Dequentin Bernard Jackson was convicted of malice murder, feticide, armed robbery, aggravated battery, and participation in criminal gang activity by a person under 18 years of age, in connection with the death of Wendy Hearn. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and vacate in part. 1
*192 Hearn was killed by a gunshot wound to the head while working at a dry cleaning store. She was eight months pregnant and her unborn child also died as a result of the shooting. There was a pair of blood splattered shorts hanging by the cash register that had Jackson’s name and telephone number on the attached ticket. Investigators questioned Jackson, then 14 years of age, in the presence of his uncle at his grandfather’s house, where Jackson resided. The uncle gave his consent to a search of the house, except for the grandfather’s bedroom; the grandfather was not present. Jackson gave a written statement explaining that he had been to the cleaners to retrieve the shorts, but they were not ready yet. At an investigator’s request, Jackson agreed to have his hands wiped for a gunshot residue test and stated that he had been target practicing earlier. The test was to be done at the crime scene and an officer accompanied Jackson up the stairs to get his shoes. The officer advised him to make sure everything he told them was the truth, which was repeated by lead investigator Major Jordan. Jackson then stated that he was at the cleaners with “a dude named Jack,” and “I did it with a dude named Jack.”
Jackson’s grandfather had just arrived at the house and came up to the officers and Jackson at this time. The police allowed the grandfather to have a short private conversation with Jackson, and his grandfather advised him to tell the truth. Jackson repeated that he was involved, but that Jack was the shooter. When Jordan stated that this version would not make sense if Jackson had gunpowder residue on his hands, Jackson confessed to being the shooter, but stated that Jack had the gun. Jackson was taken to the crime scene where the gunpowder test was conducted. While there Jackson summoned Jordan inside and told him where in his grandfather’s house the police could find the murder weapon and robbery proceeds.
Later, at the sheriff’s office, Jackson was advised of his
Miranda
rights and interviewed in the presence of his grandfather. See
Miranda v. Arizona,
1. Jackson contends the evidence was insufficient to convict him of participation in criminal gang activity. The jury was charged on former OCGA § 16-15-4 (b) (1), which was then applicable. Under that Code section, the State was required to show that Jackson committed a felony “for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members. . . .” Jackson’s own statement at the sheriff’s office allowed the jury to infer that the robbery and killing of Hearn were undertaken in association with his participation in a criminal street gang, for the purpose of farthering his own rank and influence within the gang, and to perpetuate the gang and its rank structure. The evidence was sufficient to enable a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Jackson was guilty of all crimes of which he was convicted.
Jackson v. Virginia,
2. Jackson was sentenced for both malice murder and aggravated battery. Although there is no merger of the two crimes as a matter of law, the aggravated battery conviction may merge into the malice murder conviction as a matter of fact.
Malcolm v. State,
3. The court refused to suppress the statements that Jackson made to the sheriff’s deputies before he was taken to the sheriff’s office. Jackson contends that by the time he made these statements, he had become a suspect, was in custody and being interrogated, and that he should have been informed of his
Miranda
rights. On appeal, the issue is whether the trial court was clearly erroneous in its factual findings regarding the admissibility of the statements.
Dixon v. State,
Whether Jackson was a suspect is not the controlling issue.
Hodges v. State,
There are four statements at issue. The first was Jackson’s admission to involvement with “Jack,” made at the top of the stairs.
*194
Jordan testified that he originally believed Jackson was too calm to have just committed the murder and that until Jackson stated that he was involved, Jordan did not think he was. Up to that time, all contact between the sheriff’s deputies and Jackson was by consent. A reasonable person in Jackson’s position, having just confessed to involvement in a crime in the presence of law enforcement officers would, from that time forward, perceive himself to be in custody, and expect that his future freedom of action would be significantly curtailed. See
Hodges,
supra;
Hardeman v. State, 252
Ga. 286, 288 (1) (
The second statement was made after Jackson was permitted to be alone with his grandfather, and it was in response to that discussion that he again admitted involvement with “Jack.” Such a statement in response to a family member’s question or encouragement is not a violation of
Miranda.
See
Cook v. State,
However, after this admission, Jordan noted that any statement by Jackson that he was not the shooter would not make sense if it were shown that Jackson had gunpowder residue on his hands. It was in response to this comment that Jackson stated that he was the shooter, and Jordan’s remark must be considered “words or actions . . . that [he] should [have] know[n] [were] reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.” (Punctuation omitted.) Walton, supra. Consequently, Jackson’s statement that he, and not Jack, was the shooter must be considered to have been made in a custodial interrogation without the benefit of Miranda warnings and was wrongly admitted.
Finally, the statement Jackson made to Jordan while at the cleaners, telling him where the weapon and money could be found, was not in response to any interrogation, but was a statement initiated by Jackson himself. See
Miller v. State,
However, admission of Jackson’s statement that he was the
*195
shooter must be deemed harmless. See
McAllister v. State,
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.
Notes
Hearn was killed on December 1, 1994. On December 20, 1994, Jackson was indicted by a Fayette County grand jury for malice murder, felony murder in the commission of aggravated assault, feticide, armed robbery, aggravated battery, and participation in criminal gang activity. He was tried before a jury February 27-March 2, 1995, and found guilty on all counts except felony murder, on which no verdict was returned. On March 2, 1995, he *192 was sentenced to consecutive life terms for malice murder, feticide, and armed robbery, twenty years in prison for aggravated battery, to be served consecutively to the life terms, and three years in prison for participation in criminal gang activity, to be served consecutively to the sentence for aggravated battery. Jackson filed a motion for new trial on March 6, 1995. On January 14, 1999, the trial court entered an order allowing the withdrawal of Jackson’s motion for new trial and ordered that Jackson have 30 days in which to file a notice of appeal. He filed his notice of appeal on February 8, 1999, the appeal was docketed in this Court on June 3, 1999, and submitted for decision on July 26, 1999.
Jackson urges that the officers’ comments that he should tell the truth show that he was being interrogated within the meaning of Miranda, but even if those comments do show interrogation, Jackson was not then in custody and Miranda did not apply.