Opinion of the Court by
Affirming.
Tbe appeal is from a judgment for $1,750 for false imprisonment.
Tbe appellee, Mrs. Mentba Judd, about twenty years old, always lived at Grey Hawk, Jackson county. On October 6, 1933, she started on a visit to ber sister at Brandenburg, and on tbe way made tbe acquaintance of Mrs. Pearl Hoskins, of Owensboro. Tbe bus reached Louisville about noon, and while waiting for a bus to continue their journey they visited tbе store of tbe appellant, J. J. Newberry Company. Mrs. Hoskins went to tbe lunch counter and Mrs. Judd tried on some gloves. Sbe walked around tbe store, and returned to tbe glove counter. The young woman’s actions excited tbe suspicion of Russell, an assistant manager of tbe company, and be and two clerks watched ber. Finally, sbe picked up a pair of gloves and took them over a few feet to tbe next counter, where Mrs. Hoskins was eating, and asked if sbe thought they were worth 79 cents. Mrs. Hoskins thought the gloves a little heavy, but Mrs. Judd said sbe was going to buy them anyhow. ,She testified that thereupon sbe turned and was walking over to tbe glove counter with tbe gloves in ber band and opened her purse. While in tbe act of opening a compartment in it for tbe purpose of gеtting her money' and paying for tbe gloves, Russell grabbed ber by tbe arm, took tbe gloves and said:' “You were going to steal these gloves,- come and go with me.” He picked up ber suitr case and, taking ber by tbe arm, led ber across tbe store. He released ber arm and demanded that sbe follow him into tbe basement. There Russell renewed bis accusation and searched ber baggagе. Sbe bad only a dollar and offered to pay him tbe 79 cents, which sbe was insisting was tbe price, but Russell declined to take tbe money and thereupon called tbe police. Mrs. Hoskins corroborates tbe plaintiff in all these things, except she *312 did not see or hear the arrest and conversation before they reached the steps to the basement.
RnsselPs testimony up to this point is as to his suspicions being aroused and that Mrs. Judd picked up the gloves, looked around, turned and walked to the lunch counter and talked with the lady, returned to the glove counter, looked around and wadded up the gloves and pushed them into her partly opened purse, and then reached down to pick up her baggage from the floor. He approached аnd asked if she wanted to pay for the gloves and she stood and said nothing. At another place in his testimony Russell stated that he asked if she meant to steal the gloves, and she responded that she had not and wanted to pay for them. He denied having put his hand on her, but admits opening the purse and taking out the gloves. By that time people had begun to gather around, and he invited her to go with him and. “talk it over.” He testified she voluntarily followed him to the basement. According to Russell, he did not search the baggage, but it came open and he pushed some garment back into, it and closed it. He further testified that the gloves were worth $1.39 and for that reason he had refused to accept the dollar .tendered by Mrs. Judd. The two women denied that Russell said anything about the gloves being worth $1.39.
The testimony of the police is that Russell told them that he had a shoplifter who had got a pair of gloves and whom he wanted taken in charge. They advised he would have to go along and take out a warrant. Mrs. Judd was taken to the police station in the patrol wagon. Mrs. Hoskins went along to help the young lady, as she says. Russell was directed to the clerk’s office for the purpose of having a warrant issued, while the prisoner was detained in the lobby of the station, but among the officers. Prom time to time Mrs. Hos-.kins had insisted with Russell that he should let the young woman go. It appears that finally Russell became doubtful of the propriety of his action and asked the advice of the police officers, who advised that if the young woman was guilty he ought to takе out a warrant to protect himself and his company, and if she was not guilty he should not have “sent her in to start with.” The plaintiff was interrogated by the police and denied having .done any wrong. ,She persistently refused Rus *313 sell’s request that she sign a statement admitting guilt. Russell got into communication with the manager of the company’s store, and upon his advice, as a matter of mercy, they testify, he declined to talce out the warrant and she was discharged. On cross-examination it was drawn out that the manager told him to get a statement from the young woman admitting guilt, and then to let her go. This was some time between 5 and 6 o’clock in the afternoon, her experience having covered a period of four or five hours.
Russell put Mrs. Judd in an automobile and took her to the bus and railroad stations and learned that there was no later bus or train to Brandenburg. He and his wife took her to their home, where she ate sparingly of supper to which she was invited, and Russell later in the evening sent her to Brandenburg in an automobile, where she arrived about 10 o ’clock at night. But Mrs. Judd upon request gave up her dollar to pay for her transportation. At Russell’s home she signed a statement written by him. Produced at the trial it read:
“I admit that I took the gloves and after I am released I will not bring any trouble of any kind, for it was my first time in a city store and I did not understand the way of buying. I was given a way of transportation and was fed while here at Mr. Russell’s home and treated nice.”
Mrs. Judd insists, however, that only the last sentence on this paper was there when she signed it, the charge being that Russell had superimposed the first part of it. And the jury so found, as the issue was submitted as being a complete defense, although it does not seem to us to be an admission of a theft.
During these distressing events the young lady, who was in a city for the first time, with no friend but her newly found one, naturally was shocked and made nervous. She cried and bordered on hysteria. She had expected to return from her visit within a day or so, but her nervous condition and a cold and tonsilitis which she contracted kept her at the home of her sister for two weeks. She lost about ten pounds in weight. Thereafter she went under the care of a local doctor in Jackson county, who expressed the opinion that her condi *314 tion was caused by her grievous experience. The jury specified its verdict to be fоr compensatory damages only.
The jury chose to accept the plaintiff’s version of this occurrence and thereby found that the act of Russell was without justification. The verdict, however, was against the company only, although Russell was a joint defendant. While there was no actual imprisonment in the common understanding of the term, there was an arrest and detention, and the case made out by plaintiff is embraced in the tort designated as “false imprisonment,” which in law is the intentional restraint or willful detention or interference with one’s liberty or freedom, contrary to his will and without authority of law. 25 C. J. 443; 11 R. C. L. 793; Reynolds v. Price,
The appellant does not undertake here to justify the act of its employee, but insists that, having gone beyond his authority and having violated its exрress directions relative to such conditions when they should arise,’it cannot be held responsible. We have been furnished with an interesting and instructive discussion of the general principles pertaining to the liability of a master for a tort committed by his servant, along with authorities covering cases of this character and related ones. We deem it unnecessary, however, to deal with those principles as developed and enunciated in the mass of the law, with their distinctions and ramifications, for it seems sufficient to look only to the specific principles and their application to torts of this particular class.
At one time it was supposed that a corporation could not be held responsible for torts involving the element of evil intent, or wrongs of this class, upon the idea that the state in granting its charter could not and did not confer the power to commit unlawful acts; that if such torts were committed by corporate agents, they were ultra vires and but the individual wrongs of the agents themselves. But that idea is obsolete and no longer obtains. The corporation is liable for compensation' for a tort “cоmmitted by an agent in the course
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of bis employment, although it is done wantonly and recklessly or against the express orders of his principal.” Cooley on Torts, sec. 70; Baltimore
&
Potomac R. Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church,
Appellant, of cоurse, does not question these familiar conceptions of the law. However, it relies strongly upon Mali v. Lord,
Lack of justification of an act of the agent being established, and express authority being unproved, difficulty arises in cases of this character in determining whether or not the erroneous or wrongful act in the *316 .particular instance should be construed as within the scope of service, actual or apparent, thereby carrying the imputation of wrong to the employer.
It is clear the rule of respondeat superior cannot be invoked and the employer be held liable where the action of the employee was motivated by conceptions of personal wrong or the invasion of his private rights. •And though there is some conflict of opinion, the trend of the decisions is to exonerate the principal where the-act was not for the protection of his property or interests, but was tо vindicate public justice or to redress an offense against society, or to punish an offender for something already done, although the wrongful act had its origin in some agency relation. 25 C. J. 502; 18 R. C. L. 812; Annotations 35 A. L. R. 654; Robards v. P. Bannon Sewer Pipe Co.,
Where the employee was intrusted with the care- and custody of his employer’s business and property and his act of arrest or detention оr its procurement arose out of his effort and purpose to protect or recover the same or collect the charges due thereon, or where-the supposed crime was at the time being perpetrated, the principal is held liable. Although he was incited by excessive zeal, or used poor judgment, or did an unexpected thing, the implication is thаt it was done in the-■exercise of a discretion and judgment ás a means and for the purpose of performing his duty. This implication is imposed upon the principal if the nature of his duty and other circumstances make it a reasonable conclusion that it was within the scope of authority and in furtherance of the principal’s business and interest on the occasion. It is a sound lеgal concept that a mer^\ chant or other principal who commits to an employee ■or agent the management of his business and care of his property is justly held responsible when the agent, through lack of good judgment or proper discretion, or infirmity of temper, or under the influence of passion aroused by the circumstances, goes beyond the strict
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linе of his duty or authority and inflicts an unjustifiable injury upon another. He cannot screen himself from liability by setting up private instructions or orders given the employee, and say that he violated the same or exceeded his authority or was guilty of willful or malicious conduct. Liberality in favor of the person falsely imprisoned or otherwise injured must be exer- , cised in determining the scope of authority of the agent j and the responsibility of the principal, Robards v. P. Bannon Sewer Pipe Co., supra; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Offutt,
The character of employment is an important consideration attending the inclusion or exclusion of the particular agent’s misconduct as within or without his implied authority./ The designation of manager or assistant manаger of a store carries the implication of general power and permits the reasonable inference that he was invested with the general conduct and control of his employer’s business in the store, and his acts are more surely the acts of the principal. Kelly v. Newark Shoe Stores Co.,
*318
In Mosley v. J. O. McCrory Co.,
In John v. Lococo, supra, a clerk and truck driver of a fruit dealer, while chasing some boys who had pilfered oranges from a barrel, threw a “box opener”' at them. It struck a little girl on the sidewalk who was in no way involved. The opinion discusses the legal principles applicable to an assault committed by an em•ployee and draws the distinction between the grounds upon which liability and nonliability of the employer rest. Those рrinciples are in general the same as in cases of false imprisonment; but the nature of an assault vi et armis usually makes it an unreasonable rather than a reasonable inference or implication that, the wrong was done in execution of authority or as a means for accomplishing the service of his employer. Accordingly, it was held that the facts in the Lococo Case were such as not to impose liability upon the master for the rash act of the servant.
The conclusion necessarily is that the court properly overruled the demurrer to the petition and the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict.
The court excluded testimony of Russell as to the company’s instructions relative to such situations as were prеsented upon this occasion to the effect that under no circumstances should an employee or manager arrest or cause the arrest of a suspected or actual shoplifter. The general manager of the store testified with- *319 Cut objection concerning the instructions as to what he should do affirmatively, and the evidence of the duties of Russell as an assistant manager was received. As we have indicated above, a violation of orders in these matters does not acquit the employer, so the evidence was properly rejected.
The plaintiff was permitted over objections to introduce witnesses from her home who testified to her good reputation and standing there. Some of the depositions reаd contained extraneous, matter as to the plaintiff and her family, which were irrelevant, though not prejudicial. We think evidence of good character of the plaintiff is admissible as substantive proof in cases of this class. The nature of the charge upon which the defendants sought to justify the plaintiff’s arrest, as well as the humiliation and other effects of such embarrassing exрerience, would seem to involve the attribute of good character. 25 C. J. 544. It was so held in Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Owens, supra, where the suit was for damages for malicious prosecution, and in People’s Store v. Ledford,
In the argument counsel for plaintiff stated thе jury “in fixing the amount of damages should endeavor to contemplate their wife or sister or daughter being in a similar situation.” As the trial court said in his opinion, the statement was improper (see Southern-Harlan Coal Co. v. Gallaier,
The criticism оf the instructions is based upon the conception that in no event could the company be held responsible for the entire affair, especially after Russell had turned the plaintiff over to the police. The foregoing discussion would seem to show this point not to be well taken. See, also, Ross v. Kohler,
The judgment is affirmed.