Jackman v. Eau Claire National Bank

125 Wis. 465 | Wis. | 1905

Tbe following opinion was filed June 23, 1905:

XeRwif, J.

On defendant’s appeal several errors are assigned, wbicb, so far as deemed necessary, will be considered in their order.

1. It is claimed that the court erred in overruling defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint, because no demand was alleged, and, further, that the complaint does not sufficiently allege the necessity of bringing the action. Had the property covered by the chattel mortgages been in the possession of or under the control of defendant at the time action was brought by the trustee, so that it could have been surrendered upon demand, it would be necessary to consider and decide this question. There is very respectable authority to the effect that no demand is necessary before action by a trustee to recover property transferred in fraud of the bankrupt act,, upon the theory that, the whole transaction resulting in a preference being unlawful, no demand is necessary. Goldberg v. Harlan, 33 Ind. App. 465, 67 N. E. 707; Loveland, Bankruptcy, 609; Bull v. Houghton, 65 Cal. 422, 4 Pac. 529. But in the case before us it appears from the allegations of the-complaint that the mortgaged property had been converted before the commencement of the action and the proceeds applied upon the mortgage indebtedness of the defendant. The defendant, by such conversion, put it out of its power to restore-the property, and under such circumstances no demand was-necessary. Dunham v. Converse, 28 Wis. 306; Crampton v. Valido M. Co. 60 Vt. 291, 1 L. R. A. 120; Shuman v. Fleckenstein, 22 Fed. Cas. 54, No. 12,826.

Counsel for defendant further claims that the complaint is defective in not alleging that any creditor had filed a claim in the bankruptcy proceeding, or any fact showing that it was-necessary to recover the alleged preference, and Mueller v. Bruss, 112 Wis. 406, 88 N. W. 229, is cited in support of this contention. It is sufficient answer to this proposition to say tbat sucb case deals only witb tbe provision of tbe bankrupt act concerning tbe capacity of tbe trustee to avoid transfers of property in fraud of creditors, wliicb, in tbe absence of the bankruptcy proceedings, sucb creditors might themselves avoid. This action deals witb an entirely different matter, under tbat part of tbe bankruptcy act relating to unlawful preferences, wherein it is provided tbat:

“If a bankrupt shall have given a preference within four months before tbe filing of a petition, or after tbe filing of tbe petition and before tbe adjudication, and tbe person receiving it, or to be benefited thereby, or bis agent, acting therein, shall have bad reasonable cause to believe that it was intended thereby to give a preference, it shall be voidable by tbe trustee and be may recover tbe property or its value from sucb person.” Subd. &, sec. 60, Bankr. Act July 1, 1898, cb. 641, 30 Stats, at Large, 662 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3446].

No condition precedent to tbe right of tbe trustee to recover sucb property is found in tbe statute, as will be seen, and obviously courts cannot legitimately ingraft any upon it.

2. Concerning tbe second assignment of error but little need be said. Tbe president of defendant was called for examination as an adverse party by plaintiff. Objection was made by plaintiff to defendant’s right to cross-examine this witness, as be was called by plaintiff for cross-examination as an adverse party, and tbe objection sustained. We fail to see bow defendant was prejudiced by this ruling. It could have called and examined tbe witness, and be, being president of the bank, doubtless was not an unwilling or hostile witness. Therefore no reversible error was committed by tbe ruling.

3. Error is assigned upon tbe alleged ambiguity in and insufficiency of questions 4 and 5 of tbe special verdict, which deal witb tbe subject as to whether tbe Waters-Clark Lumber Company, in acquiring title to tbe property in question, acted for tbe bank witb tbe understanding tbat a portion of tbe proceeds of sucb property would be accounted for to defendant. Much that is said by counsel for plaintiff on this branch of the case is quite immaterial in view of the conclusion- we have reached that the legal wrong for which defendant is liable goes back to the time the chattel mortgages were executed, and goes no further than the interest in the logs and lumber which in the form of money finally came to its possession. The only direct interest, as appears from the uncontroverted evidence, was represented by the chattel mortgages, certain lien claims acquired by purchase, and a small amount additional that will be referred to specifically hereafter, and which was, as appears, substantially charged to it in the accounting by which the total interest in the property for which defendant was liable was arrived at. We can hardly agree with the treatment by the learned circuit judge in his opinion of the verdict as to the questions under discussion. He expressed the view that such questions and the answers thereto do not find that the lumber company acted as agent for defendant in taking the title to the lumber. We find in the learned judge’s opinion:

“It is not found that the lumber company was the agent of the defendant. If that were so, then it would result that the defendant really received the propery. The jury has found that the lumber company took title pursuant to an agreement between Young and the bank by which the lumber company was to account to the bank for a portion of the proceeds. The barde received the notes, and not the logs and lumber.”

This part of the opinion of the learned circuit judge can hardly be reconciled with the language to which it refers, since it in effect sets the verdict aside as to the two questions and substitutes in place thereof, as a fact shown to exist by the undisputed evidence, that the lumber company, without any other relation to the bank than an understanding with it that its interest in the logs and lumber should be recognized and satisfied out of the proceeds of such property, purchased tbe same. When tbe jmy decided that the lumber company took title to tbe property acting for tbe defendant and for its benefit, tboy pretty clearly decided that tbe latter was a principal and tbe former a mere agent in tbe matter. However, tbe evidence seems to clearly establish that tbe lumber company purchased tbe property from Young in the regular course of business, without any understanding with tbe defendant other than that its interest in the property as mortgagee and claimant under numerous statutory labor liens should be recognized and tbe equivalent thereof in money delivered to it out of tbe proceeds. It were better if tbe court had entirely omitted the two questions criticised, because the matters covered by them were not in controversy on tbe evidence, and bad framed one appropriate to tbe case and directed tbe proper answer, or left the matter to the jury, or found tbe facts independently. Having taken tbe answers and come to the conclusion indicated by that part of tbe opinion quoted, the better way certainly would have been to set tbe answers „ aside, rather than to bend tbe questions into a form which would harmonize with the supposed truth of the matter. We may say in passing that tbe idea which tbe court voiced in tbe opinion that defendant did not receive any logs or lumber,.but received notes, so far as it suggests that defendant did not receive tbe property, or any of it, for which tbe recovery was sought, is hardly consistent with the rendition of tbe judgment which followed, since tbe very purpose of tbe action was to recover the value of property, logs, and lumber, not notes, wrongfully converted by defendant to its own use. If the reasoning of the learned court were sound, the suggestion made by counsel for the defendant that tbe action was brought on one theory and went to judgment on another would not be wholly without merit. The fact is, as it seems, that tbe defendant did in legal effect receive into its possession and convert to its use tbe property in question to tbe extent of its chattel-mortgage interest. The foregoing renders it unnecessary to discuss further questions 4 and 5, ■or to consider complaints, made as to instructions given in respect thereto.

4. Error is assigned on the instruction to the effect that all the creditors belonged to one class. "Whether that is right or wrong does not seem to in any way concern the case. This action, as we have indicated, is simply one in trover to recover the value of property which, as is alleged, was, in fraud of the bankrupt act, wrongfully converted by defendant to its own use. "Whether there was one or more classes of creditors, and in what manner the property sought to be recovered would, if the suit were successful, be administered, did not vary in the slightest degree the legal rights of the plaintiff. If the property was obtained by the defendant in fraud of the bankrupt act, plaintiff was entitled to recover the same, and this is the only question involved.

5. Error is assigned because of the refusal to direct a ver•dict for defendant and in denying defendant’s motion to correct the special verdict and for judgment in favor of defendant. A vigorous argument is made by counsel for defendant against the right of the trustee to maintain this action in the state court, relying mainly upon two Wisconsin cases. Brigham v. Claflin, 31 Wis. 607, and Bromley v. Goodrich, 40 Wis. 131. These cases were decided under the bankrupt act of 1867, which was quite different from the law under which the present case was brought; and it appears that one of the reasons given for denying the right of the state court to take jurisdiction was that the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction in such cases, and that conflicts of interest might arise. Under the bankrupt act of 1898 the supreme court of the United States in Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524, 20 Sup. Ct. 1000, held that the United States courts had no jurisdiction over suits similar to the one before us unless by consent of the proposed defendant; and that in the absence of express prohibition the state courts lose none of their jurisdiction to litigate questions arising between tbe trustee in bankruptcy and any adverse claimant concerning transfers of' property claimed to be made in fraud of tbe bankrupt act-That even jurisdiction conferred upon tbe United States-courts does not divest tbe state courts of jurisdiction in sucb cases. Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, supra. Under tbe above-decision at tbe time tbis action was commenced tbe United States courts bad no jurisdiction of tbe action, and unless it could be brought in tbe state court tbe plaintiff was without a remedy and tbe provisions of tbe bankrupt act practically nullified. It is therefore very clear that by tbe bankrupt act of 1898 tbe general jurisdiction of tbe state courts in independent actions between tbe trustee and adverse claimants was in no manner abridged, and tbis doctrine is recognized in subd. b, sec. 23, Bankr. Act. 1898, 30 Stats, at Large,. 552 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3431], which provides that “suits by tbe trustee shall only be brought or prosecuted in tbe courts where tbe bankrupt, whose estate is being administered by sucb trustee, might have brought or prosecuted them if proceedings in bankruptcy bad not been instituted,, unless by consent of tbe proposed defendant.” Tbis subdivision was amended in 1903 (Act Eeb. 5, 1903, cb. 487,. sec. 8, 32 Stats, at Large, 798 [U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1903,. p. 413]) by adding: “except suits for tbe recovery of property under section sixty, subdivision b, and section sixty-seven, subdivision e.” So when tbis suit was brought it could not be maintained in tbe federal- court without tbe consent of tbe defendant. Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, supra; Perkins v. McCauley, 98 Fed. 286. Tbe bankrupt act of 1898 neither expressly nor by necessary implication having excluded tbe state court or given exclusive jurisdiction to tbe federal courts in suits by trustees to recover property transferred in fraud of tbe bankrupt act, tbe ordinary jurisdiction of tbe state court under tbe constitution and laws continued to exist. French v. R. P. Smith & Sons Co. 81 Minn. 341, 84 N. W. 44; Chism v. Citizens’ Bank, 77 Miss. 599, 27 South. 637; Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, supra. And this doctrine is in harmony with the general theory in favor of concurrent jurisdiction under the constitution and laws. No„ reason exists why a contestant with a bankrupt in such case should lose any of his rights by the bankruptcy of his adversary, and for obvious reasons it might be preferable for him to litigate in the state courts. Hence the provision of suhd. b, sec. 23, Bankr. Act 1898, to the effect that suits by a trustee shall only be brought in the courts where the bankrupt might have brought and prosecuted them if proceedings in bankruptcy had not heen instituted, unless by the consent of the proposed defendant. Claflin v. Houseman, 93 U. S. 130. It is well settled that, unless exclusive jurisdiction be given to the federal court, state courts have concurrent jurisdiction, subject to review by the supreme court of the United States, except in cases where by the constitution itself the power is given exclusively to the federal courts or prohibited to the state courts. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304; Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 26; Claflin v. Houseman, supra. It is clear, therefore, as a general proposition, that at the time this action was commenced state courts had jurisdiction of such controversies. But it is claimed on the part of the defendant that the action cannot be maintained without overruling Brigham v. Claflin, 31 Wis. 607, and Bromley v. Goodrich, 40 Wis. 131. It will be observed, however, that these cases were decided under the bankrupt act of 1867, and it was held under this act that the federal and state courts had concurrent jurisdiction, and hence the bankruptcy statute was not nullified by refusal on the part of the state courts to take jurisdiction. Besides, these Wisconsin decisions were put upon the ground that, the action being penal, and arising under the federal statute providing a federal forum for redress, state courts should not interfere to enforce a penalty under a federal statute. And further, that conflicts might arise between the state and federal courts, and, tbis being so, and tbe statute a penal one, and tbe United States courts baying jurisdiction, grave consequences were anticipated in tbe assumption of jurisdiction by tbe state courts. In Brigham v. Claflin, supra, at page 613, tbis court says:

“In tbe first place, it must be obvious that tbe assertion of a state jurisdiction in such causes will greatly tend to protract and multiply suits in respect to tbe bankrupt’s estate, and will inevitably be a most fruitful source of conflict and collision between tbe state and federal tribunals. Tbe object and policy of tbe bankrupt law manifestly are to collect and distribute tbe property of tbe bankrupt among bis creditors as promptly as practicable ;■ and these ends can be much more readily accomplished by tbe United States courts — which have plenary jurisdiction in these matters — than by tribunals acting by different modes, and deriving their powers from other sources.”

No such consequences could result from tbe bankrupt act of 1898. On tbe contrary, tbe contention of counsel for defendant would put tbe trustee in tbe anomalous position of being unable to administer bis trust because no court was open to him. Tbe bankrupt act of 1898 clearly contemplates that suits similar to tbe one before us may be brought in state courts, and cannot in tbe United States courts. Tbis court has declined to follow tbe doctrine of Brigham v. Claflin, 31 Wis. 607, and has, in effect, held that actions like the instant case may be maintained in tbe state courts. Binder v. McDonald, 106 Wis. 332, 82 N. W. 156; Mueller v. Bruss, 112 Wis. 406, 88 N. W. 229. State courts therefore should take jurisdiction, and tbe action was properly brought. Claflin v. Houseman, 93 U. S. 130; Mueller v. Bruss, supra; Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524, 20 Sup. Ct. 1000; Lyon v. Clark, 124 Mich. 100, 82 N. W. 1058, 83 N. W. 694; French v. R. P. Smith & Sons Co. 81 Minn. 341, 84 N. W. 44; Perkins v. McCauley, 98 Fed. 286; Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 224; Whitman v. Oxford Nat. Bank, 176 U. S. 559, 567, 20 Sup. Ct. 477; Chism v. Citizens’ Bank, 77 Miss. 599, 27 South. 637.

It is further claimed by counsel for defendant that the property for the value of which this suit was brought had never been sold or received by the defendant, and therefore the action cannot be maintained; that the defendant received notes, not property. It was established on the trial, without any room for reasonable controversy, that what the bank got was its mortgage interest, obtained in fraud of the bankrupt act, and its interest by reason of certain lien claims, and a small amount in addition, as we have before indicated. The notes were but mere instruments by means of which its interest in the property was transferred to its possession in tho form of money. To all intents and purposes it received the logs and lumber to the extent of its interest therein as effectually as any chattel mortgagee obtains his interest in the subject covered thereby when a purchaser thereof subject to the mortgage values the mortgage interest and delivers it to the mortgagee in money. The act of carving out an interest in the property and transferring it by means of the mortgage, and the enforcement thereof in fraud of the bankrupt act, was, to all intents and purposes, a wrongful conversion of the property to that extent. The complaint was in trover, which was proper under the circumstances. The difficulty at several points in this case is in the fact before mentioned that the mere instrument by means of which an interest in the property was transferred to defendant has been treated as the property defendant obtained.

It is further claimed by defendant that there is no evidence sufficient to support the finding that defendant had reasonable cause to believe that Toung intended by the sale to enable the bank to obtain a greater percentage of its debt than other creditors of the same class would be able to obtain, and we are earnestly asked by counsel to carefully consider the evidence upon this subject. Quite a lengthy argument is made by counsel to the effect that the enforcement of the mortgage indebtedness would not enable defendant to obtain a greater percentage of its debt than any other creditor of the same class; hence there was no preference. There is abundance of evidence to the effect that Young was insolvent at the time of execution of the mortgages, and .that the agents of defendant, when the mortgages were executed, had reasonable cause to believe that Young intended to give defendant a preference. It would serve no useful purpose to go into a lengthy discussion of the evidence upon this proposition. Young was hopelessly insolvent when the mortgages were executed. He in effect told the officers of the bank, when requested to make the mortgages, that he did not have sufficient property to pay all his creditors. He did all his banking business with defendant. He was not a man of large means or large business interests. Defendant had examined into his affairs, and knew, or ought to have known, his financial condition. His indebtedness to the bank during a period of about two years prior to the execution of the mortgages had increased from $2,000 to $27,000, while during the same time there is evidence to the effect that his assets decreased. The officers of the bank were urging payment for a year before the mortgages were given, claiming the loan was too large. It appears that a day or so after Young’s mill burned an officer of the bank requested him to execute chattel mortgages, and presented them to him prepared; that he refused, saying it would not be fair to do that and leave all the rest of his creditors, as he did not have qnough to pay all he owed; and the officer of defendant said he ought not to go back on the bank, that it had used him well, and he ought to give it a mortgage. At this time he refused to execute the mortgages, but did about a week later. Young testified that he intended to give defendant a preference. It is true he made statements to the bank showing his assets much larger than they really were, but, in view of the large indebtedness to tbe bant and its familiarity with his business, together with the fact that he was meeting practically all his obligations with fresh promises to pay, and constantly increasing his indebtedness, the defendant must be charged with knowledge of his insolvency at the time of the execution of the mortgages. But it is useless to pursue the investigation. It is sufficient to say that we are convinced from a careful examination of the evidence that it supports the verdict, and upon well-established principles such finding cannot be disturbed. Whether defendant had reasonable cause to believe that Young was insolvent within the meaning of the bankrupt act was a question of fact, and it was chargeable with notice of such fact as reasonable inquiry in view of the circumstances with' respect to the debtor’s condition, which were brought home to it, might fairly be expected to disclose. So the facts and circumstances in this case were sufficient to warrant the jury in finding that the mortgages were executed with intent of giving defendant a preference. In re Eggert, 102 Fed. 135, 43 C. C. A. 1; Hackney v. Raymond Bros. Clarke Co. (Neb.) 94 N. W. 822; Giddings v. Dodd, 10 Fed. Cas. 338, No. 5,405.

It is claimed, however, by counsel for defendant that, unless the enforcement of the mortgages would operate to give defendant a greater percentage of its debt than other creditors of the same class would receive, the mortgages did not amount to a conveyance of property — or, in other words, a preference — within the meaning of the bankrupt act. We do not so understand the law. The federal statute renders void any preference given under the circumstances specified therein, and, as we have seen, gives the trustee in bankruptcy the right to recover any property, or its value, conveyed in violation of such act. Manifestly, if a creditor receives security for the payment of his claim, and that is followed within four months by the commencement of proceedings in bankruptcy against or on the part of the debtor, the intention of such security being to give tbe favored creditor a preference (be having knowledge or reasonable means of knowledge thereof), and yet have the same standing as other creditors for the balance of his claim as he would have if the transaction were valid, the effect would necessarily be to give such creditor an undue advantage — a preference, within the meaning of the bankrupt act. That is too clear to admit of reasonable controversy. Toof v. Martin, 13 Wall. 40.

The further point is made that prior to the commencement of this action plaintiff ratified the sale by Young to the Waters-Clark Lumber Company, which, by this action, it is sought to avoid, in that July 7, 1902, he began an action against such company on the theory that there was such a sale; that the property was of the value of $35,000; that the company agreed to pay certain liens on the property, and that, after taking account' thereof, there was a balance due Young; that the action was grounded on implied contract, and precluded subsequent action sounding in tort to recover the subject of the sale. True, one cannot pursue inconsistent remedies to obtain redress for a single wrong. He cannot bring replevin or trover upon the theory that the property involved is his, and subsequently sue upon contract as if the title to the property had passed from him or beyond his reach. Fuller-Warren Co. v. Harter, 110 Wis. 80, 85 N. W. 698; Smeesters v. Schroeder, 123 Wis. 116, 101 N. W. 363; Rowell v. Smith, 123 Wis. 510, 102 N. W. 1. But we fail to see how this doctrine applies here. Counsel for defendant seems to have misconceived the character of the action commenced by plaintiff against the Waters-Clark Lumber Company. As we read the complaint, a copy of which is found in the record, the cause of action set forth therein is similar to the one here. It is in trover to recover the value of property wrongfully converted. The lumber company is there charged with having, as agent for the defendant here, in fraud of the bankrupt law, obtained possession of the property in question by purchasing tbe same of Young. This action charges the same thing. While before the effort was to recover the value of the property of a guilty agent, here the purpose was to recover the value of the property of the guilty principal. Both actions were commenced upon the theory that the property in question was, in fraud of the bankrupt law, converted by the lumber company and the defendant, the former acting as agent of the latter.

6. It is further assigned as error that the judgment is excessive. The court fixed the amount by taking the aggregate of the two notes and the $700 paid for nonlien time checks held by the bank, aggregating $6,660.99, and deducting therefrom $406, amount of nonlien time checks taken by defendant between February 20th and March 29th, leaving the balance of $6,254.99, for which amount, with interest and costs, judgment was rendered. Counsel for defendant concedes that the $406 should not have been deducted, but contends that, because there was included, in one of ‘the notes making up the aggregate of $6,660.99, $413 overpayment on the purchase price of the logs by the Waters-Clark Lumbet Company, the difference between the $413 and $406 makes the judgment to that extent excessive in the sum of $7. But there is evidence that the amount of this so-called overpayment on purchase price was in fact only $377.05. It is quite clear from the record that the $406 should not have been deducted from the $700, amount of nonlien time checks held by defendant February 20, 1902, but should have been deducted from $1,106, the amount of nonlien 'time cheeks held by defendant March 29, 1902. The amount of the overpayment on purchase price of logs, however, should have been deducted, and hence the error-s do not substantially affect the judgment. It is claimed by counsel for plaintiff that, even though the lumber company paid $413, or any amount, more than the purchase price of the logs by mistake or otherwise, and that the amount was included in the judgment, it cannot be considered. This position is not tenable. If an amount was included in tbe judgment wbicb should not have been, sufficient substantially to offset the $406 which was improperly deducted from the judgment, substantial justice was done between the parties in that regard and the judgment should not be disturbed. The trustee acting for the creditors was not entitled to judgment for any amount paid by mistake by the lumber company to Young and turned over by Young to the defendant. It was no part of Young’s assets and therefore did not become any part of the trust property.

Some other points presented in the brief of counsel for defendant do not strike us as being sufficiently significant to warrant consideration in this opinion, though it should be said that all points presented by counsel have, as it is believed, been fully considered by the court. The amount of the judgment, as we view the matter, is substantially the equivalent of the property which defendant secured by its mortgages. That is all the property, as appears from the record, which it obtained in fraud of the bankrupt act.

■ Motions for judgment on the verdict were made in plaintiff’s behalf, the amounts claimed ranging from upwards of $24,000 down to $6,660.99. On his appeal he complains of the denial of such motions and seeks to obtain an 'increase in the judgment awarded. What has been said seems to effectually dispose of all questions presented in that regard. The money paid to defendant on the lien claims was for actual interests in.the property paramount to the rights of the plaintiff. We use the term “lien claims” in preference to the term “lienable claims.” Under our statute, as construed by this court, such claims are actual interests in the property to which they relate, subject to be defeated by failure to perform certain conditions subsequent made by statute necessary to the preservation and enforcement of the lien. The term “lienable claim” suggests mere right to obtain an interest in specific property instead of an. interest in prcesenti therein. The latter is the character of a laborer’s lien on logs and lumber under our statute. His interest in the property he acquired by performance of the labor. Smith v. Shell Lake L. Co. 68 Wis. 89, 31 N. W. 694; Viles v. Green, 91 Wis. 217, 64 N. W. 856. Manifestly, a mere-realization in money by defendant of its interest in property, which was perfectly valid, was not a violation of the bankrupt act as to unlawful preferences. The only interest, as we have seen, in the property in question, which was acquired by the defendant in violation of such act, was the mortgage interest, and that interest in money value was embodied in the judgment.

By the Court. — The judgment is affirmed on both appeals.

Both parties moved for a rehearing.

The motions were denied October 3, 1905.