to prevent retaliation against employees who make good-faith objections. Ibid.
II.
A.
The majority asserts that Hitesman’s trial testimony only “briefly alluded to, but did not identify, ‘standard precautions’ ” deriving from federal and state law. Ante at 40, 93 A.3d at 325. The record says otherwise.
Hitesman testified that, as a nurse, he was obliged “to protect the patients” in the Bridgeway facility and to ensure that “quality
In his testimony, Hitesman unmistakably identified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state law as sources for his reference to “standard precautions.” Here is what Hitesman said in response to questioning:
Q. And these standard precautions come from where?
A. They come from the CDC. And State policies, from the health department. ...
Q. What CDC policies?
A. CDC policies on infection control.
Q. For what in? They have different—
A. Well, they have ... the general policies for infection control which are called standard precautions.
Q. Okay.
And tell me in what instance are you suppose to use masks under the infection control from the CDC?
A. When you have evidence of some type of — some type of illness that is being spread through other vectors. In the case of a mask you are looking at airborne mode of transportation, droplets, aerosol, that kind of thing.
Hitesman repeatedly explained the nature of the “standard precautions” for infection control:
Q. [Y]ou said before that you ... closed the main dining room and you gave masks for the staff.
Is that correct?
A. Correct.
Q. Did you do anything else with the staff to act on your concerns?
A. I reminded them of basic standard precautions, washing hands, infection controls, whatever barriers you might need depending upon what the symptoms were that were presented____
Q. Wfhat infection control procedure did you go over with the staff?
*45 A. Well. Pardon me. The basic — basic standards are standard precautions. You always assume a patient is infected even when there is no infection. It tells you when to wash your hands, use gloves. You wash your hands before and after dealing with the residents. After toileting a resident, cleaning a resident up. When to use gloves. When not to use gloves. That kind of thing.
And then we went over more advanced techniques.
If patients were showing symptoms of lots of vomiting and diarrhea, GI symptoms, then they might require gowns. If they were dealing with a patient that was sneezing and coughing a lot, it might require gloves, maybe even goggles, depending on what was going on.
In discussing the responsibilities of the Bridgeway infection control coordinator, Hitesman again referenced the CDC “standard precautions”:
Q. What [were] the duties of the infection control coordinator?
A. Her duties would have been to educate the staff on basic infection control standard precautions as laid out by the CDC, as well as advanced techniques for infection control for patients that required isolation.
[ (Emphasis added).]
Additionally, Hitesman testified that during the course of the outbreak at the Bridgeway facility, he gave Director of Nursing Frances Gerber, a registered nurse, an article from the CDC on influenza. The article “addressed droplets and airborne viruses and procedures on how to prevent airborne infections.” Although Hitesman was not specifically concerned about a flu outbreak, he believed that the CDC article “was just an example of how to control infection.”
Despite Hitesman’s testimony, the majority insists that “he revealed neither the name nor the contents of the CDC guidelines and state policies, and offered no document constituting or relating to such guidelines and policies into evidence.” Ante at 40-41, 93 A.3d at 325. Hitesman’s testimony, however, sufficiently identified the relevant CDC guidelines applicable to Bridgeway as a healthcare facility. CEPA does not require that a plaintiff in his testimony give the precise statutory citation of the law that he reasonably believes his employer is violating. Indeed, the law or public policy that plaintiff reasonably believes his employer is violating may be “identified by the court or the plaintiff.” Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893.
B.
The CDC “standard precautions” identified and described by Hitesman are a set of instructions for infection control in healthcare facilities. See Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 66 (2007) [hereinafter Guideline for Isolation Precautions], available at http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdi/isolation/Isolation2007.pdf. The standard precautions are
a group of infection prevention practices that apply to all patients, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status, in any setting in which healthcare is delivered____ These include: hand hygiene; use of gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, or face shield, depending on the anticipated exposure; and safe injection practices. Also, equipment or items in the patient environment likely to have been contaminated with infectious body fluids must be handled in a manner to prevent transmission of infectious agents.
[Ibid.]
The standard precautions are regarded by the CDC as “the primary strategy for the prevention of healthcare-associated transmission of infectious agents among patients and healthcare personnel.” Ibid, (emphasis omitted). How the standard precautions apply in any given case is determined by the nature of the healthcare interactions “and the extent of anticipated blood, body fluid, or pathogen exposure. For some interactions ... only gloves may be needed; during other interactions ... use of gloves, gown, and face shield or mask and goggles is necessary.” Ibid.
In his testimony, Hitesman expressed an understanding of these “standard precautions” promulgated by the CDC. Hitesman spe
The testimony quoted above belies the majority’s assertion that Hitesman failed to identify, or “briefly alluded to,” the CDC “standard precautions” as a source of law. Moreover, the majority’s constrained and ungenerous reading of the record is completely at odds with the standard to be applied at a motion to dismiss, a standard that gives Hitesman the benefit of the most favorable inferences from his testimony.
III.
A.
Without any support, the majority states that “the trial record is devoid of proof that would put the defendant on notice of any
At the summary-judgment stage, the trial court identified and quoted the above federal and state sources of law on infection control. It thus “identif[ied] a statute, regulation, rule, or public policy that closely relates to the complained-of conduct.” See Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 463, 828 A.2d 893. And, it made “a threshold determination that there [was] a substantial nexus between the complained-of conduct and a law or public policy.” See id. at 464, 828 A.2d 893. The trial court made the “substantial nexus” decision in favor of Hitesman and memorialized this decision in a thorough and detailed written summary-judgment opinion.
In that opinion, the court identified the sources of law and public policy concerning Hitesman’s “improper quality of patient care” allegations under N.J.S.A. 34:19-3(a)(l) and (e)(1), and his “clear mandate of public policy” allegations under N.J.S.A. 34:19— 3(e)(3). It cited Section 3.5 of the American Nursing Association (ANA) Code of Ethics, as well as “myriad statutes and regulations applicable to [Bridgeway]’s standard of care.” These regulations included all of the sources identified above, particularly the CDC Guideline for Isolation Precautions, N.J.A.C. 8:39-19.4 (mandating “general policies and procedures for infection control,” including compliance with CDC guidelines in long-term care facilities), and the Department of Health and Senior Services guidelines on infection control.
Then, the trial court gave its reasons for denying the involuntary-dismissal motion. The court acknowledged that defendant believed that the evidence was “weighted substantially in [their] favor.” However, the court maintained that in deciding the motion it was not to assess whether “the weight” of the evidence favored defendant but rather whether there was “any evidence that could go to the jury.” The court noted that “we’ve heard the testimony of the plaintiff.”
B.
The trial court clearly understood its obligations under CEPA and Rule 4:37-2(b) at the involuntary-dismissal stage. See Dzwonar, supra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893 (“If the trial court ... finds [a substantial nexus], the jury then must determine whether the plaintiff actually held such a belief and, if so, whether that belief was objectively reasonable.”). The court did nothing more remarkable than apply the standard governing a dismissal motion, assessing the evidence and the legitimate inferences drawn from the record in allowing the case to go to the jury.
C.
In addressing the merits of whether the trial court properly denied defendant’s involuntary-dismissal motion, the majority posits that Hitesman’s proposed jury instructions were inadequate because they failed to cite the CDC guidelines on “standard precautions” for infection control. See ante at 40-42, 93 A.3d at 325-26. However, whether jury instructions are adequate is a completely separate issue from whether a motion to dismiss should be granted. The trial court understood this distinction, and said so. In denying the dismissal motion, the court referenced the applicable law that it detailed in its summary-judgment opinion — the CDC guidelines and state law incorporating those guidelines. Any inadequacy in the jury charge is a matter that should have been separately addressed.
In summary, the trial court followed the framework articulated in Dzwonar, swpra, 177 N.J. at 464, 828 A.2d 893, and correctly applied Rule 4:37-2(b) to the trial record. I fail to see how the majority can conclude that Hitesman’s CEPA claims should have been dismissed.
IV.
Additionally, I disagree with the majority’s supposition that the ANA Code of Ethics has no applicability to Bridgeway as a healthcare facility. See ante at 37, 93 A.3d at 323. Inasmuch as Bridgeway acts through its employees, some of whom are nurses,
The majority makes much of the point that Hitesman on cross-examination made a concession that the ANA Code of Ethics did not apply to Bridgeway. Ante at 21, 37, 93 A.3d at 313, 323. That a skilled defense attorney elicited from Hitesman an incorrect opinion on the law — that the ANA Code of Ethics did not apply to Bridgeway — does not alter the law.
An “employer” is defined broadly in CEPA to include “any individual, partnership, association, corporation or any person or group of persons acting directly or indirectly on behalf of or in the interest of an employer with the employer’s consent.” N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(a). Thus, “employer” encompasses any individuals working on behalf of Bridgeway, including nurses. The ANA Code of Ethics clearly applies to nurses, including Hitesman, who worked in the Bridgeway facility on Bridgeway’s behalf. Surely, an employee who claims that other employees are violating their professional ethical mandates is engaged in activity protected by CEPA.
Therefore, the ANA Code of Ethics could reasonably form part of the basis for Hitesman’s whistleblowing activity. If Hitesman reasonably believed that not reporting improper quality of patient care in the Bridgeway facility would be a violation of the ANA Code of Ethics, then Hitesman was engaged in protected activity. In the context of this case, however, the ANA Code of Ethics is only meaningful in light of the CDC “standard precautions” for infection control.
V.
In conclusion, looking at the record in the light most favorable to Hitesman, sufficient evidence was presented to overcome Bridgeway’s motion to dismiss. For that reason, there is no basis to reverse the trial court’s decision to let this case go to the jury. Because the majority has failed to adhere to the deferential
For affirmance — Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON, and Judges RODRÍGUEZ (temporarily assigned) and CUFF (temporarily assigned) — 5.
For reversal — Justice ALBIN — 1.
Available at http://www.state.nj.us/health/ilu/documents/outbreak_prevention. pdf.
Available at http://www.state.nj.us/health/cd/nianual/gi_ltc.pdf.
The trial court also referenced N.J.S.A. 26:2H-93 (declaring that "[i]t is in the public interest of this State for its nursing home industry to continue to provide high-quality services to those frail and vulnerable citizens who critically need