26 Ind. 511 | Ind. | 1866
The appellants, claiming to be seized in fee simple by descent from John Woodward, deceased, of the undivided five-eighths of a certain tract of land, situate in Wayne county, brought this suit to recover the possession thereof. The defendants, claiming title to the Avhole of said land under the Avill of said John Woodward, filed a special answer, to which the plaintiffs demurred, but the court overruled the demurrer, and the plaintiffs refusing to reply to the answer, final j udgment was ren dered for the defendants. To Avhich rulings the plaintiffs excepted, and appeal to this court.
The plaintiffs are Eliza Jackson, Rachel Welch and Jane Dicks, surviving daughters of the testator, Washington, Wiley, Wesley, Rachel and Jacob Sutherland, and Maria MeCorkle, the children and heirs of Lydia Sutherland, since deceased, and John M. and Aaron Brown, the children and heirs of Anna Brown, now deceased, who was the daughter of the testator.
John Woodward’s will, a copy of which is made a part of the answer, is as follows:
“I do request, first, that all my just debts may be settled and adjusted out of my estate, real or personal.
“ Secondly. I do bequeath unto my beloved wife, Rachel Woodward, in trust, one hundred and fifty-five acres of land, together with the appurtenances thereto belonging, being known as the south-west quarter of section 23, range 13, township 16, for her own use and benefit in the maintenance of my children by the said Rachel, during her natural life, or while she remains my widow.
“ Thirdly. I do further bequeath, that if the said Rachel Woodward should die before the youngest child becomes of age, then and in that case the said premises to be equally divided amongst my three sons, to-wit: Aaron Woodward, Patrick Woodward and John Woodward, and they and each-of them are severally bound to see to the maintenance of the remainder of the children until they shall respectively become of age.
“ Fourthly. It is to be understood that the said Rachel Woodward has choice of what quantity of the now cleared land she wishes for her own use and benefit, towards the maintenance of the children, and that the boys, viz. Aaron, Patrick and John, make what impiwements they please of the now uncultivated part of the premises, for their own use and benefit; nevertheless, neither of the said boys have liberty to sell or in any way dispose of any part or parcel of the said land until the youngest child becomes of age.
“ Fifthly. I do further bequeath, that as each of the boys becomes of age, they each and severally shall be entitled to a horse of the value of $50, with a saddle and bridle,
“ Sixthly. I do bequeath unto my daughter, Anna Woodward, one bed and furniture, one saddle, one cow and two sheep, to be delivered to her on application. Unto Lydia Sutherland, one saddle, of the value of $15. I do further bequeath unto Jane Woodward, when she shall become of age, one bed and furniture, one saddle, one cow and two sheep. And I do further bequeath to Rachel Woodward, when she shall become of age, one bed and furniture, one saddle, one cow and two sheep. And I do further bequeath to Eliza Woodward, when she becomes of age, one bed and furniture, one saddle, one cow and two sheep. The above bequests to my daughters, for the fulfillment of which I request my wife, Rachel Woodioard, and the executors hereinafter named, to see carried into effect, as they respectively become of age, or on the day of marriage.
“ Seventhly. I do further request that if my said wife, Rachel, after my decease, should marry again, then, and in that case, she shares equally with my daughters in the household furniture. The cupboard furniture, &c., I leave to my wife, Rachel, for her use and benefit.
“ Eighthly. I do further bequeath all the stock now on the place for the joint use of the family, except one horse, which I give- unto my wife, Rachel, for her own use and benefit, and I further request that none of the said stock be sold unless to pay my just debts. And I further request that after the above legacies are paid, should there be any overplus, then, and in that case, to be equally divided between all the children.
“ Lastly. I do request and name Patrick Beard, my trusty friend, and Aaron Woodward, my son, when he shall become of age, executors to this my last will.and testament, jointly with my wife, Rachel Woodward, as executrix, and that they, each and severally, will faithfully and strictly see to the fulfillment-of the above recited bequests. In testimony whereof,” &&.
At the date of the will Lydia and Anna, two of the daughters, were over the age of twenty-one years. The ages of the other daughters were as follows: Jane thirteen, Rachel nine, and Eliza, Avho was the youngest child, five.
At the same date Aaron, one of the sons, was in his twentieth year, Patrick was eighteen, and John twelve years of ago. Rachel, the widow, died in 1851, long after Eliza, the youngest child, became of age. The sons, and the defendants claiming under them, have been in possession of the land under claim of title since the death of the widow.
The sufficiency of the answer to bar the action depends on the construction to be given to. the will, and this is the question discussed by counsel.
On the part of the plaintiffs, who are the appellants here, it is insisted that the only devise of any interest in the lane! to the three sons, after the death of their mother, is that contained in the third clause of the will, depending, as it is insisted, upon the contingency that Rachel Woodward, the widow,'should die before the youngest child of the testator should become twenty-one years of age, but that as the widow did not die until long after the youngest child became of age, the contingency upon which the land was devised to the sons never occurred, and as no other disposition was made of the land after the death of the widow, it passed by descent to all the children of the testator as tenants in common.
On the other hand, it is claimed on behalf of the defendants, that, construing the third clause with the other clauses of the will, it is manifest that it'was the intention of the testator to give the land in remainder, after the death of the widow, to his three sons, Aaron, Patrick and John, in fee; that in looking to the whole will, it is evident that the contingency of the death of the widow before the youngest child should become of age, stated in the third clause, was intended and must be construed to apply to the maintenance,
Eo subject connected with jurisprudence presents to the courts more difficult or intricate questions than that of the construction of wills. The fundamental principle applicable to the subject is, that the intention of the testator, if not inconsistent with some established rule of 'law, must control. But questions of difficult solution often arise from the fact that the language used in devises fails to clearly express the real intention of the testator, and either by an actual or apparent conflict in different provisions on the same subject, or by the use of inappropriate or improper language, the intention is rendered so obscure that it is very difficult of a satisfactory determination.
By a series of adjudications, certain rules have been established to aid in the proper construction of wills. These, as stated by Mr. Jarman, with references to the authorities supporting them, may be found in a note to Redfield on the Law of Wills, p. 425, et seq.
We state such of them as are deemed to have a bearing on the question under consideration, viz:
“ That all the parts of a will are to be construed in relation to each'other, and so as, if possible, to form one consistent whole.”
“Courts will look at the circumstances under which the devisor makes his will, as the state of his property, of his family and the like.”
“That the inconvenience or absurdity of a devise is no ground for varying the construction, where the terms of it are unambiguous; nor is the fact that the testator did not fore-see all the consequences of his disposition, a reason for varying it. But where the intention is obscured by conflicting expressions, it is to be sought rather in a rational and consistent, than in an irrational and inconsistent purpose.”
In the case at bar, the second clause of the will devises the lands in controversy to Rachel Woodioarcl, the widow, during her life or widowhood, in trust for the benefit or maintenance of the children of the testator. The third clause provides that if the widow should die, before the youngest child became of age, then the land should be equally divided amongst the three sons, Aaron, Patrick and John, who, in that event, are charged with the maintenance of the other children during their minority. Looking to these clauses alone, and construing them without reference to the other provisions of the will, we should have no difficulty in determining the construction that should be given to them, as it would be evident from their language that they gave to the widow an estate for life, determinable, however, upon hex subsequent marriage, with a contingent remainder to the three sons, to take effect upon the contingency that the widow should die during the minority of the youngest child.
But these clauses are both materially qualified by the fourth one, which, in effect, limits the life estate of the widow to that part of the land which was in cultivation at the death of the testator, and gives to the three sons the right to make any improvements they might desire on the then uncultivated part of the land for their own use and benefit, but prohibits them from selling any part of it during the minority of the youngest child.
Looking to the entire will, in all its provisions, it seems evident that the testator intended to dispose of his entire estate. Specific bequests are made to each of the children. Those to the daughters are absolute, and the executors are specially charged to see that they are fulfilled, wloile those
In disposing of his estate, a prominent object of the testator seems to have been that his family, during the minority of his children, should remain together on the farm, and to charge the farm with their support during that period.
If it was intended by the third clause of the will, to give to the sons only a contingent remainder in thé land, then that clause is evidently inconsistent with that part of the fourth one which authorizes them to “ make what improvements they please of the now” (then) “ uncultivated part of the premises, for their own use and benefit.” That provision Confers on the sons all the privileges of ownership over the unimproved part of the land. It enables them to improve it, and gives them all the profits derived therefrom. It is an unconditional right of possession, not dependent upon any contingency. It took effect at the death of the testator, and is not limited in duration, either to the life of the widow, the minority of the children, or to any other event, or period of time. Coupled with the right to improve
All these difficulties and inconsistencies are obviated by transposing a sentence in the third clause of the will, and attaching the words, “ that if said Rachel Woodward should die before the youngest child becomes of age, then and in that case,” to the second instead of the first member of the clause. It would then read thus: “ I do further bequeath the said premises to be equally divided amongst my three sons, to-wit, Aaron Woodward, Patrick Woodward and John Woodward, and if the said Rachel Woodward should die before the youngest child becomes of age, then and in that case, they and each of them are severally bound to see to the maintenance of the remainder of the children, until they shall respectively become of age.” This transposition renders the third clause, entirely consistent with the other clauses of the will and brings all its provisions into harmony. It gives full effect to them all, and renders the will a consistent and harmonious whole, and presents a consistent reason for each of its various provisions. Read in this light, it provides, in substance, that the widow should have a fife estate in the cultivated part of the land, for the maintenance of herself and the children, with remainder in the
Mr. Beclfield states the rule on the subject of transposition thus: “ There is no more clearly established rule of construction, as applicable to wills, than that words, or clauses of sentences, or even whole paragraphs, may be transposed to any extent, with a view to show the intention of the testator. But it must appear, either from the words of the will, or extrinsic proof, admissible in aid of the construction of the words, that the transposition does really bring out the true intent of the testator, and thus render what was before obscure, clear. For if the transposition leaves the same uncertainty, only giving a different import, it is not allowable. But where it gives effect to all the provisions of the will, and renders them all haimonious and consistent, both with each other and with the general purpose and intent of the will, it affords very satisfactory ground of presumption that it reaches the source of the difficulty, and explains the mode in which it arose.” Redf. on Wills, § 15, p. 431. See, also, Marshall v. Hopkins, 15 East 309; Covenhoven v. Shuler, 2 Paige 122; Rathbone v. Dyckman, 3 Paige 9; Pond v. Burgh, 10 Paige 140; Chrystie v. Phyfe, 19 N. Y. 344; Doe v. Allcock, 1 B. & Ald. 137.
The court overruled a motion to strike out certain portions of the answer as being “irrelevant and impertinent.” A part of the matter objected to was irrelevant and should have been stricken out, but as sufficient facts were well
The judgment is affirmed, with costs.