Jackson v. State

136 Ala. 96 | Ala. | 1902

SHARPE, J.

In this case the defendant being inflicted for an assault with intent to murder filed a plea setting up in substance that he had been convicted and sentenced in the recorder’s court under the laws of the State as for .an affray constituted by the same act for which he is now prosecuted. The plea was demurred to on five, grounds, which are, in substance, first, that it failed to set out the warrant or affidavit on which the defendant was convicted; second, that it failed to' show the offense of which he was convicted; third, that it shows, he is now charged with a felony; fourth, that the act purporting to give the recorder’s court jurisdiction of misdemeanors under State laws is unconstitutional; fifth, that the recorder was without jurisdiction of offenses against the laws of the State because such jurisdiction is not expressed in, or suggested by the title to the act, “To establish a new charter for the city of Montgomery” (Acts 1892-3, p. 368), or the act amendatory thereof (Acts 1894-5, p. 628), or the act of 1900-1, entitled “An act to further define the powers and duties of the Recorder of the City of Montgomery and alderman of the City of Montgomery acting as Recorder.” The demurrer was sustained, and according to recitals of the record that action was based on the fourth and fifth grounds of demurrer. Each of the acts referred to contains the following, among others provisions: “That the recorder or alderman of the city of Montgomery acting as recorder shall have original and concurrent jurisdiction of all misdemeanors committed within the said city, or within the police jurisdiction thereof, against the laws of the State, and whenever any offense against the bylaws or ordinances of the city is a misdemeanor against the laws of the State. No finding or judgment of acquittal or conviction rendered by said recorder shall be a bar toi a prosecution by the State in any case where the facts or offense charged constitute the offense a felony under the laws of the State of Alabama. In all cases where a person is convicted or acquitted before the recorder, or acting recorder, of any offense which is a misdemeanor under the laws of the State, such conviction or acquittal shall be a bar to a prosecution of such person for such offense before any State court.” Whether the first two acts are operative to confer the jurisdiction in question is immaterial. Of them it need only be said that the act establishing the now charter creates the office of recorder, provides for the election of a recorder, and for an alderman to act for him in certain contingencies, and contains provisions other than those above quoted for the trial by the recorder of offenders against ordinances of .the city. The jurisdiction over a class of offenses against the 'State may be rested alone on the act of February 11th, 1901. That it was the purpose of that act to specify powers as residing in and duties as incumbent upon the recorder, is plainly indicated by the title of the act, and the jurisdiction to try State offenses may be properly classed as a power or duty of the recorder. Section 2, Art. IV of the constitution did not make it essential for the title to go further than to furnish an adequate clew to the legislative purpose. “When there is a fair expression of the subject in the title all matters reasonably connected with it and all proper agencies or instrumentalities or measures which will or may facilitate its accomplishment, are proper to be incorporated in the act and as usually said are cognate and germane to the title.” — Lindsay v. United States Savings & Loan Asso., 120 Ala. 156. This is in accordance with the usual interpretation of the constitution. — Bell v. State, 115 Ala. 87; Ex parte Birmingham, 116 Ala. 186; Ballentyne v. Wickersham, 75 Ala. 533; 2 Mayfield’s Digest, 700, § 22.

We are of the opinion that neither ground of the demurrer was Avell taken. The first and second grounds are without merit because the plea shows that defendant’s conviction before the recorder was for an affray and was had without an affidavit and without a warrant. The third ground was interposed in reliance upon the second clause above quoted from the act of February 11, 1901, and which is found also1 in the earlier acts mentioned. Cases may arise from violations of city ordinances wherein that clause may have a field of operation, but it cannot be given the effect of abrogating with respect to cases tried before the recorder, the maxim “no person can be twice punished for the same crime.” To hold these statutes were intended to have that effect would amount to holding them obnoxious to the spirit of the constitutional declaration the language of which is “no person shall for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” Of this-it was said in Hurst v. State, 86 Ala. 604: “The purpose of the courts should be to so apply this constitutional guaranty as to protect the citizen from vexatious criminal prosecutions and at the same time not to defeat the chief design of our penal laws which- apart from their reformatory aspect have in view the double aim of protecting society and preventing crime,” and accordingly a conviction for an act charged as a misdemeanor was held to bar a prosecution for the same act charged as a felony. In Moore v. State, 71 Ala. 307, the same clause of the constitution was quoted as authority for the decision there made that to an indictment for an assault with intent to murder, a plea of former conviction of an assault and battery based on the same criminal act, was good. A like liberal construction has been placed on the identical provision of the Federal constitution. — Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall. 163; Berkowitz v. U. S., 93 Fed. Rep. 452.

The court’s rulings on evidence and on requested charges were obviously correct. Those charges were each bad, if for no other reason, because they ignore a tendency of the evidence to show the defendant was not free from fault in bringing on the difficulty. If he was not so free from fault he was not in position to invoke the doctrine of self-defense. — Crawford v. State, 112 Ala. 1; Scoggins v. State, 120 Ala. 369; Dennis v. State, 118 Ala. 73; 1 Mayfield’s Dig., 807, § 8.

For the error in sustaining the demurrer to the plea of former conviction the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.