Lead Opinion
Appellant Arlanda Jacobs, a candidate for justice of the peace for district seven in Phiffips County, brought a challenge to the qualifications of an opponent for the position, Doris Diane Tyler. She counterclaimed, challenging Jacobs’s qualifications as well, and the circuit court found that neither party was qualified to stand for the position. Jacobs brings this appeal of the order below and we affirm, finding no merit to the appeal.
On May 5, 2000, appellant brought his Petition for Writ of Mandamus, removal from the ballot, and declaratory judgment against Tyler, the three members of the Phiffips County Board of Election Commissioners, and Linda Faye White, the county clerk of Phiffips County, alleging that Tyler, a resident of Phiffips County, was not a resident of district seven and, therefore, was ineligible to run for the office. Jacobs requested that a hearing date be set within seven days, and the trial court set the matter for a hearing on May 16. White and Tyler were not served nor given notice of the petition until May 11, and one member of the Board of Election Commissioners was not served and given notice until the day of the hearing. The date of the election was May 23, 2000, and absentee balloting had already commenced at the time Jacobs filed his petition.
On the day of the hearing, Tyler filed a response, denying appellant’s contention that she was ineligible to be a candidate, and counterclaiming that Jacobs was not qualified to be a candidate because his check for payment of his filing fee, given on the day before the final date for filing and payment of the fee, had been dishonored when it was presented to his bank for payment. Tyler also filed a third-party petition and class action on behalf of “the voters and residents of Phillips County, who will be gravely and adversely [affected] should [Jacobs] be allowed to [flout] the law and remain a candidate for Phillips County Justice of the Peace District 7,” seeking a writ of mandamus, removal from the ballot, and declaratory judgement. Tyler named the officers of the Phillips County Democratic Central Committee as well as Jаcobs, and petitioned the court to direct the Committee, the Commission, the county clerk, and all other interested parties to disqualify Jacobs as a candidate, to remove his name from the ballot, and publish notice that any votes cast for Jacobs would not be counted.
On May 16, the election commission filed its separate answer contending that the ballots for the primary had already been printed, that the “chip” for tabulating votes had been programmed, and that the proper remedy would be to direct the commission to disregard any votes cast for an ineligible candidate. A similar separate answer was filed in response to the petition filed by Tyler. On the same dаy, the county Democratic committee filed its separate answer to the petition filed by Tyler, agreeing with the answer of the election commission with respect to the remedy available, and praying that “the court hear this case, declare the rights of the parties, and enter such orders as may be appropriate to direct the separate defendants in their official capacities with respect to the performance of [their] ministerial duties with respect to the subject matter hereof.” A similar prayer was articulated in the answers of the election commissioners.
Jacobs challenged the standing of Tyler to file an answer and counterclаim, and further challenged her standing to file a petition for mandamus and declaratory judgment to have Jacobs’s name removed from the ballot. Jacobs asserted that he was not given the requisite two days to respond to the petition, and sought a continuance. The trial court denied a continuance because of the nature of the proceedings, and, because all parties were present, proceeded with the scheduled hearing to determine the eligibility of each candidate. Tyler stipulated that she had learned that she did not reside in the district for which she had filed her candidacy, then presented evidence in support of her contention that Jacоbs had attempted to pay his fifing fee with a check that was returned to the Democratic Central Committee by the bank for insufficient funds.
Following the hearing, the trial court found that Tyler was not a qualified elector for district seven and ordered that the election commission should not certify any votes cast for her in the election. On the counterclaim, the trial court, relying on Fletcher v. Ray,
On May 24, 2000, the day following the election, Jacobs filed with the clerk of this court his petition for writ of prohibition, or writ of certiorari, motion to stay, or motion to expedite appeal from the order of the trial court. We granted the motion to expedite the appeal, denied the remaining requests, and now consider appellant’s arguments on appeal. Jacobs raises four points on appeal.
For his first point on appeal, Jacobs argues that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction to hear and determine the petition for writ of mandamus filed by Tyler. Jacobs misconstrues thе nature of an action for mandamus. Mandamus is traditionally regarded as a remedy to be used on all occasions where the law has established no specific remedy, and justice and good government require it. State v. Craighead Co. Bd. of Election Comm’rs.,
No person’s name shall be printed upon the ballot as a candidate for any public office in this state at any election unless the person is qualified and eligible at the time of fifing as a candidate for the office, to hold the public office for which he is a candidate. . . .
Id. The only practical method of enforcing this right is the remedy of mandamus. Craighead County, supra.
We recognize that the issue before us is not a post-election contest between two competing candidates, but is a proceeding to protect the public interest in requiring compliance with statutory requirements with regard to assuring that a candidate for election to an office may not be elected, or certified as a candidate for election to an office, when that person is not eligible to run or serve. When the eligibility of a person to aрpear on the ballot is controverted, it becomes a matter for the courts. Ivy v. Republican Party,
Jacobs also asserts, without citation to authority, that service upon his counsel of Tylers counterclaim and petition for writ of mandamus challenging his qualifications as a candidate was invalid to effect proper service of Jacobs. Assignments of error presented by counsel in their brief, unsupported by convincing аrgument or authority, will not be considered on appeal, unless it is apparent without further research that they are well taken. Dixon v. State,
The denial of a motion for a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s ruling will be reversed only if there is an abuse of discretion. Martin v. State,
Jacobs also charges that Tyler’s counterclaim was not filed within twenty days of the accrual of the cause of action, relying uрon Ark. Code Ann. § 7-5-801 (Repl. 2000). The burden is clearly placed on the appealing party to provide both a record and abstract sufficient for appellate review. Oliver v. Washington County,
For his second point on appeal, Jacobs relies on Ark. Code Ann. § 16-118-105(b)(1999), urging that the trial court erred in finding that Tyler had standing to challenge his qualifications for the office. Jacobs contends that Tyler lacked standing because she was not herself eligible as a candidate, contending that once Tyler was removed from the ballot as candidate, she lost her standing to рetition the trial court for a writ of mandamus. Fie argues that only persons who were qualified candidates themselves could challenge his candidacy, and further contends that under section 105, only the state or the person to whom the office belongs can bring an action challenging a candidate. This statute is inapplicable to the matter at hand, as it concerns the usurpation or exercising of an office to which one is not entitled following an election. Tyler’s action instead challenged Jacobs’s qualifications to appear on the ballot as a candidate for the office, and we have established law that gives a voter the right to challenge the qualifications and eligibility of a candidate, providing remedies to voters, candidates, and other interested parties, including county election officials charged with the ministerial duties of oversight of the election. Tittle v. Woodruff,
At all times relevant to this case, Tyler was a resident and a voter of Phillips County seeking a writ of mandamus to require the Phillips County Election Commission and the Phillips County Democratic Central Committee to perform the ministerial duties required by statute for elections conducted in Phillips County. In Tittle, supra, it was argued that a political party might choose an ineligible candidate so that a substitute might make the race after the filing date had closed. In response, we stated: “Tittle’s voiced concern ignores established law that gives a citizen the right to challenge the qualifications and eligibility of a candidate and to remove his or her name from the ballot, if found ineligible.” Id.
It is also worthy of note that Blanche Robinson, the appellant in Craighead County, supra, was a voter of the county and brought an action in mandamus relating to candidates for two Justice of the Peace districts, as well as a candidate for municipal judge. As one can only claim domicile in one place, it is clear that the appellant did not live in both the Justice of the Peace districts at issue in that case. Appellant here cites no authority holding for the proposition thаt a voter of a county, petitioning for a writ of mandamus to compel a party central committee and county election commission to follow statutory duties, must reside in that particular district, and we know of no requirement that a voter’s standing to contest another’s qualifications for an office in that county is dependent upon the establishment of that voter’s own eligibility to run for the office.
Neither have we discovered, nor has appellant cited us to, any cases suggesting that a voter of Phillips County would lose standing to require the election commission of that county to follow the law. Even if such a rule existed, we note that there remained parties to the litigation who had standing to seek relief through mandamus. As the concurrence notes, the Phillips County Election Commission and the Democratic Central Committee prayed for declaratory relief from the trial court on the issue of the qualifications of the two candidates. Not only do the Commission and the Committee have standing to pursue such a question in court, indeed, we have held that they do not have the authority to make the determination as to eligibility in the absence of a judicial finding, by a trial court, as occurred here. See Ivy, supra. Certainly, they possess standing, as a result of their ministerial obligations under statute, to request a judicial determination whether a candidate was qualified to stand for the office in question.
For his third point on appeal, Jacobs challenges the trial court’s determination that the payment of his filing fee with a check returned by the bank for insufficient funds did not constitute payment prior to the filing deadline. He urges that we overrule or distinguish Fletcher v. Ray,
The same holds true here. Had Jacobs’s check been hоnored by the bank upon first presentment by the party officials, the filing fee would have been considered paid as of the date of the receipt of the check. Fletcher, supra. However, its return by the bank for insufficient funds meant that the check given for the filing fee was not honored upon presentment. Therefore, there was no timely payment of the required filing fee, and Fletcher, supra, controls the disposition of this case.
Appellant’s contentions that the committee handled the check as a “holder in due course” is misplaced, as there was no subsequent negotiation of the check by the committee to an innocent purchaser for good faith who could thеn assert his “holder in due course” defense when the check was dishonored. See Ark. Code Ann. § 4-3-302 (Repl. 1991). Similarly, neither Arkansas’s adoption of Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code nor Ark. Code Ann. § 4-60-103 (Repl. 1996), concerning liability for restitution to be made for violation of the Arkansas Hot Check Laws, has overruled or abrogated the rule in Fletcher dealing with the timely payment of candidate filing fees. The issue here is not whether the check was ultimately paid, but, rather, whether the check for payment of the filing fee, .for which a deadline was imposed under the state election laws, was good at the time it was presented to the bank. It was not. The check was dishonored and therefore the payment of the filing fee was rendered untimely. Making the check good later, or allowing a late payment in cash, would render the imposition of a deadline for the payment of the filing fee meaningless.
We note that while the dissent has posited the theory that the check might have been good but was possibly dishonored due to bank error, Jacobs in his argument to this court does not dispute that his check for payment of the filing fee was returned as dishonored upon first presentment. Nonetheless, the issue is not whether Jacobs had sufficient funds in his account at the time he gave the check for payment to the Committee; rather, as in Fletcher, the issue is whether the check was good upon presentment to the bank for payment. When a person gives a check which is good at the time, but withdraws his funds from the bank before the check is presented, he may not contest the dishonor in the absence of unreasonable delay in presentment. Fletcher, supra. The burden of showing that there were funds on hand to meet the check was upon the drawer of the check, and if he does not show that there are funds subject to his check at all times after the making of the check, or some other arrangement by which payment of his check is guaranteed at the time the payee may desire to present it, he cannot claim damage. Id. (emphasis added).
For his final point on appeal, Jacobs contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence copies of the check made out to the committee with the bank’s return stamped “insufficient funds,” because the copies were not the best evidence. The “best evidence rule,” as Arkansas Rules of Evidence Rule 1004 (2000) is popularly known, provides that: •
The original is not required, and other evidence of the contents of a writing ... is admissible if: . . . at the time when an original was under the control of the party against whom it is offered, he was put on notice, by pleadings or otherwise, that the contents would be a subject of proof at the hearing; and he does not produce the original at the hearing.
Id. Jacobs acknowledgеs in his argument that he was in possession of the original of the check, which had been returned to him by the bank once it was ultimately paid. Because Jacobs did not produce the original, the best evidence available to Tyler was the copy of the check in the possession of the committee secretary. The trial court did not err in admitting the copies of the returned check.
In sum, we conclude that Jacobs’s appeal is without merit and that the trial court correctly determined that any ballots cast for him in the primary election should not have been counted and certified by the election commission. The trial court is affirmed and the mandate is ordered issued within five days unless a petition for rehearing is filed. If a petition for rehearing is filed, the mandate will be stayed until the petition for rehearing is acted upon.
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. The lack-of-standing issue raised by Jacobs in this case is easily resolved by recognizing that the Phillips County Board of Election Commissioners and the Phillips County Democratic Committee had the standing to request the relief they requested, namely, for the trial court to declare the parties’ rights and direct the county election commissioners and county Democratic Committee members as to how they should proceed with respect to their election duties. For example, the Phillips County Election Commissioners are necessary parties in this litigation because they had the responsibility to provide the election ballots for the primary election and the ballots were to contain the names of the qualified and eligible candidates. Ark. Code Ann. § 7-5-207 (Repl. 2000); see also Ark. Code Ann. §§ 7-5-208, 7-5-211, and 7-5-407 (Repl. 2000). Obviously, the Phillips County Board of Election Commissioners was a necessary party so that complete relief could be afforded in this action which was brought seeking compliance with § 7-5-207. See State v. Craighead County Bd. of Election Commr’s,
Because I agree with the majority opinion that the Phillips County Board of Election Commissioners (and the Phillips County Democratic Committee) have standing in this action, I see no need for the court to address whether Doris Tyler had standing. For that reason, I concur with the majority on the standing issue.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. Several aspects of the majority opinion are troubling to me.
The opinion initially concludes that Arlanda Jacobs made no showing of surprise by Doris Diane Tyler’s counterclaim and the hearing held two hours after the counterclaim was filed. I disagree. A hearing had previously been set for 3:00 p.m. on May 16, 2000, on Tyler’s residency, which was the sole issue raised by Jacobs in his mandamus petition. The issue of the insufficient funds check was not raised by Tyler until her counterclaim which was filed at 11:50 a.m. on the day of the hearing. Jacobs was not served with the counterclaim until after lunch on that same date, and the hearing began at 3:00 p.m. Jacobs objected to the hurried nature of the proceeding and argued that since Tyler’s counterclaim was also a mandamus action which raised a new issue, he was entitled to two day’s notice before a hearing. See Ark. R. Civ. P. 78. The trial court, however, disallowed any continuance. As a result, Jacobs was unable to subpoena sufficient records from his own bank, First National Bank of Phillips County, or obtain Bank witnesses to testify about the status of his account, or otherwise prepare adequately for the hearing. No more than two hours’ notice on a new issue of such significance easily meets the criteria for surprise and prejudice in my judgment.
Jacobs’s counsel specifically objected to the hearing on the counterclaim on the basis that he was entitled to two day’s notice. That is what Ark. R. Civ. P. 78(d) requires, as Justice Smith points out in his dissent. The majority’s response is to cite the case of Jenkins v. Bogard,
Why were Bank records and Bank witnesses important? From what we know, Jacobs paid his fee of $170 by check to the Phillips County Democratic Party on April 3, 2000. His bank records reflect these balances in his account on these dates:
April 3 $5,851
April 5 $5,679
April 6 $679
The Democratic Party deposited his check on April 7, 2000, into its own Bank, Helena National Bank, four days after receiving it. Helena National Bank returned the check to the Party for insufficient funds a week later on April 14, 2000. Jacobs was not notified. The Party simply redeposited the check on advice of counsel on April 14, 2000, and it clеared. Jacobs’s check was, therefore, good when given to the Party on April 3 and good for at least three days thereafter. We do not know if sufficient funds existed in Jacobs’s account on April 7, when the Party’s Bank presented the check to Jacobs’s Bank for payment. We do not know the balance in Jacobs’s account on April 14. No evidence has been presented on this matter. But we do know that when the check was returned on April 14, the Party simply ran it back through, and it cleared. The reason that we do not know what funds Jacobs had in his account on April 14 is the lack of time afforded him to prepare. These gaps in our knowledge are all a direct result of the expedited hearing foisted on the parties by the trial court, and they support Jacobs’s complaint of surprise.
The second troubling feature of the opinion is that the majority has expanded Fletcher v. Ray,
• In Ray, the candidate was notified of the insufficient funds in his account to cover the check given, and he went down to the Party and paid the fee in cash. Here, the Party simply redeposited the check without notifying Jacobs, and the check cleared. The Party apparently thought nothing more about it. This all occurred on April 14 which was more than a month before Tyler raised the issue in her counterclaim on May 16.
• In Ray, the check was not paid in due course because the candidate was notified and personally paid the fee in cash. Here, the check was paid in the ordinary course of business after the Party redeposited it without notifying Jacobs. Clearly, the Party did not view this matter as a blot on Jacobs’s eligibility.
• In Ray, Bank witnesses presented the history of the candidate’s checking account and testified that no mistake could have been made in returning the check for insufficient funds. Here, the hearing on Tyler’s counterclaim was held so quickly that information on Jacobs’s account could not be gathered from the Bank in time.
For Ray to be precedent, it should be on аll fours factually with this case, and it is not. I further note that Act 465 of 1969 and Act 169 of 1977, now codified as Ark. Code Ann. § 7-7-301 (Repl. 2000), establish the procedure for party pledges and party filing fees, and they were enacted after the Ray decision. As the case notes under this statute state, the Ray case was decided “under prior law.”
Next, there is the issue of Tyler’s standing. Clearly, she does not reside in Justice of the Peace District 7 in Phillips County, as the trial court found. Yet, the majority grants her standing to contest Jacobs’s eligibility to run for election in that district. The majority does so not based on the fact that she was a citizen of the affected district but apparently because she was a citizen of Phillips County. Does this meаn that any citizen of Arkansas can go outside of his or her district and attack the eligibility of candidates for the state senate or state house of representatives not to mention candidates for the circuit court and congress anywhere in the state? It would appear so based on the broad holding of the majority. Yet I question whether a non-resident’s interest in candidate eligibility is sufficient to give rise to standing.
The authority cited by the majority does not support its position. In Tittle v. Woodruff,
Removal of someone from the ballot is a matter of the gravest significance, because it deprives the voters of a choice. The facts of this case do not warrant removal in my judgment, because Jacobs’s bank ultimately paid the filing fee to the Democratic Party’s account without Jacobs’s knowledge or intervention. These facts differ markedly from those in Ivy v. Republican Party,
Again, what precipitated the problems in this case was the expedited manner in which the counterclaim was tried in violation of Rule 78. Jacobs made the following assertion in his brief on appeal:
Moreover, Jacobs was blind-sided and upon such short notice, was unable to get bank officials to trial to aid in his defense. He did not have time to go home to get the original check from his records to show proof of payment and dates оf such payment and was unable to put forth the defense of a quality and character that he could have had appropriate notice and opportunity to object been granted.
The majority contends that Jacobs did not argue that returning his check might have been error. But the fact that he had been “blindsided” by the counterclaim was urged throughout the hearing, and the fact that bank officials were- not present to authenticate the check and Jacobs’s account was a point alluded to by both sides at the hearing. I would reverse the decision of the trial court based on the violation of Rule 78(d). For that reason, I respectfully dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. The majority correctly states the analysis to be followed in cases such as this where a challenge is made to a candidate’s qualifications prior to an election. The proper remedy is a Writ of Mandamus and a declaratory judgment in circuit court. However, I disagree that the writ should have been issued on the record before us.
The undisputed facts are that Jacobs filed an action to challenge the qualifications of Tyler on May 5, 2000 and served notice of the same on Tyler on May 11, 2000. The trial court set the matter for hearing on May 16, 2000 at 3:00 p.m. Approximately three hours before the hearing, Tyler filed her answer and a counter claim seeking Jacobs’s removal from the ballot for late paymеnt of fees. As the hearing commenced, Jacobs objected to the court proceeding on the basis that the applicable law required at least two days’ notice. The trial court overruled Jacobs’s objection because of the court’s constricted docket and stated it would not grant a continuance. The majority affirms the trial court’s decision to proceed with the hearing citing Jenkins v. Bogard,
In Jenkins, this court held that delaying beyond the prescribed seven days did not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction. This case is not about whether the trial court had jurisdiction to accelerate the proceeding but whether it was fundamentally fair to the party defending the claim to do so. I would hold it was not, and therefore I dissent.