173 F.R.D. 524 | D. Nev. | 1997
ORDER
This matter is before the Court on the Plaintiffs Motion to Compel Answers to Interrogatories and Response to Requests for Production of Documents (# 18). The Court has considered the Plaintiffs Motion, the Defendant’s Opposition (# 19), and the Plaintiffs Reply (# 21).
BACKGROUND
On June 20, 1996, the plaintiff, Tommie Jackson (“Jackson”), filed a complaint against the defendant, Montgomery Wards & Co., Inc. (“Montgomery Wards”), alleging racial discrimination and retaliation in employment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. The plaintiff, a black male, has been employed since 1981 as a sales associate at Montgomery Wards’ Store Number 1555 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The plaintiff alleges that, while employed with the defendant, he has been subjected to racial harassment and discrimination by supervisors and other employees of the defendant, and denied promotions because of his race. Consequently, the plaintiff claims the right to compensatory and punitive damages. In response, the defendant has denied the plaintiff’s allegations.
On September 25,1996, the plaintiff served the defendant with his First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents. On November 11, 1996, the defendant served its Answers and Objections to Plaintiffs First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents. The defendant has objected to plaintiff’s interrogatory number eight and requests for production number thirty and number thirty-one on the grounds that they are irrelevant, overbroad, unduly burdensome, and not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.
Rule 26(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits the discovery of any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action. This phrase has been construed broadly to encompass any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case. Oppenheimer Fund. Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351, 98 S.Ct. 2380, 2389-90, 57 L.Ed.2d 253 (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947)); Shoen v. Shoen, 5 F.3d 1289, 1292 (9th Cir.1993) (wide access to relevant facts serves the integrity and fairness of the judicial process by promoting the search for the truth). Furthermore, relevant means germane and should not be read as meaning “competent” or “admissible.” 8 Wright, Miller & Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure Civil 2d § 2008. Thus, under FRCP 26(b)(1), it is not a ground for objection that the information sought would not be admissible at the trial, as long as it is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Kerr v. United States Dist. Ct. For North. Dist. of Cal., 511 F.2d 192, 196 (9th Cir.1975), aff'd, 426 U.S. 394, 96 S.Ct. 2119, 48 L.Ed.2d 725 (1976) (citing Olympic Refining Company v. Carter, 332 F.2d 260, 266 (9th Cir.1964)). Finally, in Title VII cases, courts should avoid placing unnecessary limitations on discovery. Robbins v. Camden City Bd. of Educ., 105 F.R.D. 49, 55 (D.N.J.1985) (citing Trevino v. Celanese Corp., 701 F.2d 397, 405 (5th Cir.1983)).
However, the scope of discovery under the federal rules is not boundless; the requests must be relevant and cannot be unreasonably cumulative, duplicative, or unnecessarily burdensome in light of their benefit. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(2); Oppenheimer 437 U.S. at 352, 98 S.Ct. at 2390. A district court has broad discretion in controlling discovery, Little v. City of Seattle, 863 F.2d 681, 685 (9th Cir.1988), and in determining whether discovery is burdensome and oppressive. Diamond State Ins. Co. v. Rebel Oil. Inc., 157 F.R.D. 691, 696 (D.Nev.1994). The court may also fashion any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from undue burden, oppression, or expense. United States v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 666 F.2d 364, 369 (9th Cir.1982) cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1118, 102 S.Ct. 2929, 73 L.Ed.2d 1329 (1982).
A. Motion to Compel
The plaintiffs interrogatory number eight provides as follows:
Interrogatory No. '8: From January 1, 1985 to present, state whether the Defendant has ever been named a party to any action, whether administrative or judicial, (or was put on notice that such an action would be initiated), wherein the allegation of racial harassment or racial discrimination was raised concerning the Montgomery Wards Store the Plaintiff has been employed at, Store Number 1555 and, in so doing, state:
(a) The name of each individual who named Defendant as a party or informed Defendant that he/she intended to do so;
(b) The date on which the action was filed or on which the Defendant was put on notice that such an action would or might be filed;
(c) The final disposition of the action or notice that such action would be pending; and (d) The docket number of any such action and the name of the court or administrative agency in which it was filed.'
The defendant objected to this interrogatory on the grounds that it is irrelevant, over-broad, unduly burdensome, and not reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence. The plaintiff, however, argues that information sought in interrogatory number eight is relevant to his discrimination claim.
In document requests thirty and thirty-one, the plaintiff seeks documents relating to other claims of racial discrimination at Montgomery Wards, Store Number 1555. In request number thirty, the plaintiff seeks copies of any complaints of racial discrimination or harassment from January 1, 1989, to the present, concerning any person employed by the defendant at Store Number 1555 made to
1. The Discovery Requests Are Relevant and Reasonably Calculated to Lead to Admissible Evidence
In his complaint, the plaintiff has pleaded a case of discrimination based on disparate treatment.
It is in plaintiffs demonstration of pretext that other complaints of racial discrimination become relevant. Heyne v. Caruso, 69 F.3d 1475, 1480 (9th Cir.1995) (evidence of sexual harassment of other employees was relevant to rebut employer’s proffered reason for terminating plaintiff); Estes v. Dick Smith Ford Inc., 856 F.2d 1097, 1103 (8th Cir.1988) (“It is difficult to say that a background of discrimination is not relevant to proving a particular instance.”); Lyoch v. Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc., 164 F.R.D. 62, 70 (E.D.Mo.1995) (evidence of a pattern and practice of discrimination is relevant to an individual claim). Accordingly, discovery of prior complaints of discrimination is permitted in order to prove that the reasons articulated for an adverse employment action are a pretext for discrimination. See Zahorik v. Cornell University, 98 F.R.D. 27, 31 (N.D.N.Y.1983) (in a Title VII case, plaintiffs were entitled to discovery of pri- or instances of sex discrimination); Kresefky v. Panasonic Communications and Systems Co., 169 F.R.D. 54, 67 (D.N.J.1996) (Magistrate Judge did not abuse discretion in permitting limited discovery regarding prior complaints of discrimination); Robbins, 105 F.R.D. at 58 (plaintiff was permitted to propound interrogatories seeking information relating to prior instances of discrimination within certain parameters).
The rationale for permitting evidence of prior discrimination by an employer in a disparate treatment case decided by the Eighth Circuit is persuasive. Estes, 856 F.2d at 1103. In Estes, the court acknowledged that Title VII plaintiffs will often experience difficulty in rebutting with direct evidence an employer’s account of its own motives for terminating or rejecting an employee, because “[djefendants of even minimal sophistication will neither admit discriminatory animus nor leave a paper trial demonstrating it....” Id. (quoting Riordan v. Kempiners, 831 F.2d 690, 697-698 (7th Cir.1987)). Therefore, the court concluded that because
In a disparate treatment case, the scope of discovery must be broader than the specific individualized facts upon which the plaintiffs claim is based. In its opposition, the defendant states that it has produced all of the plaintiffs employment and disciplinary records, as well as records relating to employees involved in or with knowledge of the plaintiffs employment and disciplinary history. Therefore, the defendant argues, it has produced all documents relevant to the plaintiffs discrimination claim. The defendant’s narrow concept of relevancy begs this court to impose unreasonable restrictions on discovery, thereby depriving the plaintiff of access to evidence that may be helpful to his discrimination claim. See Hollander, 895 F.2d at 84 (vacating summary judgment because the district court had placed improper restrictions on discovery which denied plaintiff access to evidence potentially helpful to his discrimination claim).
Under the Federal Rules, the scope of discovery is broad and discovery should be allowed unless the information sought has no conceivable bearing on the case. Soto v. City of Concord, 162 F.R.D. 603, 609 (C.D.Cal.1995). Further, the information sought need not be admissible at trial, if it is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. Kerr, 511 F.2d at 196-197; Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(1). Contrary to the defendant’s assertion, the plaintiffs discovery requests are sufficiently tailored to the issues in this case.
2. The Discovery Requests Are Not Over-broad
The plaintiff’s requests are also within the proper temporal and geographical limitations. Interestingly, the cases cited by the defendants in opposition to the plaintiff’s requests support this conclusion. In McClain v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 85 F.R.D. 53, 62 (E.D.Pa.1979), the plaintiff propounded an interrogatory, requesting information regarding prior complaints of discrimination.
3. The Discovery Requests Do Not Impose An Undue Burden On The Defendant
Finally, Rule 26(b)(2)(iii) expressly limits discovery where the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. The party claiming that a discovery
Nonetheless, the court, having reviewed the discovery requests, finds that the portion of interrogatory number eight which asks the defendant to state whether it “was put on notice that such an action (alleging racial harassment or racial discrimination) would be initiated” should be denied. As a practical matter, the defendant cannot be expected to recall each instance where a lawsuit or administrative action alleging racial discrimination was threatened, but not pursued.
For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that the plaintiffs motion to compel an answer to interrogatory number eight, as modified by the court, and responses to his requests for production of documents thirty and thirty-one should be granted.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing and good cause appearing,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs Motion to Compel Answers to Interrogatories and Response to Requests for Production of Documents (# 18) is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Defendant shall produce and answer on or before July 3,1997.
. In paragraph four of the complaint, the plaintiff alleges that "[djuring the period of Plaintiff's employment with WARDS, he was subjected to Racial Harassment/Discrimination by supervisors and other employees and/or agents of the Defendant. In addition due to his race, black, he was denied promotions which were given to other, non-black, less qualified individuals.” Also, in a document filed with the Nevada Equal Rights Commission, the plaintiff charged that he was treated adversely by the defendant because of his race.
. In McClain, the plaintiff's interrogatory twenty-nine, which was phrased more broadly than the discovery requests at issue in the instant case, provided:
(29.) Has Mack Truck, Inc. ever been sued for alleged discriminatory actions prior to the present litigation? If so, state:
(a) the court in which each action was instituted;
(b) the date the action was filed;
(c) the result of each case that has been concluded.
McClain, 85 F.R.D. at 61.
