165 F. 371 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Eastern Arkansas | 1908
(after stating the facts as above). The objections raised by paragraphs 7 and 8 are that the act under consideration,' because it applied only to telegraph companies and not to other corporations, is class legislation and violative of the provisions of the fourteenth amendment. These objections are clearly
In Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé R. R. Co. v. Matthews, an act of Kansas provided for the recovery of attorney’s fees in cases of a recovery against a railroad for a loss sustained by fires caused by the negligence of the railroad company. It was claimed in that case, as it is in the case at bar, that, as the act applied to railroads only, it was class legislation and therefore void. But the court, after a careful consideration of the former adjudications on this subject, in overruling this contention said:
“It is the essence of a classification that upon the class are cast duties and burdens different from those resting on the general public. Thus, when the Legislature imposes on a railroad corporation the double liability for stock killed by passing trains, it says, in effect, that, if suit be brought against a. railroad company for stock killed by one of its trains, it must enter into the court under conditions different from those resting on ordinary suitors. If it is beaten in the suit it must pay not only the damages which it has done but twice that amount. If it succeeds it recovers nothing. On the oher hand if it should sue an individual for destruction of its live stock it could under no circumstances recover any more than the value of that stoelc. So that it may he said that in matter of liability, in case of litigation, it is not placed on an equality with other corporations and individuals: yet this court has unanimously said that this differentiation of liability, this inequality of rights in the courts, is of no significance on the question of constitutionality. Indeed, the very idea of classification is that of inequality, so that it goes without saying that the fact oí inequality in no manner determines the matter of constitutionality.” 174 U. S. 106, 19 Sup. Ct. 613, 43 L. Ed. 909.
In the Mettler Case, the validity of a statute making life and health insurance companies (but none others) liable in case of a failure to pay a loss at maturity, in addition to the amount of the loss, of 12 per cent, damages and a reasonable attorney’s fee, was questioned. It was claimed that the statute .was unconstitutional as being class legislation, but was by the court overruled. The statute was sustained not
“If, however, notwithstanding the aeceptiuee of these coaTUitious, the eon> stitutionality of the- particular condition we-e nevertheless open to question, we must decline to sustain the .objection. The: rcasqaiiiig in Railroad Company v. Matthews, 174 U. S. 96, 19 Sup. Ct. 669, 43 L. Ed. 909, applies rather than that in Railroad Company v. Ellis. The gi.iund for placing life and health insurance companies in a different class from fire, marine, and inland insurance companies is obvious, and we think that putting thaa’in á dinereut class for mutual benefit and relief associations, doing business through lodges, and benevolent associations of the character mentioned in the Texas statute,' is not an arbitrary classification, but rests upon sufiicient reason.” 185 U. S. 326, 22 Sup. Ct. 669, 16 L. Ed. 922.
In the Riggs Case, a statute of Missouri cut off any defense by a life insurance company based upon false and fraudulent representations in the application, unless the matter actually contributed to the death of the insured. This statute was held to be not such class legislation as to he within the .prohibition of the fourteenth amendment. Mr. Justice Fiarían, who delivered the opinion of the court, said on that point:
“As '(he present statute is applicable alike to all life insurance companies doing business in Missouri, after its enactment, there is no reason for saying that It denies the equal protection of the laws.” 203 U. S. 255, 27 Sup. Ct. 129, 51 L. Ed. 168.
Iii Bachtel v. Wilson the court on.that point say:
“The selection, in order to become obnoxious to the fourteenth amendment, must be arbitrary and unreasonable, not merely possibly, but clearly and actually so.” 204 U. S. 41, 27 Sup. Ct. 245, 51 L. Ed. 357.
In Heath & Milligan Co. v. Worst the court on that subject say:
“We will omit from citation tbe cases in which this court has passed upon the power of the states to classify objects for the purpose of government. A review of them is not necessary in this case. Counsel have collected and analyzed them, applied and rejected them, as they have thought they supported or opposed their respective contentions. We have declared many times, and illustrated the declaration, that classification must have relation to the purpose of the Regislature. The logical appropriateness of the inclusion or exclusion of objects or persons is not required. The classification may not be merely arbitrary, but necessarily thore must be great freedom of discretion, even though it results in ‘ill-advised, unequal, and oppressive legislation.’ ” 207 U. S. 354, 28 Sup. Ct. 119, 52 L. Ed. 236.
In Seaboard Air Line R. R. Co. v. Seegers, a statute of South Carolina, which provided for a penalty of $50 for failure to pay for loss or damage of property while in the possession of a common carrier within a certain time, was attacked upon the same ground, and Mr. Justice Brewer, in oyeffúlirig this contention, and holding the statute constitutional, said :
“It may be stated as a general rule that an act which puts in one class all engaged in business'df a special and public character, requires of them the performance of a duty which they can do better and more quickly than others,*375 and imposes a him i ■p*v!>;i.; c , •'¡■-‘tr 'i)r w -' i" -i.n 'Imt duly witliin a reasonable tiniu winnot be ad Í¡»'A |15!íf: ¡,;8tií ,,nrely arbitrary classification. While in this ea,:- oA 1x'>:Aj-v «jim- ;*cAww.. re-, compared with the value of the shipment, yet U mi,:.) i.u remembered that small shipments aro the ones which especially need the protection of penal statutes iike this. If a large amount is in controlorsy, the plaintiff can afford to litigate.” 207 U. S. 78, 28 Sup. Ct. 80, 52 L. Ed. 108.
In ()/.au Lumber Co. v. Union County Bank a statute of Arkansas which exempted dealers from the provisions of an act in relation to notes executed for patented articles was attacked as an unjust and unconstitutional classification, but by the court overruled, the court saying:
“In a classification for governmental purposes, there cannot be an exact exclusion or inclusion of persons and things.”
The question, therefore, which controls the constitutionality of this act upon that point is whether the classification is purely arbitrary. Is there no substantial foundation or basis therefor? This must be answered that there is a substantial foundation for the classification. The act applies to all telegraph companies doing business in this state, whether foreign or domestic. The transmission of messages by telegraph differs materially from all others. It enables persons to communicate with others at a very great distance, in a very short time, while communications by mail or other means may take days, even weeks. In cases of serious illness or death, the near relatives may be advised or summoned almost instantly. It is for this reason that persons are willing to pay the high toll, as compared wiih cost of the mails. It would be impossible for the Legislature to put any other persons or corporations in the same class, except it be telephone companies. The classification is based solely on the nature of the business, which is of a public character, and for this reason is clearly within the rule laid down in the cases hereinbefore cited and many others.
Is the statute unconstitutional for the reason that it is an interference with, and places burdens on, interstate commerce, as claimed in paragraph 6 of the answer? That the language of the statute is broad enough to apply to interstate messages is beyond question, and has been so construed by the Supreme Court of the State. Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Ford, 77 Ark. 531, 92 S. W. 528; Gentle v. Western Union Co., 82 Ark. 96, 100 S. W. 742.
This action is based upon a message sent from this state addressed and to be delivered in another state. Is that fatal? That an action for the recovery of actual damages sustained by the sender or addressee of the telegram, by reason of the negligence of the company to transmit or deliver the same after it had, for a valuable consideration, contracted to do so, will lie at common law regardless of the fact whether it is an inter or intra state message, no one will dispute. It is well settled that a contract of affreightment for the carriage of goods from one. state or country to another is governed by the laws of the state or country in which it is made.
In Liverpool, etc., v. Phenix Insurance Co., 129 U. S. 453, 9 Sup. Ct. 476, 33 L. Ed. 788, it was said:
*376 “This court has lot heretofore had oc|easjon (0 consider by what law contracts like those now before us should bes^expounded. But it has often affirmed, and acted on the ge^TSi.ial^Ui^^cmitracls areló be governed, as to their nature, their validity, and their interpretation, by the law of the place where they were made, unless the contracting party clearly appear to have had some other law.in view.”
And this rule has been applied to contracts for telegraph messages. Reed v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 135 Mo. 661, 37 S. W. 904, 34 L. R. A. 492, 58 Am. St. Rep. 609; Wharton on Confl. of Laws, § 471f. For this reason, were this an action to recover actual damages, or if the statutes of Arkansas only permitted the recovery of such damages, the fact that they applied to inter as well as infra state messages would not affect their validity as an unlawful burden on interstate commerce. Damages for injuries to feelings, or mental anguish unattended by physical injury, could not be recovered at common law, as decided by the Supreme Court of Arkansas in Peay v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 64 Ark. 538, 43 S. W. 965, 39 L. R. A. 463. As in most instances the failure to transmit or deliver a telegraphic message causes only mental suffering, unattended by physical injury, the Legislature of the state has seen proper to change the common-law rule ánd permit the recovery of such damages. The act attacked is not intended to inflict a penalty, as was the case under the statute of Indiana, involved in Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Pendleton, 122 U. S. 347, 7 Sup. Ct. 1126, 30 L. Ed. 1187, and for that reason that case is not applicable. An earlier statute of this state enacted March 31, 1885, provides for a penalty for a refusal of a telegraph or telephone company to transmit messages. That statute is digested as section 7946, Kirby’s Dig. Stat. Ark. The plain object of the act now under consideration is to permit the recovery of damages for the negligent breach of a contract to safely transmit and properly deliver the message, which at common law it had been held by the highest court of the state could not be recovered. The statute now uñder consideration, in the language of the Supreme Court in St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. Co. v. Mathews—
“is not a penal one, imposing punishment for violation of law, but it is purely remedial, making the party doing a lawful act for its own profit liable in damages to the innocent, party injured thereby, and giving to that party the whole damages, measured by the injury suffered.” 165 U. S. 1, 27, 17 Sup. Ct. 243, 253, 41 L. Ed. 611.
There is nothing in the fourteenth amendment, nor in any other provision of the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the state from changing the common law in permitting the recovery of damages for injuries sustained for which at common law none could be recovered. Wilmington Mining Co. v. Fulton, 205 U. S. 60, 74, 27 Sup. Ct. 412, 417, 51 L. Ed. 708. In that case the court said:
“And even although the liability imposed upon the mine owners to respond in damages for the willful failure of the mine manager and mine examiner to comply with 'the requirements of the statute was not in harmony with the principles of the common law applicable to the relation of master and servant, it being competent for the state to change and modify those principles in accord with its conceptions of public policy, we cannot infer that the selection of mine owners as a class upon which to impose the liability in question was purely arbitrary and without reason.”
Cases sustaining the power of the state to regulate the relation of master and servant by extending the liability of the master to injuries for -which he was not liable at common law, although incidentally these acts may affect interstate commerce, are Sherlock v. Alling, 93 U. S. 99, 23 L. Ed. 819; Missouri Pacific R. R. Co. v. Mackey, 127 U. S. 210, 8 Sup. Ct. 1161, 32 L. Ed. 107; Minneapolis, etc., R. R. Co. v. Herrick, 127 U. S. 210, 8 Sup. Ct. 1176, 32 L. Ed. 109; Chicago, etc., R. R. Co. v. Pontius, 157 U. S. 209, 15 Sup. Ct. 585, 39 L. Ed. 675; Tullis v. Eric Ry. Co., 175 U. S. 348, 20 Sup. Ct. 136, 44 L. Ed. 192; Peirce v. Van Dusen, 78 Fed. 693, 24 C. C. A. 280, 69 L. R. A. 705; and inferentiallv the Employer’s Liability Cases. 207 U. S. 463, 496, 28 Sup. Ct. 141, 52 L. Ed. 297. And this rule has been applied to telegraph companies. Western Union Tel. Co. v. James, 162 U. S. 650, 661, 16 Sup. Ct. 934, 40 L. Ed. 1105; Gray v. Telegraph Co., 108 Tenn. 47, 64 S. W. 1063, 56 L. R. A. 301, 91. Am. St. Rep. 706.
Did the fact that the telegraph company entered the state and constructed its lines before the enactment of this statute prevent the state from enacting a law changing the liability of such corporations ? Is such an act of the state an impairment of the obligation of a contract, and therefore in violation of section 10, article 1, of the national Constitution? Counsel for the defendant did not very earestly insist upon this point, and for this reason the court would probably he justified in treating it as abandoned, but as this is not a court of last resort it is deemed best to dispose of it now. Assuming that when a foreign corporation, by permission of the state, as evidenced by its legislative acts, enters it for the purpose of engaging in business therein, it is such a contract as will be protected by that provision of the Constitution, it must be conceded that the contract would be subject to the Constitution of that state then in force, and if the acts of the legislature are in conflict with the Constitution they are void; therefore, if, as this defendant claims, when it entered this state under the provisions of the act of the Legislature of March 31, 1885 (Acts 1885, p. 176), regulating the admission of foreign telegraph companies into this state, it thereby entered into a contract with the state, then every part of that legislative contract was subject to the Constitution then in force, and if it conflicted therewith it is, to the extent of such com flict, unconstitutional. The Constitution of the state of Arkansas in force since 1874, and still in force, provides:
“All.. 12. § 6. Corporations may bo formed under general lavs, wixiclx laws, may, from time to time, be altered or x’epealed..”
“Foreign corporations may be authorized to do business in this state under such limitations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. * * * They shall be subject to the same regulations, limitations and liabilities, as like corporations of this state, and shall exercise no other or greater powers, privileges, or franchises than may be exercised by like corporations of this state.”
Therefore, when the defendant came into this state, it did so subject to the same regulations, limitations, and liabilities as domestic corporations, and, as the power to amend the corporation laws was expressly reserved by the state, defendant was subject to such changes as the Legislature might make, provided no greater burdens were placed on foreign corporations than on like corporations created under the laws of the state. That such legislation is discretionary was expressly decided in Fidelity, etc., Co. v. Mettler, supra, and that it may be done under the Constitution of this state was decided by the Supreme Court of Arkansas in Woodson v. State, 69 Ark. 521, 65 S. W. 465, and Ozan Lumber Co. v. Biddie, supra. In the Mettler Case the court said:
“The power of the state in the matter of the imposition of conditions on its own and foreign corporations has been repeatedly recognized by this court.”
If the statute in question applied only to foreign corporations, exempting domestic telegraph companies from the liabilities imposed by it, then it would probably come within the principle established in American Smelting Co. v. Colorado, 204 U. S. 103, 27 Sup. Ct. 198, 51 L. Ed. 393.
By referring to the Revised Statutes of this state (Kirby’s Digest), it will be noticed that this act is a part of chapter 151, the title of which treats of “Telegraph and Telephone Companies”; the same chapter, of which the act of 1885 pleaded by the defense is a part; the chapter which, in effect, covers all the laws of the state on the subject of the title.
As to the plea set up in the tenth paragraph, that the defendant had complied with the act of Congress of July 24, 1866, c. 230, 14 Stat. 221 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3579) relating to telegraph companies, it is deemed sufficient to refer to Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 195 U. S. 540, 25 Sup. Ct. 133, 49 L. Ed. 312, and 195 U. S. 595, 25 Sup. Ct. 150, 49 L. Ed. 332.
The demurrer to each of the paragraphs in the answer will be sustained.