Jаck Wayne FRIEND, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Ronald KOLODZIECZAK, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
No. 90-16140.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Decided May 19, 1992.
965 F.2d 682
Argued and Submitted Oct. 9, 1991.
Plaintiffs maintain, however, that the Constitution, at a minimum, requires a rough equality in treatment of similarly situated persons, citing Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal Co. v. County Commission of Webster County, 488 U.S. 336, 109 S.Ct. 633, 102 L.Ed.2d 688 (1989). Accepting for the purposes of this case that this is the appropriate constitutional standard to be met, we conclude that the URS meets this standard, because both plans are roughly equal in the overall benefits provided to their respective beneficiaries.
Alexander Sussman, who began working as the University‘s consulting actuary in 1975, performed a comparison of the two retirement plans. He compared the pension income that plaintiffs would receive under the CSRS and URS at retirement ages fifty-five, fifty-eight, sixty, sixty-two, and sixty-five. He concluded that the CSRS would provide greater pension income at every retirement age except sixty-five. He further determined that the CSRS provides superior benefits in the areas of spousal death benefits, pre-retirement spousal benefits, ability to withdraw contributions, and disability benefits. Accordingly, he concluded that although the two plans are very close in value, the CSRS constituted the more valuable benefit. In light of this evidence, which we find to be uncontradicted by plaintiffs’ showing, the district court did not err in concluding that plaintiffs had failed to establish a claim of disparate treatment within the meaning of the equal protection clause.
Plaintiffs’ remaining argument is rejected as being without merit.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Sue Ochs, Law Offices of Amitai Schwartz, San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellees.
Before: PREGERSON, FERGUSON, and O‘SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges.
PREGERSON, Circuit Judge:
This appeal presents the question whether the district court properly found appellees to be “prevailing parties” for an award of attorney‘s fees under
BACKGROUND
A group of Roman Catholic jail inmates filed a class action suit against officials of Alameda County under
Some issues were settled before trial.1 The only remaining free exercise claim at trial concerned the right of jail inmates to keep rosary beads and scapulars with them at all times.2 The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Alameda County officials. The court concluded that jail policy prohibiting religious articles in prisoners’ cells was permissible under the Turner standard.3 The court‘s
order was, however, contingent upon submission by the officials of a revised prison manual setting forth prisoners’ limited rights to possess religious articles.
DISCUSSION
A district court may award attorney‘s fees to the prevailing party in an action brought under
As an initial matter, we note that a litigant need not succeed on every claim to qualify as the prevailing party. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1939, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). Rather, a party may recover its attorney‘s fees if it “succeed[s] on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit ... sought in bringing suit.” Id. (quoting Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 581 F.2d 275, 278-79 (1st Cir.1978)).4 Moreover, the inmates may be considered prevailing parties even though they did not gain formal judicial relief. Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 757, 100 S.Ct. 1987, 1989, 64 L.Ed.2d 670 (1980) (per curiam); Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1324; Muckleshoot Tribe v. Puget Sound Power & Light, 875 F.2d 695, 696 (9th Cir.1989). In the present case, the district court concluded that the inmates prevailed because they succeeded either completely or partially on their free exercise claims. As the district court found, Alameda County officials took actions before trial that gave the inmates benefits they sought in filing suit. The inmates also benefited from the conditional summary judgment motion.
In the absence of formal relief, we focus on whether the inmates have “established a ‘clear, causal relationship between the litigation brought and the practical outcome realized.‘” Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1324 (quoting Rutherford v. Pitchess,
We agree with the district court that the necessary causal link was established between Friend‘s class action and changes in jail policy. The district court found that the inmates succeeded on the issue of access to religion in a pre-trial settlement.5 In response to Friend‘s class action, jail officials agreed to hold separate Roman Catholic services and to diligently arrange and coordinate policies on prisoners’ rights to practice religion.6 The district court concluded correctly that the pre-litigation settlement materially altered the legal relationship of the parties. This is “[t]he touchstone of the prevаiling party inquiry.” Texas State Teachers Assn. v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 1493-94, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989).
The district court also found that plaintiffs partially prevailed on their claim for inmate possession of religious articles. Before commencement of this action, the jail policy manual was silent on the rights of inmates to use religious articles. County jail officials revised the manual in response to the district court‘s conditional summary judgment order. The revised manual ex-plicitly recognized an inmate‘s right to limited use of religious articles. The district court found, and we agree, that a causal relationship existed between the inmates’ suit and the changes in jail policy.
We turn now to the second part of the test to analyze whether the inmates’ claims had a legal basis. Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1327. Alameda County officials contend that the inmates’ claims had no legal basis because the actions taken by the County were not constitutionally mandated.
We reject this contention. In this context, our evaluation of the merits of a litigant‘s claims is extremely narrow. Andrew v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 875, 877 (9th Cir.1988). Our inquiry is “strictly limited to determining whether the claims asserted are ‘frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless.‘” Id. at 878 (quoting Ortiz de Arroyo v. Barcelo, 765 F.2d 275, 282 (1st Cir.1985)).
Our review reveals no basis for concluding that the inmates’ claims were frivolous. We agree with the district court that the inmates raised legitimate issues related to their free exercise rights. Indeed, the district court conditioned its grant of summary judgment in favor of the county officials upon revision of the prison manual precisely because the inmates’ free exercise claims were colorable. The district court‘s finding that the inmates’ claims had a legal basis was not erroneous.7
We conclude that the class of Roman Catholic inmates prevailed against the Alameda North County Jail within the meaning of
FERGUSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
In this case the district court has ordered the taxpayers of Alameda County to pay thousands of dollars in attorney‘s fees in a matter originating in a dispute between different religious groups. Because the defendants are not responsible for religious conflicts аmong private parties, I dissent.
I. BACKGROUND
This is an appeal from an award of attorney fees and costs to plaintiff pursuant to
The district court thus found that plaintiffs were prevailing parties, despite the fact that it never found that the County at any time had deprived plaintiffs of any constitutional rights. Parties may be considered prevailing parties when a violation of rights is fоund, see Romberg v. Nichols, 953 F.2d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir.1992), or when they vindicate rights through settlement without formal relief. Sablan v. Dep‘t of Finance of N. Mariana Islands, 856 F.2d 1317, 1324 (9th Cir.1988) (quoting Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 757, 100 S.Ct. 1987, 1989, 64 L.Ed.2d 670 (1980) (per curiam)). Here, no rights were violated so none could be vindicated.
The underlying case is a
Both parties filed motions for summary judgment. At the hearing on the cross-motions, the defendants agreed to set forth in writing the jail policies regarding religious services and access to religious articles. On September 20, 1989, the distriсt court issued an order granting the County/defendants’ motion for summary judgment and denying the plaintiffs’ motion on the issue of possession of rosary beads and scapulars in their cells. The district court also directed defendants to submit to the court a written copy of the policy of the jail regarding the accommodation of the religious needs of inmates. Following submission of the written policy, the district court dismissed the action.
The plaintiffs appealed only the order of dismissal in regard to the rosary/scapular issue. A panel of this court consisting of Judges Goodwin, Browning and Rymer affirmed the district court in an unpublished opinion (Friend v. Kolodzieczak, 917 F.2d 27 (9th Cir.1990)). The panel held that the defendants had legitimate security reasons for banning rosaries and scapulars. The plaintiffs then filed their motion for attorneys fees and costs which was granted and this appeal followed.
The jail is a modern facility which houses over 700 inmates. The average length of stay is six days. The exception is about twenty-five inmates who have been at the jail for longer than two years. Religious services take place in two multi-purpose rooms on each of the jail‘s six housing floors.
Religious services are provided for all inmates at the jail through the jail chaplain as well as through religious volunteers. Although there is a Catholic church across the street from the jail, the Catholic Diocese of Oakland has never assigned a Roman Catholic priest to minister at the jail due to a shortage of priests.
In January of 1987, the Catholic Bishop of Oakland assigned a lay minister, James Rodgers, from Catholic Charities, as the detention minister (“Rodgers“). At the jail, interdenominational Christian services were offered on Sunday mornings, in which Catholic Charities’ volunteers participated.
There were, however, tensions between the protestant group involved in the interdenominational program, Follow Up Ministries, and the Catholic Charities volunteers. The tensions escalated, and in the fall of 1987, lay minister Rodgers attempted to get his own Catholic-identified services. This was not due to any inability to minister to Catholics, however, but because he wanted to be able to proselytize to non-Catholics. Indeed, he admitted in his deposition that he did not evеn know who the Catholics in the jail were.
In December 1987 or January 1988, Rodgers stopped taking part in the interdenominational services altogether. Rodgers began to minister on an on-call basis only. He conditioned his return upon getting his own time slot for services, but the jail was not made aware of this demand or that he had quit. Neither the Catholic Church nor Catholic Charities ever appointed anyone else to take his place.
II. APPLICABLE LAW
The majority holds that plaintiffs were the prevailing parties because the necessary causal relationship exists between the class action and changes in jail policy, and the pre-litigation settlement altered the legal relationship of the parties. Both conclusions are factually and legally wrong.
In Texas State Teachers Association v. Garland Independent School District, 489 U.S. 782, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989), the Supreme Court held that plaintiffs who succeed “on any significant issue in litigation which achieve[s] some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing the suit, [have] crossed the threshold to a fee award of some kind.” Id. at 791-92, 109 S.Ct. at 1492-93 (internal quotations omitted). However, at a minimum, there must be a “resolution of the dispute which changes the legal relationship between itself and the defendant.” Id. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 1493. A change in a legal relationship may be demonstrated thrоugh a judicial finding of a constitutional violation in cases where there is formal relief, see, e.g., Romberg, 953 F.2d at 1157, or in the case of informal relief, when it is determined that the lawsuit was the catalyst for constitutional reform on the part of the government. Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1325.
The Ninth Circuit has used a two part test to determine prevailing party status when there has been no formal relief. Proper application of this test assures that fees are not awarded if the government takes action but there are no constitutional deficiencies. We first “determine what [plaintiffs] sought to accomplish in bringing [this] lawsuit and then determine whether the lawsuit was causally linked to the relief аctually obtained.” Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1325. Here, plaintiffs did not prevail in any of the claims presented in their complaint. Thus, the lawsuit did not bring about any benefits sought by the inmate class, and plaintiffs fail the first prong of the Sablan test.
The second prong of the Sablan test is whether there is a legal basis for plaintiffs’ claims. Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1325. “If it is judicially determined that defendants’ conduct, however beneficial it may be to plaintiff‘s interests, is not required by law, then defendants must be held to have acted gratuitously and plaintiffs have not prevailed in a legal sense.” Id. at 1327 (citation omitted). The undisputed facts demonstrate without question that the County has never refused the plaintiffs the right and opportunity to practice their Roman Catholic religion and participate in Roman Catholic sacraments at the jail. There was therefore no legal basis for the plaintiffs’ claims, nor any change in the legal relationship between the parties. Thus, plaintiffs fail the second prong of the Sablan test.
The plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that defendants denied them the opportunity to possess rosaries and scapulars, to participate in the sacraments of reconciliation (confession) and communion, and to attend Roman Catholic mass. The plaintiffs further complained of the lack of visits from Catholic priests. All of these claims were groundless, and the plaintiffs did not prevail on any of them, nor did they obtain any other relief.
A. Possession of Religious Articles.
This court previously held that the defendants’ refusal to permit personal possession of rosary beads and scapulars in cells did not violate plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. The merits of that claim need not be relitigated here.
The jail‘s written policy of permitting the use of all religious articles at religious services after inspection predates the lawsuit. In the year that the lay minister attended the Christian ecumenical services, he never had a problem with bringing into the jail all religious items required to conduct services.
Nevertheless, defendants clarified its written its policy on religious articles.1 The policy was changed so that it specifically mentioned rosaries and scapulars as examples of articles permitted during religious services. The majority asserts, without explaining, that the revision was a material change in the legal relationship between the parties. However, the litigation concerned the possession of rosary beads and scapulars in cells, and the inmates lost. Nothing else was claimed or contested. The County continued to permit religious articles at religious services, as it had always done, and there is simply no evidence to the contrary.
To claim that clarifying a policy that always existed represents a material change in the legal relationship of the parties places form before substance. The plain fact is that the new writing did not change in any degree the legal relationship of the parties.
B. Availability of Communion, Confession and Mass.
The jail was not responsible for the availability of the sacraments of communion, confession (reconciliation) or mass which can be celebrated only by a priest. The lay minister could bring communion (wafers consecrated by a priest) to the inmates upon request during visiting hours. While Rodgers knew that he and his volunteers could bring communion during the interdenominational services as well, they deсlined to do so.
Only priests may hear confessions. If an inmate requested the services of a priest, that request was conveyed to Catholic Charities by the jail chaplain or by other jail administrative personnel.
After lengthy discovery, the record shows only one instance in which an inmate‘s request for Catholic sacraments went unfulfilled. It involved Jack Friend‘s (the named plaintiff) request for confession. Catholic Charities arranged for a priest to hear his confession. A private room, which is used for attorney-inmate conferences, but without a door, was available but the priest was not comfortable hearing confession in that roоm, and left. The jail, at Friend‘s request, made numerous attempts to contact the priest for another confession in an appropriate setting, but the priest never responded. The lay minister Rodgers admitted that “We‘ve fallen down on that particular task [arranging confession for Friend] and it slipped
Jack Friend was in jail awaiting trial for murder with special circumstances, and was considered a security risk. It is clearly unreasonable to assert that the County as the result of that single instance deprived an inmate of his constitutional religious rights. The room was one in which attorneys talked to their clients in confidence, and was satisfactory for Sixth Amendment purposes. The County cannot be faulted for not having the foresight to know that the room was not satisfactory for one Catholic priest. It certainly cannot be held responsible for the neglect of Catholic Charities in not scheduling the priest for another time.
As to the sacrament of mass, Rodgers acknowledged that the celebration of a Roman Catholic mass was neither necessary nor practical given the circumstances and logistics of a jail and the shortage of Catholic priests. The lack of priests is, of course, something outside the pоwer of the County to correct.
In summary, the County did not violate the plaintiffs’ rights vis-a-vis the Roman Catholic sacraments of confession, communion or mass, nor was any relief obtained which vindicated their religious rights in this regard. The County only set forth certain jail policies in writing which had always existed. There is absolutely no basis for prevailing party status on these issues. That leaves the issue of providing for separate Roman Catholic services by Catholic lay ministers.
C. Separate Catholic-Identified Services.
In their complaint, the inmates alleged a lack of Catholic religious services, in contrast to the services conducted by the group Follow Up Ministries, described as a fundamentalist Protestant group. The majority, pointing to this allegation, claims that through the suit the inmates won the right to conduct Catholic services.
The Catholic Charities lay minister, with the approval of the Bishop, joined in with the Follow Up Ministries volunteers to perform interdemonational services for much of 1987. During these services, he identified himself as a Catholic and used Catholic readings and scriptures as the basis for the service. Thus, contrary to the assertions of the majority, the Follow Up Ministry program permitted truly interdenominational services.
In the fall of 1987, the Catholic lay minister became dissatisfied with the interdenominational service which was apprоved and accepted by the Catholic Bishop and wanted to conduct a program separate from those services. His motive was to permit him to proselytize to non-religious or non-Catholic inmates and had absolutely nothing to do with the religious rights of Catholic inmates. After December 1987, the Catholic lay minister refused to take part in Sunday services. This refusal explains why there were only services run by Follow Up Ministries after that date. It was not, as the majority implies, the fault of the jail; it was due to the preferences of the Catholic lay minister.
When the jail commander received Catholic Charities’ written request for separate Catholic services in January 1988, he responded that he would not make any changes in the jail‘s religious program until the then vacant chaplain position was filled. That certainly should be understandable. The Bishop had informed the jail commander that the Catholic Charities lay minister would be participating an interdenominational service, citing the Church‘s commitment to ecumenical cooperation. But the lay minister became dissatisfied with this approach, and told the jail commander he wanted separate Catholic-identified services. When faced with a difference in opinion between the lay minister and his Bishop, the jail commander proceeded carefully and with caution, waiting for the new chaplain to arrive before making any change. It makes sense that the jail commander would not want to make this change without advice from the jail chaplain who was directly responsible for the religious program at the jail. To contend that the jail interfered with the religious rights of the
The request for a space for separate Catholic services was not “indefinitely postponed,” as the majority claims. Rather, it was implemented four or five months after the new chaplain started. The failure to move more rapidly, however, does not implicate any of plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. The impetus for the separate service was the Catholic lay minister‘s own idea of what should be provided, contrary to the program of his own Bishop. The previous lack of separate, Catholic identified services was not a constitutional violation. Thus, the Sablan test cannot be satisfied, because the lawsuit was not the “catalyst for constitutional reform.” Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1325. The institution of separate Catholic-identified services at the jail therefore does not entitle the plaintiffs to prevailing party status.
The Christian ecumenical service did not deprive the Catholic inmates of any religious constitutional right. That being the case, it cannot be asserted that slowness in instituting Catholic services was a constitutional violation.
Before dismissing the case, the district court required a revised jail policy addressing accommodation to plaintiffs’ religious needs, including the scheduling of religious services. However this writing also fails to transform plaintiffs into prevailing parties. The evidence is definite that the written policy was the same policy that the jail always carried out. There was no evidence that the jail had a practice or condition that violated the constitution. There was never a policy that interdenominational services were sufficient for all religious groups. The County had consistently provided separate facilities to the Black Muslims. The regular time and location for Catholic-identified services agreed to by the jail chaplain and administration was at the request of Catholic Charities. The Catholic-identified service does not address the deficiency, alleged in the complaint, of Catholic priests to perform sacraments and minister to inmates.
The lay minister, who was authorized to minister to the Catholics, stopped taking part in Sunday services for his own reasons. The jail had nothing to do with the pique of the lay minister and the resulting absence of Catholic representatives at the Sunday services from January through October of 1988.
In order to bring back a Catholic presence on Sunday mornings (it remains unclear whether the inmates had a position or preference in the dispute between the Catholic lay minister and his protestant contemporaries), the new jail chaplain and the jail administration established a place for separate Catholic-identified services in October 1988. The district court considered this a vindication of plaintiffs’ free exercise rights. As explained, this leap in logic is not supported by the facts or law. Catholic Charities, which performs the services, remains a lay ministry group that cannot address the lack of Catholic priests which was the basis of the litigation.
The district court also put much stock in the chronology of events, regarding the lawsuit as the “impetus” to bring the jail “in line with plaintiffs’ constitutional rights.” However, the County never violated the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights; the actions taken by the County never expanded those rights in any way nor gave the plaintiffs anymore of what they asked for in the cоmplaint. The Catholic lay minister was the impetus for the Catholic-identified services, which can scarcely implicate a constitutional right if even the Bishop did not require them! The plaintiffs simply got no relief, and there was no “constitutional reform,” Sablan, 856 F.2d at 1325, so the lawsuit could not have been the impetus for anything.
IV. CONCLUSION
This litigation arose because of plaintiffs’ dissatisfaction with the inability to possess certain religious items and problems with access to confession, communion and mass. As explained, the former was justified be-
A Catholic lay minister doesn‘t agree with his Bishop and gets into a dispute with his protestant associates, and the taxpayers of Alameda County become subject to $100,000 attorney fees! It really is difficult to understand why that is not “frivolous, unreasonable or groundless.”
The uncontеsted facts show that there was never any deprivation of religious constitutional rights by the defendants. The sole cause of there being any less opportunity to participate in religious services than they might have enjoyed otherwise was the fact of incarceration and the lack of resources of the Catholic Church and Catholic Charities.
PREGERSON
Circuit Judge
Notes
The revised policy states in relevant part: “[r]eligious items, allowed only during the religious services, are limited to those which present only a moderate security threat. Examples include a rosary or a scapular.”
In Romberg, the jury found that the defendant police officers were liable for violating the Rombergs’ Fourth Amendment rights. The jury awarded only nominal damages of one dollar. Romberg, at 1155. The district court then granted the Rombergs’ motion for attorney‘s fees under
We held that the Rombergs were prevailing parties within the meaning of
Our holding turned on the significance of the issue on which the Rombergs prevailed, and we rejected the argument that nominal damages reflected an insignificant victory. Romberg did not change established law thаt formal judicial relief is not necessary to support prevailing party status under