The order of the court entered March 4, 1994 regarding summary judgment is amended to read as follows:
BACKGROUND
On July 30, 1992, Trans World Airlines flight 843, departing New York’s John F. Kennedy Airport for San Francisco, experienced an aborted takeoff, crash and fire. Fire completely destroyed the plane but all passengers survived. During the aborted takeoff and evacuation, many passengers suffered minor physical injuries. Many passengers were traumatized by the incident.
Flight 843 passengers filed several lawsuits in San Francisco Superior Court, seeking damages for physical injury and emotional distress. Defendant Trans World Airlines, Inc. (“TWA”) removed to federal court the three actions in which the plaintiffs held tickets for international flights. This court previously denied plaintiffs’ motion to remand to state court and held that the sole basis of recovery available to passengers injured while traveling pursuant to contracts of international carriage was under the Multilateral Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, opened for signature October 12, 1929, 49 Stat. 3000 (1934), T.S. No. 876, reprinted at 49 U.S.C.App. § 1502 note (1988) (hereinafter, the “Warsaw Convention” or “Convention”).
Defendant TWA now moves for partial summary judgment on several grounds. TWA moves for partial summary judgment against plaintiffs claiming physical injuries and emotional distress on the ground that emotional distress damages are not allowed as to those plaintiffs who did not have physical manifestations of emotional distress. TWA moves for partial summary judgment against plaintiffs claiming emotional distress only on the ground that such claims are barred by
Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd,
Plaintiffs make several legal arguments in opposition to the motion and present evidence which they contend requires denial of the motion. Much of the evidence submitted by plaintiffs was challenged by TWA.
DISCUSSION
A. Standards for Summary Judgment.
Summary judgment is appropriate where “there are no genuine issues as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A genuine issue exists if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party,”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
B. Timeliness of Motion.
At the hearing on TWA’s motion, plaintiffs’ counsel argued for the first time that the motion was premature because of the limited discovery allowed in this case under the Joint Pretrial Order of September 28, 1993. The court is unpersuaded by this argument. The Joint Pretrial Order provided for discovery in three phases; the cases have not moved beyond Phase 1. The assertion that plaintiffs were prevented from gathering evidence to present a meaningful opposition to TWA’s motion simply is not supported by the Joint Pretrial Order. The discovery permitted in Phase 1 included, •without limitation, obtaining plaintiffs’ medical records from July 1, 1988 through the present, depositions of plaintiffs, depositions of treating doctors, and ten interrogatories regarding damages. Any information relevant to the issues raised by TWA’s motions
Plaintiffs’ counsel’s suggestion that TWA sandbagged plaintiffs by using the original interrogatory responses is meritless. TWA had no duty to use different discovery tools such as depositions and requests for admissions to confirm information it had received in plaintiffs’ responses to interrogatories. Nor may plaintiffs claim that TWA’s reliance on the original interrogatory responses was unjustified. Plaintiffs’ counsel told TWA’s counsel at the June 1993 mediation that amended responses to the interrogatories immediately would be forthcoming. TWA filed its motions four months later, without having received the amended responses.
Upon receipt of TWA’s motion, plaintiffs requested an extension of the deadline to file their oppositions because they anticipated it would “take an enormous amount of time and energy to oppose” the motions. The court granted a four-week extension. Plaintiffs continued to submit evidence in support of their opposition long after the extended deadline for the opposition had passed. This evidence was not rejected as untimely.
C. Evidentiary Rulings.
Among the evidence submitted by plaintiffs in opposition to TWA’s motions were affidavits of plaintiffs, attorneys, a psychiatrist, a biomechanic, and an engineer; photographs and videotapes of the incident; and original as well as amended interrogatory responses. The court will address the problems presented by plaintiffs’ evidence before turning to the other issues raised by the motions.
1. Execution of Affidavits and Declarations.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e) permits the use of affidavits in support of or opposition to a motion for summary judgment. An affidavit must be confirmed by oath or affirmation.
Brady v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas, Inc.,
Plaintiffs submitted numerous affidavits 1 containing the following language: “I [name] declare under penalty of perjury and of the laws of [foreign country], the State of California and the United States of America as follows:” (emphasis and bracketed material added). , Most of the affidavits were executed outside of the United States. 2
On January 11, 1994, the court ordered twenty-four of plaintiffs’ affidavits stricken because they were neither confirmed by oath or affirmation nor stated to be true and correct and made under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America.
3
The affiants failed to strictly or even
Plaintiffs resubmitted the same affidavits after making changes only on the first page of each to correct the recitations that the document was made under penalty of perjury and that the statements made were true and correct. The changed documents were not re-executed by plaintiffs and there was no marking on the affidavits that the changes had been made with the affiants’ permission. By changing the text of document after they had been signed, plaintiffs created a new problem. These documents altered after execution are unacceptable and are stricken from the record. 4
2. Translated Affidavits.
Witness testimony translated from a foreign language must be properly authenticated and any interpretation must be shown to be an accurate translation done by a competent translator. See Fed.R.Evid. 604 and 901.
Signed foreign language versions of affidavits were attached to several of the plaintiffs’ English-language affidavits. Originally, plaintiffs offered no explanation of any translation. In its January 11, 1994 order, the court directed plaintiffs to submit appropriate evidence regarding the accuracy of any translation and the qualifications of the translator. Plaintiffs then submitted a statement by an individual at a local translation center stating that the translations were true and correct. That statement is inadequate in that it is not a sworn statement, does not describe the maker’s qualification or expertise regarding language translation, does not state whether the maker did the translations, and does not explain the circumstances under which the affiants signed affidavits in two languages (e.g., whether the affiants were advised of the content of the English-language affidavits before signing them). Plaintiffs have failed to lay a proper foundation for the admission of the translated affidavits. 5
3. Contradictory Testimony.
A party cannot create a genuine issue of fact merely by submitting testimony which contradicts, without explanation, his earlier sworn testimony.
Radobenko v. Automated Equipment Corp.,
At issue in this case is whether plaintiffs’ original interrogatory responses should be treated as sworn statements. The court earlier held a hearing to resolve a factual dispute between the parties. The court finds the following facts based on the affidavits of counsel and the parties’ presentations at the earlier evidentiary hearing. During an earlier mediation, counsel for both parties agreed to use Judicial Council form interrogatories to provide information about plaintiffs’ claimed injuries and damages. TWA served Judicial Council interrogatories on each of the plaintiffs. The instructions on the first page of the form interrogatories clearly required verified answers: The responses served by plaintiffs were signed by plaintiffs’ counsel, but were not verified. After receiving the interrogatory responses, TWA’s counsel requested the verifications several times. In one telephone conversation, plaintiffs’ counsel told TWA’s counsel that TWA could treat the responses as though verified and that verification forms were in the process of being sent to TWA. This conversation was confirmed in a followup letter. Upon receiving TWA’s mediation brief, plaintiffs’ counsel apparently learned that several plaintiffs would not be able to recover under the Warsaw Convention because they claimed only emotional distress injuries in their interrogatory responses. Plaintiffs then argued that the interrogatory responses were not intended to be binding. At the mediation in June 1993, plaintiffs’ counsel assured TWA’s counsel that defense counsel promptly would receive plaintiffs’ amended responses to the interrogatories. No amended responses or verifications were received until November 1993, after TWA filed its motions for summary judgment. Many of those amended responses were not verified, and in a few cases, the verifications attached to the amended responses pre-dated the mediation hearing and/or verified the ■original responses. Based on the foregoing, the court determines that the original responses should be deemed to be sworn statements by the plaintiffs.
The original interrogatory responses of those plaintiffs who had initially listed only emotional distress injuries contradict their amended interrogatory responses. 6 All plaintiffs now make physical injury allegations whereas most had not done so in their original interrogatory responses. Even those plaintiffs who had originally listed some physical injuries greatly expanded the list of their injuries in the amended responses.
Plaintiffs failed to adequately explain the contradictory statements. No plaintiff explained why his or her response changed. The person offering the changed testimony, not his or her lawyer, should explain why his or her testimony has changed. Here, the only explanation offered for the changed testimony was from a legal assistant for plaintiffs counsel. Her explanation was unconvincing. The legal assistant testified by affidavit that plaintiffs’ counsel had told TWA “that many of our clients had interpreted this ambiguous question” narrowly. The declar-ant did not state that the plaintiffs themselves misunderstood any question. The explanation is also unconvincing because some of the plaintiffs did list physical injuries, rather than just mental injuries, indicating
The court concludes that the amended interrogatory responses with their boilerplate catalog of physical injuries were sham contradictions of the original interrogatory responses. This unexplained contradictory testimony cannot create a triable issue of fact and defeat summary judgment.
4. Other Evidence.
a. Photographs and Videotapes. The court will receive crash photographs and videotapes in spite of hearsay, authentication and foundation problems. The court will not exclude the evidence on these grounds because the foundation problems may have been outside the control of plaintiffs counsel due to the discovery restrictions in the Joint Pretrial Order. The photographs of the airplane while it was burning and after the fire had been extinguished are, however, irrelevant to the issues presented to the court in these motions. Fed.R.Evid. 401 and 402. The videotape, which even plaintiffs concede is presented so that the court may see the severity of the accident, is irrelevant to the summary judgment proceedings. As noted throughout this order, the severity of the accident and the typical passenger’s experiences are irrelevant because each plaintiffs injuries must be evaluated separately.
b.
NTSB Reports.
The report by the National Transportation Safety Board regarding a different incident on a different airline at a different airport is inadmissible. 49 U.S.C.App. § 1441(e);
Protectus Alpha Navigation Co. v. North Pacific Grain Growers, Inc.,
c. Declaration of Psychiatrist. Plaintiffs offered the declaration of psychiatrist Martin Blinder regarding the symptoms of the plaintiffs. Without any indication that he has legal training and after stating that he did not fully grasp the meaning of the terms “lesions corporelles” and “blessures,” Dr. Blinder opines that it is clinically probable that most if not all of the passengers sustained the “lesions corporelles” or “blessures” required by the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Warsaw Convention in Floyd. These legal opinions and conclusions are inadmissible because the declarant lacks the appropriate qualifications. Fed.R.Evid. 702 and 703.
d.
Declarations Regarding the Incident and Its Likely Impact on Plaintiffs.
D. Constitutional Challenges to Warsaw Convention.
1.Ratification.
Plaintiffs’ contention that the Warsaw Convention is unconstitutional because it was improperly ratified is rejected. “The Constitution requires the Senate’s consent to a treaty, art. II, § 2. The consent [for the Warsaw Convention] appears at 78 Cong. Rec. 11,582 (1934). Were that in error, the Senate has had forty-seven years in which to disclaim its consent. The court finds it persuasive that the Senate has not done so.”
In Re Aircrash at Bali, Indonesia,
2.Right to Travel/Due Process.
Plaintiffs’ contention that the Warsaw Convention is unconstitutional because it violates the right to international travel is also rejected. The assumption underlying plaintiffs’ argument — that international travel is a fundamental right — is erroneous. The Warsaw Convention easily passes constitutional muster when evaluated under the proper test.
“ ‘[T]he ‘right’ of international travel has been considered to be no more than an aspect of the ‘liberty’ protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. As such this ‘right,’ the Court has held, can be regulated within the bounds of due process.’”
Califano v. Aznavorian,
3.Equal Protection.
The Warsaw Convention does not falter under an equal protection analysis. Plaintiffs’ contention that the Warsaw Convention violates their constitutional right to equal protection because it treats international and domestic air travellers differently is meritless.
No suspect class or fundamental right is involved, so the classification is acceptable if a rational basis exists for the distinction.
Lee, supra,
E. Disregarding the Warsaw Convention as Outdated.
The court declines to grant plaintiffs’ request to disregard the Warsaw Convention because it has outlived its usefulness in that the airline industry is no longer the fledgling industry it was when the Convention was drafted.
The court is without the power to disregard the treaty.
See In Re Aircrash at Bali, Indonesia, supra,
Plaintiffs’ argument that the Warsaw Convention is not the exclusive cause of action for plaintiffs and that they should be allowed to maintain state law causes of action and obtain punitive damages is meritless,
The law of the case doctrine allows a court to decline to consider questions already decided in the same case. This court earlier ruled that “the Warsaw Convention preempts state law causes of action, not just remedies.”
Jack v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.,
G.State Law Claim for Post-Crash Duty of Care.
The court rejects plaintiffs’ contention that the claim for TWA’s breach of a post-crash duty of care is not within the scope of the Warsaw Convention because it occurred after the passengers deplaned.
Plaintiffs have not shown that the events on the tarmac were not part of the Warsaw Convention “accident,” or that there is any sensible way to separate the Convention accident from any events giving rise to non-Convention liability. The two cases cited by plaintiff are inapposite in that neither involved an incident that began as a Warsaw Convention accident and then became a non-Warsaw Convention accident, as plaintiffs want this court to treat the Flight 843 incident. See
Martinez Hernandez v. Air France,
TWA’s motions for partial summary judgment as to the state law causes of action are granted.
H. Punitive Damages.
TWA’s motion for partial summary judgment on plaintiffs’ punitive damages claims is granted.
Punitive damages are not recoverable in actions governed by the Warsaw Convention, even if the air carrier engaged in willful misconduct.
In Re Korean Airline Disaster of September 1, 1983,
I. Emotional Distress Claims.
The major dispute between the parties concerns TWA’s motion for partial summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ claims for emotional distress. The motion is based on information provided in plaintiffs’ original interrogatory responses and several depositions. Of the plaintiffs to whom these motions apply, about half claimed only emotional distress while the other half claimed emotional distress plus minor physical injuries. TWA contends that even if a passenger suffered impact injuries, he cannot recover for emotional distress unless there were physical manifestations of his emotional distress. Plaintiffs contend that emotional distress is recoverable if the passenger has either impact injuries or physical manifestations.
TWA also contends that the passengers who suffered only emotional distress are not entitled to any recovery. Plaintiffs do not dispute the assertion, but argue that it is irrelevant here because all of the plaintiffs claim some impact injuries and/or physical manifestations of emotional distress. Plaintiffs’ argument is based on amended interrogatory responses and affidavits which are stricken by the court.
Plaintiffs also argue that a triable issue of fact is created by the Declaration of Martin Blinder. Dr. Blinder gives two opinions of
Also of concern is Dr. Blinder’s opinion that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiffs has intrinsic physical effects. The court is not persuaded that Dr. Blinder’s opinion enables plaintiffs to satisfy
Floyd’s
requirement of bodily injury. Dr. Blinder’s comments regarding the physiologic component of emotional distress would apply to any near death experience, including that suffered by the plaintiffs in
Floyd.
Those plaintiffs complained of mental distress including fright, anxiety, stress, loss of sleep and fear.
In Re Eastern Airlines Inc., Engine Failure, Miami International Airport on May 5, 1983,
Certain terms have particular meaning in this discussion. “Impact injuries” refer to the bodily injuries (such as bruises, lacerations and broken bones) that passengers suffer during an airplane accident (here, the aborted takeoff and evacuation of the plane). 8 “Physical manifestations” refer to those bodily injuries or illnesses (such as skin rashes and heart attacks) that result from the distress one experiences during or after an accident. 9 “Emotional distress” refers to the psychic trauma that one experiences either during or after the accident. The distress may be about the accident (e.g., fear of flying or claustrophobia) or about the injury sustained (e.g., embarrassment about disfigurement or concern that an injury will develop complications).
1. Emotional Distress Claims After the Floyd Decision.
Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention provides:
The carrier shall be liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking. (49 Stat. 3018.) 10
In Floyd, the Court concluded that the Warsaw Convention did not allow recovery for purely mental injuries because mental injuries were not encompassed by the term “bodily injury” in the text of Article 17. The Supreme Court left unresolved the question of whether emotional distress is compensable under the Warsaw Convention if accompanied by bodily injuries:
We conclude that an air carrier cannot be held hable under Article 17 when an accident has not caused a passenger to suffer death, physical injury, or physical manifestation of injury. Although Article 17 renders air carriers hable for “damage sustained in the event of’ (“dommage survenu en cas de”) such injuries ... we express no view as to whether passengers can recover for mental injuries that are accompanied by physical injuries. (499 U.S. at 552 ,111 S.Ct. at 1502 .)
The appropriate approach to the emotional distress problem requires review of the range of possible meanings of Floyd and Article 17.
2. Approaches to Emotional Distress in a Warsatv Convention Case.
There are four possible approaches regarding emotional distress in a Warsaw Convention case: (1) no recovery allowed for emotional distress; (2) recovery allowed for all distress, as long as a bodily injury occurs; (3) emotional distress allowed as damages for bodily injury, but distress may include distress about the accident; and (4) only emotional distress flowing from the bodily injury is recoverable.
a. No Recovery Allowed for Emotional Distress.
The first approach is to deny recovery for all emotional distress, even if bodily injury occurs. Only pecuniary loss, such as medical expenses and lost income, would be recoverable by an injured passenger.
This approach is consistent with the
Floyd
court’s narrow reading of Article 17’s reference to bodily injury. Also, disallowing emotional distress damages is appropriate in light of the state of the law in some countries at the time the Warsaw Convention was drafted: “in common-law jurisdictions mental distress generally was excluded from recovery in 1929.”
Floyd,
The first approach is undesirable because it gives so little to the passengers. The Warsaw Convention at least attempted to strike a balance between the interests of passengers and the airlines, but this approach is too one-sided in favor of the airlines. Also, even though many common-law jurisdictions excluded recovery for mental distress in 1929, France recognized it, and as even the Floyd court noted, other countries did recognize it as long as accompanied by physical impact or manifestation.
b. Recovery Allowed for All Distress, As Long As a Bodily Injury Occurs.
Under the second approach, recovery is allowed for all emotional distress as long as a bodily injury occurs, regardless of the connection between the distress and the bodily injury. For example, a passenger with a scratched arm could recover for the trauma and fear due to the plane crash. The bodily injury opens the door to Warsaw Convention liability for emotional distress. Plaintiffs favor this approach. 12
Several factors suggest that the second approach is not correct. The approach treats emotional distress as a free-standing cause of action — inconsistent with courts’ rulings (including this court’s earlier ruling in these cases) that the Warsaw Convention creates a cause of action, not just a limit on remedies. Alternatively, the approach implicitly would read emotional distress as damages resulting from the accident (as opposed to the injury), which is difficult to do under the wording of Article 17 and the reasoning in
Air France v. Saks,
c. Emotional Distress Allowed as Damages for Bodily Injury, but Distress May Include Distress About the Accident.
Under the third approach, emotional distress is considered an element of the damages for bodily injury. However, the distress need not be about the injury to be compensable. This approach usually produces similar results to the second approach, but differs in that the distress must occur at the same time or later than the bodily injury. Thus, one cannot recover for the fear before the impact and bodily injury.
The courts in the cases concerning the Korean Ah’ Lines plane shot down by a Soviet missile apparently used the third approach. Damages for the passengers’ pre-death pain and suffering were allowed in
In Re Korean Air Lines Disaster of September 1, 1983 (Bowden),
Emotional distress was treated as an element of damages allowable under the Warsaw Convention in
In Re Air Crash Disaster Near Honolulu, Hawaii, supra,
The Convention itself does not specify the elements of damages which a plaintiff might recover under Article 17. Instead, “[c]ommentators and case law are in accord that the Convention leaves the measure of damages to the internal law of parties to the Convention.”
******
Grafted onto our common law tradition, and recognizing the Warsaw Convention’s adoption of “internal law” with respect to the measure of damages, Article 17 must be read to create a cause of action which encompasses the remedies traditionally provided by common law in personal injury actions, wrongful death actions, and survival actions. (In re Air Crash Disaster Near Honolulu, Hawaii, supra,783 F.Supp. at 1264-65 .)
There is limited federal common law on emotional distress. Under common law, emotional distress damages would be permitted for distress about the plane crash, not just the distress about the injury.
See e.g., Hall v. Ochs,
d. Only Emotional Distress Flowing from the Bodily Injury Is Recoverable.
Emotional distress flowing from the bodily injury is an element of the damages allowed for the bodily injury under the fourth approach. Damages are permitted for emotional distress only to the extent the emotional distress is caused by the bodily injury. For example, the passenger may recover for fear related to his broken leg, but not for fear related to the plane crash. Here, however, emotional distress also can have a separate role as the causal link between the accident and the bodily injury. For example, the passenger may recover for a heart attack caused by the distress of the plane crash.
Emotional distress is important to recovery in both physical impact and bodily manifestation cases, but in different ways under this approach:
[T]he compensable injuries must be “bodily” but there may be an intermediate causal link which is “mental” between the cause — the “accident” — and the effect — the “bodily injury”. And once that predicate of liability — the “bodily injury” — is established, then the damages sustained as a result of the “bodily injury” are compensa-ble including mental suffering_ However, only the damages flowing from the “bodily injury”, whatever the causal link, are compensable....
We hold, therefore, that defendant is liable for plaintiffs palpable, objective bodily injuries, including those caused by the psychic trauma of the hijacking, and for the damages flowing from those bodily injuries, but not for the trauma as such or for the nonbodily or behavioral manifestations of that trauma. (Rosman v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.,34 N.Y.2d 385 ,358 N.Y.S.2d 97 ,314 N.E.2d 848 , 72 ALR3d 1282, 1294 (N.Y.1974).)
The
Rosman
court applied the rule to a passenger who developed a skin rash either during or after a hijacking: “if plaintiff Herman’s skin rash was caused or aggravated by the fright she experienced on board the aircraft, then she should be compensated for the rash and for the damages flowing from the rash. It follows that, if proved at trial, she should be compensated for her mental
The fourth approach prevents great inequities among the passengers subject to the Warsaw Convention. The happenstance of getting scratched on the way down the evacuation slide does not enable one passenger to obtain a substantially greater recovery than that of an unscratched co-passenger who was equally terrified by the plane crash. Passengers’ recoveries are more reasonable and predictable, as desired by the drafters of the Warsaw Convention. The approach will work in different types of accidents. It allows for greater recovery with more severe injuries (presuming more distress flows from more serious injuries) and even allows for recovery in wrongful death cases. (Survivors may recover for physical manifestations of their grief at the loss of a loved one.)
The fourth approach is harmonious with Air France v. Saks, supra. The damage is not damage from the accident, it is damage from the bodily injury. Viewing emotional distress as damage caused by bodily .injury does read a causal component into the phrase “damage sustained in the event of,” but that is not prohibited under Floyd.
One difficulty with the fourth approach is that emotional distress damages might not be allowed in a situation like that of the Korean Air Lines plane shot down in Soviet airspace. There, the plane was airborne for at least nine minutes after the missile strike before crashing into the sea and disintegrating. Zarif
v. Korean Airlines, Co., Ltd.,
The court adopts the fourth approach. Plaintiffs with impact injuries may recover for their impact injuries and the emotional distress flowing only from the physical injuries. They may also recover for the physical manifestations of their emotional distress. Plaintiffs with physical manifestations may recover damages for the manifestations and any distress flowing from the manifestations, but may not recover damages for the emotional distress that led to the manifestations. In both instances, the emotional distress recoverable is limited to the distress about the physical impact or manifestation, ie., the bodily injury. Recovery is not allowed for the distress about the accident itself.
Twenty-seven plaintiffs 13 complained of psychic trauma, but did not complain of impact injuries or physical manifestations of the emotional distress. TWA’s motions are granted as to these plaintiffs because their claims are barred under the Floyd decision. Thirty-three plaintiffs 14 claim impact injuries and/or physical manifestations of their emotional distress. TWA’s motions are denied as to those plaintiffs.
DISPOSITION
1. TWA’s motion for partial summary judgment as to plaintiffs’ state law causes of action and claims for punitive damages is GRANTED in its entirety. Judgment shall
a. C 92-3787 BAC and C 93-3156 BAC, David Jack, et al. v. TWA;
b. C 92-3972 BAC and C 93-3158 BAC, C.L. Wysuph, et al. v. TWA;
c. C 92-4606 BAC and C 93-3157 BAC, Odete Matias, et al. v. TWA;
d. C 93-1586 BAC, Josef Ben-Shimol, et al. v. TWA;
e. C 93-1793 BAC, Richard Ganigan, et al. v. TWA;
f. C 93-2920 BAC, Victor Solorzano, et al. v. TWA;
g. C 93-2973 BAC, Sandra DeGennaro, et al. v. TWA;
h. C 93-2974 BAC, Dania Antinori, et al. v. TWA;
i. C 93-2978 BAC, Jennifer E. McAlister v. TWA;
j. C 93-2979 BAC, Eric Dehlin, et al. v. TWA;
k. C 93-2980 BAC, Serge Macel, et al. v. TWA;
l. C 93-2981 BAC, Julia Elhauge v. TWA;
m. C 93-2982 BAC, Marianne Eva Levine v. TWA;
n. C 93-2983 BAC, Deena Anderson v. TWA;
o. C 93-2984 BAC, Fulvia Mescola v. TWA;
p. C 93-2985 BAC, Aghieszka Gal v. TWA; and
q. C 93-3955 BAC, Gilles Zemmour, et al. v. TWA.
2.TWA’s motion for partial summary-judgment regarding emotional distress claims is GRANTED as to plaintiffs Dania Antinori, Helga Behr, Walter Behr, Vero-nique Boquet, Laurent Cauwel through his guardian ad litem Daniel Cauwel, Valerie Charlent, Pascal Deruyck, Jose Maria Franco, Albin Halbartschlager, Emilio Huse, Kristen Jack, Sofie Jonckers, Bart Jorissen, Jacques Leuvrey, Maria Magalhaes, Nuno Magalhaes, Mohammad Meddoun, Benoit Meessen, Fernando Mendes, Nathalie Ruelle, Brecht Vandermeiren, Cheryl Ann Werner, Brigit Stursa, Barbara Jack, and David Jack.
3.TWA’s motion for partial summary judgment regarding emotional distress claims is DENIED as to plaintiffs Kristel Brabant, Adam Breindel, Beatriz Collins, Dolores Compano, Marisa Compano, Leonardo dosRemedios, Lucille dosRemedios, Jean-Francois DuFrasne, Sheri Fox, Margarida Franco, Erika Hellins, Klaus Huber, Ryan Jack, Yvan Kalantarian, William Kistner, Sé-bastien LaFosse, Nathalie LaGrange, Katalin Lesko, Jacqueline Leuvrey, Fabienne Ma-thgen, Odete Matías, Bice Mennes, Dominique Moelans, Cecily Monette, Bruno Rem-merie, Johan Reider, Ingrid Reider, Liesbeth Roelandt, Jessica Saussus, Felicia Simel, Chris Tsardoulias, Caroline Van Den Hecke, Philippe Van Nuys, Liv Vrinssen, C.L. Wy-suph, Nuria Roca, and Odete Matías.
Notes
. Although the documents were labelled as affidavits, the text of the documents suggests they were intended to be declarations. For convenience, the court will refer to all the purported declarations and affidavits as affidavits.
. The signatures of two affiants were acknowledged but not made under oath in front of notaries public. A third plaintiff, Mohammad Med-doun, executed his affidavit under oath and the notary public so stated. His affidavit is not among those stricken for improper execution.
. A recitation that a declaration is made "under penalty of perjuiy and ... of the laws of the United States of America" is inadequate for documents executed outside the United States. The inclusion of the word "and" greatly changes the meaning of the sentence. The purpose of requiring a person outside the United States to execute the document under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States is to impress upon him the seriousness of the obligation to tell the truth and the possibility of prosecution for perjuiy if he fails to tell the truth. When a person executes a document outside the United States, a recitation that it is made under penalty of perjuiy without reference to which country's perjury laws will be applied provides no assurance of truthfulness because the penalty of perjury may be non-existent or trivial in thé place where the person signed the document.
The failure to recite that the statements are "true and correct” renders a declaration defective because there is no indication of truthfulness without the phrase. When one declares under penalty of perjuiy that he is merely making state-
. The following documents are stricken from the record in Case No. C-93-2974-BAC: affidavits of Veronique Boquet, Helga Behr, Walter Behr, Daniel Cauwel as guardian ad litem for Laurent Cauwel, Pascal Deruyck, Jose Maria Soares Franco, Albin Halbartschlager, Emilio Huse, Kristen Jack, Sofia Jonckers, Bart Jorissen, Jacques Leuvrey, Maria Daniel Magalhaes, Nuno Pizarro Campus Magalhaes, Benoit Meesen, Fernando Mendes, Nathalie Ruelle, Nuria Roca, Bri-git Stursa, Chris Tsardoulias, Brecht Vander-meiren, and Cheryl Ann Werner. In Case Nos. C-92-3787-BAC and C-93-3156-BAC, the affidavits of Barbara Jack and David Jack are stricken from the record.
The resubmitted declarations of Emilio Huse, Nuno Pizarro Campus Magalhaes, Benoit Mees-sen, Fernando Mendes and Nuria Roca failed to state that they were made under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States. (See footnote 3, supra.)
The court also strikes from the record the affidavits of Valerie Charlent and Enzo Antinori as guardian ad litem for Dania Antinori in Case No. C-93-2974-BAC because they fail to comply with the requirements for execution of affidavits and declarations, and the translations are not properly authenticated. These affidavits were filed too late to be specifically described in the Court's January 11, 1994 order.
. The following documents are stricken from the record in Case No. C-93-2974-BAC because plaintiffs failed to present adequate evidence of the accuracy of the translations: Enzo Antinori as guardian ad litem for Dania Antinori, Vero-nique Boquet, Daniel Cauwel as guardian ad litem for Laurent Cauwel, Valerie Charlent, Pascal Deruyck, Albin Halbartschlager, Sofie Jonck-ers, Bart Jorissen, Jacques Leuvrey, Nathalie Ruelle, Brigit Stursa, and Brecht Vandermeiren. Some of these documents also may have been stricken because they were improperly executed or altered after execution.
Affidavits submitted by the guardians ad litem for two plaintiffs have an additional problem. The affiants do not state whether the information recited therein applies to the guardians or to the minors and there is no indication of how the signing guardians obtained information from the minors.
. The original interrogatory responses also contradict plaintiffs' affidavits. The court disregards the affidavit of Mohammad Meddoun as an unexplained sham contradiction of his original interrogatory responses. Had the other affidavits not been stricken, the court would disregard them as sham contradictions of earlier sworn statements.
. The interrogatories at issue were California Judicial Council Form Interrogatories 6.1 ("Do you attribute any physical, mental, or emotional injuries to the incident? If your answer is "no,” do not answer interrogatories 6.2 through 6.7.”), 6.2 ("Identify each injury you attribute to the incident and the area of your body affected.”), and 6.3 ("Do you still have any complaints that you attribute to the incident? If so, [give the details].”) Plaintiffs' original answers fell into two basic categories: (a) emotional distress only and (b) emotional distress and some physical injuries (almost all of which were very minor). In the revised responses, a boilerplate paragraph was added to every response to interrogatory 6.1. The boilerplate paragraph claimed the same numerous physical injuries for every plaintiff. Thus, for example, a plaintiff who originally responded that he had suffered only fright claimed in his amended response that he had suffered various emotional problems as well as a panoply of physical injuries including some that were alleged on information and belief.
At the evidentiary hearing, plaintiffs presented evidence that plaintiffs’ counsel drafted the boilerplate paragraph after the mediation and directed his staff to amend the interrogatory responses to include it. Plaintiffs’ counsel stated this was done to meet the requirements of the Floyd case. The exhaustive listing of injuries sprang from counsel's mind, not any plaintiff's mind, although the plaintiffs adopted the boilerplate by verifying the responses.
. Impact injuries also include injuries or illnesses such as heat stroke or severe stomach cramps that occur during a hijacking or extended delay on a plane.
. For puiposes of this order, the court finds that there was an "accident” within the meaning of the Warsaw Convention.
.The original French text of Article 17 provided:
"Le transporteur est responsable du dommage survenu en cas de mort, de blessure ou de toute autre lesion corporelle subie par un voyageur Iorsque Faccident qui a cause le dom-mage s’est produit a bord de l’aeronef ou au cours de toutes operations d’embarquement et de debarquement.” (49 Stat. 3005.)
. The meaning of "dommage survenu” was considered in
In Re Air Disaster at Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988,
. To support their argument that emotional distress is allowed if either impact injuries or physical manifestation of distress occur, plaintiffs have cited the jury instructions in one of MDL cases arising out of a cargo door blow-out on a United flight out of Honolulu.
The cited jury instructions are not helpful for several reasons. First, it is not clear that United
Plaintiffs also claim that their position is supported by
Chendrimada v. Air-India,
. The plaintiffs who claimed only emotional distress were Dania Antinori, Helga Behr, Walter Behr, Veronique Boquet, Daniel Cauwel through his guardian ad litem Laurent Cauwel, Valerie Charlent, Pascal Deruyck, Jose Maria Franco, Albín Halbartschlager, Emilio Huse, Kristen Jack, Sofie Jonckers, Bart Jorissen, Jacques Leu-vrey, Maria Magalhaes, Nuno Magalhaes, Mohammad Meddoun, Benoit Meessen, Fernando Mendes, Nathalie Ruelle, Brecht Vandermeiren, Cheryl Ann Werner, Brigit Stursa, Barbara Jack, and David Jack.
. The plaintiffs claiming impact injuries and/or physical manifestations in addition to emotional distress are Kristel Brabant, Adam Breindel, Beatriz Collins, Dolores Compano, Marisa Com-pano, Leonardo dosRemedios, Lucille dos-Remedios, Jean-Francois DuFrasne, Sheri Fox, Margarida Franco, Erika Hellins, Klaus Huber, Ryan Jack, Yvan Kalantarian, William Kistner, Sebastien LaFosse, Nathalie LaGrange, Katalin Lesko, Jacqueline Leuvrey, Fabienne Mathgen, Bice Mennes, Dominique Moelans, Cecily Mon-ette, Bruno Remmerie, Johan Reider, Ingrid Reider, Liesbeth Roelandt, Jessica Saussus, Felicia Simel, Chris Tsardoulias, Caroline Van Den Hecke, Philippe Van Nuys, Liv Vrinssen, C.L. Wysuph, Nuria Roca, and Odete Matías.