*440Defendant Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Company (Coldwell) marketed for sale a vacant, bank-owned property located in Simi Valley. The property had a backyard with an empty swimming pool and diving board. While plaintiffs Jacques Jacobs (Jacques) and his wife, Xenia *441Jacobs (Xenia),
The trial court granted Coldwell's motion for summary judgment. It determined that Coldwell was entitled to judgment on plaintiffs' claim regarding the negligent condition of the diving board. In opposition to the motion, plaintiffs argued that they also were claiming that the empty pool was a dangerous condition. The court rejected this unpled, undisclosed theory of liability. It also concluded that even if the theory had been pled, Coldwell could not be held liable for failing to remedy the dangerous condition of the empty pool because Jacques's accident was not reasonably foreseeable. We affirm for the same reasons.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Before listing the subject property for sale, Dianne Garnett, a licensed real estate *704agent, visually inspected the property. After examining each room in the house, Garnett spent 20 to 30 minutes inspecting the backyard, including the diving board. She did not observe any breaks, cracks or other visible damage in the diving board. The only dangerous condition she observed was the empty swimming pool.
Garnett retained Clearflo Pools (Clearflo) to inspect the swimming pool and related equipment and to provide her with a report detailing any necessary repairs. Clearflo's post-inspection report did not identify any concerns about the diving board.
Before the property was viewed by any potential buyers, Garnett prepared an MLS listing for the property. The listing stated: "[P]lease use CAUTION around the empty pool."
Jacques was interested in purchasing the property as an investment. On August 30, 2014, he and Xenia met their real estate agent to view the property. After looking around the house, they all went outside and walked up to a five-foot-tall wrought iron fence which enclosed the swimming pool area. The agent unlatched the gate, and they entered the pool area.
Jacques, a licensed contractor who regularly performs tile work in and around swimming pools, noticed that the backyard swimming pool was *442empty. Jacques knew he should stay away from the edge of the empty pool because "it would hurt if [he] fell in."
Jacques wanted to see over the fence to assess whether someone from the adjacent road could jump over the fence into the backyard. To get a better view, he stood on the base of the diving board. After standing on the diving board for 10 to 30 seconds, Jacques felt the board break loose from its base. The board slid forward and Jacques fell into the empty swimming pool, sustaining serious injuries.
Jacques sued Coldwell and the bank that owned the property for negligence; Xenia sued for loss of consortium. The complaint alleged that defendants "negligently, carelessly, recklessly, unlawfully and with gross negligence managed, owned, operated, leased, possessed, secured, maintained and controlled said property, and were otherwise negligent and reckless and conducted themselves in a negligent manner, thereby directly and legally causing the injuries and damages to the Plaintiff [Jacques] as enumerated herein. Among other things, Defendants, and each of them, failed to take measures to make the area where Plaintiff fell reasonably safe, repair the diving board and all accompanying attachments, protect Plaintiff from the diving board, remove the diving board, and failed to warn Plaintiff that the diving board and all accompanying attachments were in poor condition."
Coldwell moved for summary judgment on the grounds that (1) there was no evidence it had breached its duty of care to a prospective purchaser, (2) there was no evidence Coldwell had actual or constructive notice of the allegedly dangerous condition of the diving board, (3) there was no evidence that Coldwell caused Jacques's injuries; and (4) Xenia's claim for loss of consortium was derivative of the negligence claim, which lacked merit.
Regarding the second ground, Coldwell noted that plaintiffs' discovery responses provided no facts demonstrating actual or constructive notice of any defect in the diving board. Coldwell pointed to the undisputed evidence that its agent had seen no defects when she inspected the diving board, and that Clearflo had identified no concerns with the diving board when making its inspection. Coldwell also cited Jacques's own testimony that he looked at *705the diving board and thought it was in better condition than his own diving board.
Plaintiffs' opposition to the motion did not dispute that Coldwell had no notice of any defect in the diving board. Plaintiffs argued instead that Coldwell's motion had not addressed their "allegations that the empty swimming pool was a dangerous condition."
In reply, Coldwell asserted that plaintiffs could not defeat their motion based on a theory of liability that was not alleged in the complaint or *443disclosed during discovery. It further argued that safety measures were in place and that there was no evidence that Coldwell possessed any greater knowledge than Jacques regarding the danger presented by the empty pool. Coldwell attached to its reply additional exhibits responding to plaintiffs' empty pool theory. Plaintiffs did not object to the additional evidence.
Following a hearing, the trial court granted summary judgment in Coldwell's favor. It determined the evidence was undisputed that Coldwell had no actual or constructive notice that the diving board was defective. Regarding the empty pool theory of liability, the court concluded that plaintiffs had not alleged that theory, either in their complaint or in their discovery responses, and that the circumstances justified Coldwell's submission of reply evidence addressing that theory. Based on all the evidence, the court ruled that Coldwell was entitled to summary judgment on Jacques's negligence claim, as well as on Xenia's derivative loss of consortium claim. Plaintiffs appeal.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate "if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." ( Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) The defendant bears the initial burden of showing that the plaintiff cannot establish one or more elements of the cause of action, or that there is an affirmative defense to it. ( § 437c, subd. (o) ; Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001)
Our review is de novo. ( Knapp v. Doherty (2004)
Plaintiffs Failed to Plead the Empty Pool Theory of Liability in Their Complaint
Plaintiffs contend the trial court erroneously determined that their complaint failed to plead their empty pool theory of liability and, as a result, they were barred from defeating summary judgment based on that theory. We *444agree with the court that this unpled theory of liability was not properly before it on summary judgment.
The pleadings play a key role in a summary judgment motion and " ' "set the boundaries of the issues to be resolved at summary judgment." ' " ( *706Nativi v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. (2014)
Here, a fair reading of the complaint's allegations does not suggest a negligence claim based on the condition of the empty pool as opposed to the condition of the diving board. A defendant (or a court) reading the complaint would not reasonably anticipate such a claim and, therefore, would not have understood that a motion for summary judgment would need to address the claim. The allegedly defective condition of the diving board is the only theory stated in the complaint. There are additional general allegations of negligence with respect to the failure to maintain and control the property, but the only specific mention of negligence relates to Coldwell's alleged "fail[ure] to take measures to make the area where Plaintiff fell reasonably safe, repair the diving board and all accompanying attachments, protect Plaintiff from the diving board, remove the diving board, and fail[ure] to warn Plaintiff that the diving board and all accompanying attachments were in poor condition." The complaint did not mention the pool except to state that "Plaintiff ... was lawfully and foreseeably on an outdoor diving board on said premises when the attachments connecting the diving board to the ground broke off causing the board, and Plaintiff, to fall into a nearby empty pool." There is no mention, suggestion, or any facts alleged that would put a reasonable defendant on notice that plaintiffs were claiming that Coldwell was negligent with respect to the empty pool. Thus, Coldwell's motion for summary judgment did not need to address that claim. (See Hutton v. Fidelity National Title Co. (2013)
Moreover, plaintiffs did not seek to amend their complaint to allege that their negligence cause of action was based on a claim relating to the empty pool. (See Aleksick v. 7-Eleven, Inc. (2012)
Finally, if plaintiffs' complaint left any doubt that their claims were based on the allegedly defective diving board, and not on the condition of the empty pool, their interrogatory responses removed that doubt. (See Burke v. Superior Court (1969)
In sum, the trial court correctly ruled that "Plaintiffs cannot rely on their unpled, undisclosed, ... theory that Coldwell is liable for failing to *446remedy, warn, or otherwise protect Jacques from the dangerous condition of the empty pool. Accordingly, Plaintiffs are limited to the theory that Coldwell is liable for failing to correct, warn of, or otherwise protect Jacques from the dangerous condition of the diving board." Given that plaintiffs do not challenge the court's determination that summary judgment was warranted on the diving board theory of liability, we conclude the judgment must be upheld.
Even if the Empty Pool Theory was Properly Pled, It is Insufficient to Defeat Summary Judgment
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by holding, as a matter of law, that Coldwell is not liable for failing to remedy, warn or otherwise protect Jacques from the dangerous condition of the empty pool. Coldwell responds that the court properly determined that Coldwell had no duty to protect Jacques from the open and obvious danger of the empty pool because there was no foreseeable practical necessity requiring Jacques to encounter the danger. We agree with Coldwell.
To establish negligence, a plaintiff must prove duty, breach of duty, causation and damages. ( Ortega v. Kmart Corp. (2001)
Foreseeability of harm is typically absent when a dangerous condition is open and obvious. ( Osborn , supra ,
An exception to this general rule exists when "it is foreseeable that the danger may cause injury despite the fact that it is obvious (e.g., when necessity requires persons to encounter it)." ( Osborn , supra , 224 Cal.App.3d at p. 122,
Plaintiffs do not challenge the trial court's conclusion that "[t]he dangers of the empty swimming pool were per se obvious to any adult." Indeed, Jacques admitted during his deposition that he was fully aware of the danger. The issue is whether there is any evidence from which a trier of fact could find that, as a practical necessity, Jacques was foreseeably required *709to expose himself to the danger of falling into the empty pool. The record does not disclose any such evidence.
This case is distinguishable from Martinez v. Chippewa Enterprises, Inc. (2004)
Nor is this case similar to Beauchamp v. Los Gatos Golf Course (1969)
Here, Coldwell did not invite potential buyers to approach the edge of the empty swimming pool as part of their inspection of the property. To the contrary, the MLS listing warned potential buyers to "please use CAUTION around the empty pool." As the trial court aptly observed, "[t]he circumstances presented ... do not involve facts showing a practical necessity that [Jacques] expose himself to the danger posed by an empty swimming pool, or an invitation from Coldwell that he do so. Instead of being required to expose himself to the dangers posed by the empty pool by his work duties [or otherwise], the evidence indicates that [Jacques] voluntarily exposed himself to the dangers posed by the empty pool in order to look over a fence."
Accordingly, we agree with the trial court's conclusion that "the undisputed facts indicate that it was not reasonably foreseeable that [Jacques] would expose himself to the risks associated with the empty pool, as he was neither required nor invited to do so. Simply stated, as a matter of law it was not foreseeable that he would knowingly embrace an entirely obvious risk by *449voluntarily using the diving board on an empty pool for a purpose for which it was not intended." Because Jacques's accident was not foreseeable, the court appropriately granted summary judgment on plaintiffs' theory that Coldwell is liable *710for failing to protect Jacques from the dangerous condition of the empty pool.
The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Considering Coldwell's Reply Evidence
Coldwell raised new issues and evidence pertaining to the empty swimming pool theory in its reply papers. Plaintiffs contend the trial court abused its discretion by considering the evidence in ruling on the summary judgment motion. We disagree.
It is well established that the trial court's consideration of additional reply "evidence is not an abuse of discretion so long as the party opposing the motion for summary judgment has notice and an opportunity to respond to the new material." ( Plenger v. Alza Corp. (1992)
Furthermore, the trial court acted within its discretion by allowing Coldwell to provide evidence in response to a new theory of liability raised by plaintiffs in their opposition. As discussed above, although plaintiff's complaint and discovery responses briefly referenced the empty pool, the only *450theory of liability alleged in the complaint or disclosed during discovery was the purported defective condition of the diving board, not the hazard from the empty pool. Coldwell was justified, therefore, in replying to the newly raised issue regarding the empty pool.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Coldwell shall recover its costs on appeal.
We concur:
GILBERT, P. J.
TANGEMAN, J.
Plaintiffs are referred to by their first names to avoid confusion. No disrespect is intended.
Although the trial court concluded that plaintiffs could not rely on their unpled empty pool theory of liability, it nonetheless reached the issue of whether a triable issue of material fact exists regarding that theory. We elect to reach this issue as well.
Having concluded that Jacques's accident was not foreseeable, we need not discuss the remaining Rowland policy considerations. (Sturgeon v. Curnutt (1994)