213 F. 743 | 4th Cir. | 1914
(after stating the facts as above). The principal question involved herein is as to the proper construction of that portion of the contract which relates to shipments. Counsel for the respective parties differ widely as to the construction to be placed upon this clause.
It is contended by counsel for plaintiff that by this contract the defendant agreed to purchase 2,000 tons of phosphate rock, 10 per cent, more or less at the seller’s option, at the price of $6 per ton, 2,240 pounds f. o. b. cars at mines of plaintiff; that, while there was no arbitrary date fixed on or before which ■ all this material was' to be shipped, nevertheless it was agreed that the rock was to be shipped at the rate of 200 tons per week unless hindered or delayed by either shortage of cars or the weather; that the proviso contained in this clause of the agreement was intended to protect plaintiff in the event either of the contingencies enumerated should happen and thus prevent delivery at the rate of 200 tons per week; that under this clause defendant could have on the 12th day of November or as soon thereafter as the car famine subsided required plaintiff to continue weekly shipments until the entire amount of rock called for in the contract had been delivered; that this being so, it would be manifestly unjust to permit defendant to cancel the contract when it clearly appears that the rock was only to be shipped at the rate of 200 tons a week in the event that the shipper was not delayed by lack of cars; that this is a valid proviso and is as much a part of the contract as any other clause contained therein; and that to construe the same so as to do equal and exact justice between the parties it means that under the evidence in this case the plaintiff was entitled to a reasonable time after it could obtain cars within which to ship the balance of the rock called for in the contract. In other words, that the plaintiff entered into a contract by which it was agreed that 200 tons of yock should be shipped each week for ten successive weeks from the 1st day of September, 1907,
The defendant, however, insists that, as respects this clause, time is the essence of the contract, and a failure on the part of the seller to deliver within the time specified justified the defendant in rescinding the same and refusing to accept the.rock. In other words, that the plaintiff entered into an unconditional contract by which it was agreed that 200 tons of rock should be shipped each week from the 1st of September, 1907, until the amount of rock was delivered to the defendant; that there was to be no interruption of shipments; and that any in-, terruption so as to prevent the same being made within the time contemplated by the contract constituted a breach of the same by the plaintiff so as to entitle defendant to rescind the contract and thus avoid taking the remainder of the rock that might be shipped after that date.
It is further insisted by the defendant that as it had only shipped a small portion of the order (about 232 tons) while the same was needed by the defendant company at the rate specified, to wit, 200 tons a week, that the defendant company had been able to supply itself with rock on account of the nonshipment of this contract, and that therefore it was justified in canceling the contract on the 12th day of November, 1907.
The defendant also contends-that the evidence tends to show that during the months of September and October the plaintiff shipped out a great many cars to their customers; that in September they shipped out 35 cars and only 6 of these went to the defendant company; that in October they shipped out 30 cars, and only 3 of these went to the defendant company; that in November they shipped out 29 cars, and only 3 of which went to the defendant company.
In order to correctly determine the intention of the parties to a contract, it is necessary to consider its purpose, its subject-matter, and the situation of the parties at the time it was executed.
The evidence in this case shows that at the time this contract was entered into by the parties the plaintiff was engaged in shipping phosphate rock and the defendant was engaged in using the same for the manufacture of chemical fertilizer. It is to be presumed that the parties thereto were fully aware of the fact that there might be more or less delay in making the shipments due to the causes therein enumerated.
Undoubtedly the defendant desired the shipments made as promptly as possible, and no doubt the plaintiff was anxious to make the shipments as specified unless the unforeseen contingencies provided against should happen, and it was but natural that the plaintiff should take the precaution to insert the proviso that the shipments should be made
Inasmuch as this proviso was inserted and the defendant acquiesced in the same, we1 are forced to the conclusion that it was the intention of the parties that if the plaintiff was not delayed on account of the causes mentioned that the shipments should be made continuously-until the entire amount was shipped, but if, on the other hand, there should be any delay caused by car shortage or bad weather, the plaintiff would be entitled to deliver the rock within a reasonable length of time áfter the car service had assumed its normal condition. '
Among other things, it appears from the testimony, as we have stated, that on the 16th day of September, 1907, the plaintiff wrote a letter in which defendant was informed that rock could not be shipped during the previous week, “because the railroad itself was unable to furnish us cars. We will send you rock as fast as possible.”
Not receiving any reply, plaintiff was in a sense justified in inferring that defendant acquiesced in the situation. If the defendant at'that time intended to place the construction upon the contract which it now insists upon, it should have promptly notified plaintiff that, unless shipments were made within the time limit for which defendant now contends, it would promptly cancel the contract. Under the circumstances, it was but natural that plaintiff should have continued mining operations.with a view of fulfilling the contract in accordance with its understanding of the same.
■ The proviso as to shipments from the very nature of things must have been intended to relate to the time of delivery, and we cannot understand upon what theory it could be construed to relate to the life of the contract. To' give it this interpretation places the parties upon a footing where the rights of each are safeguarded and protected. In this instance it must be observed that the promise of the seller is conditional.
In the case of Coal Co. v. Ice Co., 134 N. C. 574, 47 S. E. 116, the Supreme Court of that state said:
“But there was one, and only one, limitation upon this otherwise absolute undertaking, and that limitation is found in the clause of dispensation, as it may be called, which exempted the plaintiff from liability for nonperformance, if by strike or other uncontrollable causes it should become unable to comply with its contract.”
In the case of Cottrell v. Smokeless Fuel Co., 148 Fed. 594, 78 C. C. A. 366, 9 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1187, this court held that where one charges himself with an obligation possible to be performed he must make it good, and that unforeseen difficulties, however great, will not excuse him. It was also stated by the court that the rule as announced was subject to the qualification that, where a contract contains a limitation upon an otherwise absolute undertaking, one will be relieved from such obligation “to the extent that such conditions rendered it unable to perform the contract fully, and to this extent only.”
The case of Fish v. Hamilton, 112 Fed. 742, 50 C. C. A. 509. was an action for a breach of contract. The contract contained a strike
“We concur in the opinion of the court below that the provision effects the terms of delivery only, and that the seller was bound to deliver within a reasonable time after the termination of the strike.”
In 35 Cyc. 249, the rule announced is as follows:
“Where the contract provided that delivery shall be subject to strikes, the existence of a strike merely suspends deliveries during the strike and does not terminate the contract, and the seller is therefore bound to resume deliveries after a reasonable time after the strike has ceased.”
Indeed, the rule is so well established that we do not deem it necessary to cite -further authorities.
A careful consideration of the authorities relied upon by defendant leads us to the conclusion that they do not apply to the case at bar.
As we have stated, under this provision of the contract the defendant could have required the plaintiff to make the balance of the shipments within a reasonable time, and, such being the case, we think that such provision likewise inures to the benefit of the plaintiff, and that therefore the plaintiff was entitled to deliver the rock within a reasonable length of time after cars were to be had, and that the effort of the defendant to cancel the contract and its refusal to accept further deliveries under the same entitles the plaintiff to recover the amount sued for in this action.
In view of what we have said, it follows that the court below erred in hólding that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the case will be remanded for further proceeding in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Reversed.
