349 N.W.2d 517 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1984
JACKSON
v.
COELING
Michigan Court of Appeals.
William G. Reamon, P.C. (by Janet T. Neff), for plaintiffs.
Baxter & Hammond (by Paul E. Jensen and Robert S. Lipak), for defendant.
*396 Before: DANHOF, C.J., and MacKENZIE and M.E. DODGE,[*] JJ.
M.E. DODGE, J.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from a judgment of no cause of action entered after an adverse jury verdict. They claim that the trial judge erred in his instructions to the jury and that he abused his discretion in deciding that the jury's verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence.
At trial, plaintiffs claimed that plaintiff Jacqueline Jackson suffered serious injuries in an automobile accident. She was a passenger in a car driven by defendant Robin Coeling. At about 9:00 p.m. on November 9, 1979, while driving on an overpass on I-96 in Grand Rapids, defendant hit a patch of ice, lost control of her car, and hit a guard rail.
Defendant's deposition testimony was offered into evidence at trial by plaintiffs; it was the primary evidence concerning liability. In her deposition, defendant testified that, shortly before the accident occurred, she noticed that rain mixed with light snow was falling. As she entered the expressway, she noticed that the road surface was beginning to get slippery. She testified that she was driving 40-45 m.p.h. when she lost control of the car. Plaintiffs also introduced a statement defendant made to a police officer shortly after the accident, in which she said that she was driving 55 m.p.h., that she did not notice the ice on the roadway before she lost control of her car, and that she did not remember seeing a "Watch for ice on bridge" sign before the overpass on which the accident occurred. Another witness testified that such a sign was posted about 650 feet before the overpass.
*397 The trial judge instructed the jury as follows:
"We have two state statutes which provide as follows: No person shall operate a vehicle upon a highway in a careless or negligent manner likely to endanger any person or property, but without wantonness or recklessness. And the other statute provides in material part: A person driving a vehicle on a highway shall drive with a careful and prudent speed no greater than nor less than is reasonably proper, having due regard to the traffic, surface and width of the highway, and of any other conditions then existing.
"If you find that the defendant violated either of these statutes before or at the time of the occurrence, you may infer that the defendant was negligent."
This instruction is SJI2d 12.01. The trial judge then instructed the jury, using SJI2d 12.02, stating:
"However, if you find that the defendant used ordinary care and was still unable to avoid the violation because of weather conditions, then her violation is excused.
"If you find that the defendant violated either of these statutes and that the violation was not excused, then you must decide whether such violation was a proximate cause of the occurrence."
On appeal, plaintiffs claim that it was error to overrule their objection to the instruction that weather conditions might excuse the alleged statutory violations. We agree and reverse.
For the instruction on excuse to be warranted, the excuse must be an adequate one under the facts and circumstances of the case. Zeni v Anderson, 397 Mich. 117, 129-130; 243 NW2d 270 (1976). Although the appropriateness of an excuse instruction *398 must be decided on the facts of each case, a review of Michigan authority indicates that the instruction is unlikely to be applicable except in cases involving allegations of violations of the "assured clear distance" statute,[1] the rear-end collision statute,[2] and statutes requiring driving on the right side of the road.[3]
*399 In the present case, the jury was instructed that it could infer negligence from defendant's failure to drive at a careful and prudent speed not greater than nor less than is reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic, the surface and width of the highway, and to any other condition then existing. See MCL 257.627; MSA 9.2327. This statutory provision is designed to forbid a driver from going too fast for conditions. The reference to "any other condition" is clearly broad enough to encompass weather conditions. The statute has been held to require a driver to regulate her speed according to weather conditions. See Buchanan v Cockrill, 385 Mich. 292, 295; 187 NW2d 892 (1971); Ryder v Murphy, 371 Mich. 474; 124 NW2d 238 (1963). The existence of weather conditions affecting the road surface cannot be an excuse for violating a statute which requires a driver to take just those conditions into account in regulating her speed. The instruction was not applicable; plaintiffs' objection should have been sustained. Although situations might arise in which an excuse instruction would be proper where traveling too fast for conditions is alleged,[4] the instruction should not be given where *400 the only excuse offered is the existence of conditions which the statute requires the driver to take into account.
The jury was also instructed that weather conditions might excuse the defendant if it found that she had operated her vehicle in a careless or negligent manner likely to endanger any person or property. Weather conditions do not excuse careless or negligent driving. If the jury feels that a driver had an adequate reason for acting in the manner that she did, it can be safely assumed that it will not find that she was careless or negligent. We doubt that the instruction on excuse would ever be appropriate where the claim is that negligence can be inferred from the violation of a statute forbidding careless or negligent driving.
We also find that the error was not harmless. The unwarranted instructions on excuse easily could have confused the jury to plaintiffs' prejudice. If defendant was driving too fast for conditions, the jury could infer negligence. If defendant was operating a vehicle in a careless or negligent manner, the inference of negligence was inescapable. To require the consideration of weather conditions as an excuse at that point could mislead the jury into believing that the weather conditions excused not the statutory violations, but defendant's negligence. Because the judge instructed the jury not to excuse a violation unless it found that the driver used ordinary care, we think it likely that most jurors applied the law properly. We cannot, however, ignore the possibility that some jurors were confused by the inapplicable instruction. We note that where an excuse or sudden emergency instruction has been improperly given, application of the harmless error rule has been limited to cases in which the jury resolved the *401 issue of liability in plaintiffs' favor. See Moore v Spangler, 401 Mich. 360, 383-384; 258 NW2d 34 (1977).
Plaintiffs also objected to the use of the following instruction:
"If you decide that the defendant was negligent, and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the occurrence, it is not a defense that the weather conditions were a cause of this occurrence. However, if you decide that the only proximate cause of the occurrence was the weather conditions, then your verdict should be for the defendant."
Any error was harmless, because the jury did not reach the question of proximate cause. We nonetheless address this claim because the issue may recur at a new trial. Plaintiffs argue that there was no evidentiary support for a claim that defendant's negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident. We cannot accept this argument, because the question of negligence was one for the trier of fact. We agree, however, that the use of this instruction was inappropriate in this case. The instruction is appropriate in a case in which evidence is presented showing that an outside force may have been the sole proximate cause of an occurrence. See SJI2d 15.06, "Note on Use". In the present case, the only evidence concerning outside forces was evidence that the road surface was slippery and icy. These were conditions which, in the exercise of ordinary care, the defendant was required to take into account. The primary question in this case was whether the defendant driver exercised ordinary care immediately before the accident. On the facts of this case, the jury was required to consider the weather conditions in deciding the question of negligence. The instruction *402 was inappropriate not because it was misleading, but because it was unnecessary.
We decline to consider plaintiffs' claim that the trial judge abused his discretion by denying their motion for a new trial based on allegations that the jury's verdict was against the great weight of the evidence.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. Costs to appellants.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] MCL 257.627; MSA 9.2327 states in part:
"A person shall not drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than that which will permit a stop within the assured, clear distance ahead."
See Moore v Spangler, supra; McKinney v Anderson, 373 Mich. 414; 129 NW2d 851 (1964); Patzer v Bowerman-Halifax Funeral Home, 370 Mich. 350; 121 NW2d 843 (1963); Sun Oil Co v Seamon, 349 Mich. 387; 84 NW2d 840 (1957); Nass v Mossner, 363 Mich. 128; 108 NW2d 881 (1961); Dismukes v Michigan Express Inc, 368 Mich. 197; 118 NW2d 238 (1962); Morrison v Demogala, 336 Mich. 298; 57 NW2d 893 (1953); Vander Laan v Miedema, 385 Mich. 226; 188 NW2d 564 (1971); Lucas v Carson, 38 Mich. App. 552; 196 NW2d 819 (1972); Campbell v Menze Construction Co, 15 Mich. App. 407; 166 NW2d 624 (1968); Hackley Union National Bank & Trust Co v Warren Radio Co, 5 Mich. App. 64; 145 NW2d 831 (1966). LaBumbard v Plouff, 56 Mich. App. 495; 224 NW2d 118 (1974); Spillers v Simons, 42 Mich. App. 101; 201 NW2d 374 (1972); Laur v McCaul, 39 Mich. App. 346; 197 NW2d 481 (1972).
[2] MCL 257.402; MSA 9.2102 states in part:
"(a) In any action, in any court in this state when it is shown by competent evidence, that a vehicle traveling in a certain direction, overtook and struck the rear end of another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, or lawfully standing upon any highway within this state, the driver or operator of such first mentioned vehicle shall be deemed prima facie guilty of negligence. This section shall apply, in appropriate cases, to the owner of such first mentioned vehicle and to the employer of its driver or operator."
See Moore v Spangler, supra; McKinney v Anderson, supra; Vander Laan v Miedema, supra; Conroy v Harrison, 368 Mich. 310; 118 NW2d 383 (1962); Szymborski v Slatina, 386 Mich. 339; 192 NW2d 213 (1971); Lucas v Carson, supra; Alford v Goslow, 4 Mich. App. 240; 144 NW2d 641 (1966); Laur v McCaul, supra; Dennis v Jakeway, 53 Mich. App. 68; 218 NW2d 389 (1974); Brown v Spitza, 45 Mich. App. 97; 206 NW2d 260 (1973); LaBumbard v Plouff, supra; O'Dell v James, 13 Mich. App. 574; 164 NW2d 747 (1968), rev'd on other grounds 383 Mich. 87; 173 NW2d 208 (1970).
[3] MCL 257.634; MSA 9.2334 states that a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway upon all roadways of sufficient width, with certain exceptions. The same principle was frequently applied to similar predecessor states. See Zeni v Anderson, supra. See Corey v Hartel, 216 Mich. 675, 680; 185 N.W. 748 (1921); Sanderson v Barkman, 264 Mich. 152; 249 N.W. 492 (1933); Martiniano v Booth, 359 Mich. 680; 103 NW2d 502 (1960); Ross v Michigan Mutual Auto Ins Co, 224 Mich. 263; 195 N.W. 88 (1923); Barringer v Arnold, 358 Mich. 594; 101 NW2d 365 (1960); Van Den Heuvel v Plews, 291 Mich. 670; 289 N.W. 290 (1939); Haney v Beisel, 287 Mich. 239; 283 N.W. 43 (1938); Paton v Stealy, 272 Mich. 57; 261 N.W. 131 (1935); Leonard v Hey, 269 Mich. 491; 257 N.W. 733 (1934); Soule v Grimshaw, 266 Mich. 117; 253 N.W. 237 (1934); Gibbs v Guild, 332 Mich. 671; 52 NW2d 542 (1952); Buxton v Ainsworth, 138 Mich. 532; 101 N.W. 817 (1904); Tyler v Nelson, 109 Mich. 37; 66 N.W. 671 (1896); Hackley Union National Bank & Trust Co v Warren Radio Co, supra.
[4] In one of the few cases in which none of the three statutes we have cited above was involved, the claim of an excuse for speeding was rejected by the Supreme Court in Murphy v Sinen, 281 Mich. 274; 274 N.W. 790 (1937). The defendant crashed her car into another one while traveling at a high rate of speed. She claimed, with substantial evidentiary support, that she was fleeing from a disappointed and violent suitor. The Court held as a matter of law that her conduct was not excused due to her failure to stop at the first police station she passed.