12 Vt. 314 | Vt. | 1840
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Though this case is not without its difficulties, yet I am-inclined to concur with a majority of the court in rendering judgment for the plaintiff. Two important questions arise for our consideration. Is the defendant liable upon the facts detailed in the bill of exceptions ? And, if so, can he be charged in this general action ? Though some of the evidence would tend to show an express and personal undertaking on the part of the defendant, yet, we are to decide the case ujrpn the ground that the defendant did not pledge his personal responsibility by any express promise, and that the credit, in the contemplation of the parties, afi the time, was given to the town. Otherwise, we must open the case again, that the jury may pass on that question. The' pauper had her settlement in Wallingford. The defendant was an overseer of the poor of that town. The plaintiff has heretofore brought his action against the town and failed of ft recovery, except for five dollars, because the defendant had: neglected to make application to a justice of the peace for a’n order for the allowance of a sum requisite for the support of the pauper, in pursuance of the 20th section of the act relative to settlements and the support of the poor. See Ives v. Wallingford, 8 Vt. R. 224. As a general rule, art-officer of the government, acting as a public agent, is not' personally liable for contracts made by him as such agent, in behalf the government, unless his personal liability is super--added in clear and explicit terms. That such public agent may bind'himself, personally, no one will doubt, and it must' always be a question of intention.
In the absence of express evidence, it is not to be pre
The doctrine, that a person who does an act in the name of another, without authority for that purpose, is personally responsible, is established by a great number of adjudged cases. If the agent intends not to incur personal liability, he must see that he gives a remedy against his principal. Johnson v. Ogilby, 3 P. Wms. R. 278. Fonb. Equity, 297. Polhill v. Walter, 3 Barn. & Adolp. 114. Proctor v. Webber, 1 D. Chip. 371. Dusenbury v. Ellis, 3 Johns. Cas. 70. Green et al. v. Beals et al., 2 Caines’ R. 254. Mauri v. Heffernan, 13 Johns. R. 77. White v. Skinner, 13 Johns. R. 307. Mott v. Hicks, 1 Cowen’s R. 536. Meech v. Smith, 7 Wend. R. 315. Rossiter v. Rossiter, 8 Wend. R. 494. Long v. Colburn, 11 Mass. R. 97. Ballou v. Talbot, 16 Mass. R. 461. Grafton Bank v. Flanders, 4 N. H. R. 239.
It is true, in the case now before the court, the agent acted upon a subject matter within the scope of his authority, but had not power to bind his principal, because of his omission to take a prerequisite step to clothe himself with such authority. It is the same thing, in effect, as if the agent had
If he neglects to procure such order, it is his own fault, or negligence, and is not chargeable upon the plaintiff. Though the case of King v. Buttler is what may be termed a per 'curium opinion, and given without argument, yet, the court was of great respeciibility, and I think the latter ground of the opinion, at least, commends itself for its good sense.
The case of Olney v. Wickes is in no way opposed to it. In that case, the paupers had been removed from S. under an order of the justices of that place, to S. in the county of •Rensselaer, and, with the order, were left with the defendant, 'an 'overseer of the poor of the latter place, who received them. The plaintiff was hired to keep the paupers by the defendant, and the only point in the case, was, whether the defendant had made a personal undertaking to pay the plaintiff. No question was made as to the power of the overseer to bind his principal, this not being a case, as I understand it, in which an order was necessary, and the case turned solely on the effect of the evidence to show the undertaking a personal one, as being superadded to the responsibily of the principal. The case of Bowen v. Morris, in error, 2 Taunton, 374, was assumpsit. Morris, the plaintiff below, ‘was mayor of a borough, acting as agent of the corporation, and, upon the sale of certain real estate of the corporation, at -auction, subject to certain conditions, Bowen, and Morris, the mayor of the corporation, on the behalf of himself and the rest of the burgesses and commonality of the borough, the •vendors of the premises, mutually agreed to perform and fulfil, on each of their parts, respectively, the conditions of the ■sale. The contract was signed by Bowen and T. Morris,
In the case of Cheney et al. v. Clark, 3 Vt. R. 431, in error, the plaintiff’s in error were a committee appointed by a voluntary association to superintend the building of a meeting house, to be paid for out of the avails of a subscription payable to the committee. The plaintiff and defendants
In that case it was held, the committee were not personally liable to Clark for work done on the house, at their request, in the absence of any express undertaking on their part. The parties, in that case, and the other subscribers were all jointly interested in the undertaking, and are to be treated as partners quoad hoc, and,for this reason, it might well be said that Clark could not maintain his action, at law, against the committee, or any other of the subscribers, it by no means follows that the committee would not have been liable, had not the plaintiff been a member t>f the association. In Horsley v. Bell, reported in a note in I Brown’s C. R. 101, and also in Ambler’s R. 770, the commissioners, appointed under an act of Parliament to render navigable a certain stream, were held personally liable to the plaintiff for work done in the prosecution of the scheme, under their direction, though there was no express personal undertaking. So in the case of Cullen v. the Duke of Queensbury et al. 1 Brown C. R. 101, the defendants were a committee of a voluntary society, and it was held they were personally liable for expenses incured by the plaintiff, for the use of the society, under an agreement made with him in behalf of the whole association, and that it was not necessary to make the other subscribers parties to the bill. The decree was affirm•ed in the House of Lords.
■it can constitute no objection to a recovery, in this case, •against the overseer, because he bound his principal to the •amount of five dollars. He is liable for the residue on account of his neglect to bind his principal for the whole, and is precluded from avering any thing to defeat this form of action.
In Feeter v. Heath, 11 Wend. 477, it was held that an agent was personally liable, under a contract, unauthorized by his principal, for the whole account due upon it and that the party with whom he contracted was not bound to look to the principal for so much of the contract as the agent was authorized to make, but might hold the agent responsible to the full amount of it. I think, then, upon principle and authority, that the defendant should be held personally liable.
The remaining enquiry is, can he be charged in this gene
It is said, it is the business of courts of justice to discover the meaning of contracts and then compel their execution ac. cordingly, and that, in this case, the position being established that the credit was originally given to the town, the court cannot, because it has been ascertained that the contract has no legal validity, according to its true meaning, suppose it to have a meaning which the parties never intended, for the sake of giving a remedy to the plaintiff. Though this objection is specious, yet, I think it is not sound, as applied to the facts of this case. Persons standing en autre droit, and contracting in such right, are, generally, personally liable in cases in which they have no responsible principal to be resorted to. Horseley v. Bell, 1 Brown C. R. 101, in notes. Thatcher v. Dinsmore, 5 Mass. R. 299. Forster v. Fuller. 6 Mass. R. 58. Sumner v. Williams, 8 Mass. R. 161. In Forster v. Fuller, the defendant, in the body of the note, promised as guardian, and also subscribed it as such. In Sumner v. Williams et al. the defendants, as administrators, upon the sale of the real estate of their intestate for the payment of debts, covenanted “ in their official capacity,” and yet they were held personally liable on the contracts. It is quite clear the defendants did not, at the time they made these contracts, intend to be personally bound by them, and, indeed, Parker, J. in the latter case, distinctly admits, that this was not the understanding of the parties at the time. The principles of these cases have been regarded as sound law in this state. There are instances in which the law raises a promise from the acts of the party, and will not admit evidence of his intention to commit a tort, in disavoioal of such tacit promise. There is “ a sort of moral estoppel” applied in such cases, founded upon the legal maxim,” that no one can take advantage of his own wrong.”
The defendants could not be permitted to avoid the effect of the principle, by setting up tortious acts in themselves,. In the case of Polhill v. Walter, 3 Barn. & Adolp. 114, the defendant was sued in an action on the case for a deceit. It appeared that a bill was presented at the office of the drawee,, when he was absent from home, for acceptance. The defendant, who lived in the same house with the drawee, being assured by one of the payees that the bill was perfectly regular, was induced to write upon the bill an acceptance, as by the procuration of the drawee, believing that the acceptance would be sanctioned and the bill paid by the latter. The bill, however, was dishonored when due, and the plaintiff, who was an indorsee of the bill, sued the defendant for falsely, fraudulently and deceitfully representing that he was authorized to accept the bill by procuration.
The jury, by their verdict, negatived all fraud in fact, and yet it was held that the defendant was liable. If, said lord
These cases fairly sustain the position, that if a party represents what he knows to bejuntrue, and which is 'calculated, from the mode in which it is made, to induce another to act on the faith of it, so that he may and does incur damage, though there be no fraud in fact, it is a fraud in law and’ the action well lies. ]
In the case under consideration, the defendant, in substance^ represented to the plaintiff that he was not only overseer of the poor, but that he had authority to bind the town for the support of this particular pauper, which was untrue. The defendant must have known that he had procured no order from a justice for the allowance of any sum for the support of this pauper, and he was bound to know, that without such order, he had no authority to contract in behalf of the town for her support.
The plaintiff was] induced to act,‘^relying upon this representation, and in so doing he has sustained damage. Upon the authority of Polhill v. Walter, this was a false, deceitful and fradulent representation in law, though no fraud existed in fact, and the plaintiff might have declared in the same form of action. The present form of action, however, is more beneficial to the defendant. He has no reason to complain and cannot be permitted to defeat it by alleging that the plaintiff was induced to rely upon his false representation and give the credit to the town. I am aware that it is said, in Long v. Colburn, 11 Mass. R. 97, that if Colburn had not authority to sign the note for his principal, a special action on the case might make him answerable ; and in Ballou v. Talbot, 16 Mass. 461, there is an express adjudication that an action will not lie on the note, against the agent, who made the note without authority from his principal, and that it must be a special action, ex delicto, on the case. In
In that case, it was held that a person who executes a bond, or covenant, as attorney for another, without authority, is personally liable on the instrument the same as if he had covenanted in his own name. In the case of Rossiter v. Rossiter, 8 Cowen’s R. the defendant was held personally liable, in assumpsit, upon a note signed by him as attorney for another, without authority. In that case, however, no question was made as to the form of action. The principle
The case most opposed to this view, which has fallen under my observation, is Perry et al. v. Hyde et al., 10 Conn. R. 329. The defendants, in that case, had been appointed, by the county court, upon the complaint of the state’s attorney of the county, a committee to build a bridge for the town of F., and contracted, in their official capacity, and under and by virtue of their appointment, with the plaintiffs to build the bridge, stipulating that the plaintiffs should be entitled to a certain sum as a full compensation for the same, to be collected of the town of F., and paid in such way as the county court should direct, without any expense to the committee. It seems the bridge was built, and the plaintiffs presented their account to the county court which was allowed and execution was ordered against the town for the amount. The judgment of the county court, appointing the committee, was subsequently reversed, upon the ground that the state’s attorney had no power to prefer such complaint, and the proceedings of the county court thereon were held to be erroneous. In an action of assumpsit, brought against the committee for the building of the bridge, it was held they were not personally responsible. But it may be remarked, in that case, the committee held their appointment under the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction, both as to the person and subject matter of the proceedings, which was in full force until reversed. The authority was publicly given, and the process equally within the knowledge of both parties. The committee were not party or privy to the proceedings, and were not bound to exercise a better skill and judgment, with respect to their legality, than the plaintiffs themselves. They could not be chargeable with any fraud or neglect of duty; and in this consists the material distinction between that case and the one now under consideration. The parties had equal equities, and, besides, the committee expressly contracted in their official capacity, and under and by virtue of their appointment, and that the bridge should be built “ without any expense to them or either of them.”
The non-joinder of the other overseers cannot avail the defendant, in this case, under the general issue.
Though it is with diffidence that I come to a different result from the learned chief justice of this court, and one of my other brethren, on a former argument of this cause; yet, from the best examination which my time would allow me to give to the subject, I cannot bring my mind to the same conclusion , and I therefore concur with a majority of the court now present in believing that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, and that, too, in this form of action.
The judgment of the county court is therefore affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. — I cannot agree to affirm the judgment of the county court. The evidence is detailed in the bills of exceptions. The action was assumpsit. The court, on the evidence, directed a verdict for the plaintiff. Of course, it must have been on the ground, that, taking all the testimony to be true, the plaintiff was legally entitled to a verdict. The ground of my dissent, is, that the defendant is not liable in this action, on the evidence, from any principle of law imperative in the case. If it was mutually understood, between the plaintiff and defendant, that the contract was made by the defendant as an overseer of the poor of the town, and the services performed by the plaintiff and the articles furnished for the pauperjwere on the credit of the town, the plaintiff cannot recover, unless the defendant made himself personally liable. I shall assume that the credit was not given to the defendant, on his promise, because no such fact is found by the jury, and because that was a question to-be submitted to the jury, and neither the county court nor this court are authorized to determine a question of fact, especially where there is conflicting testimony. Upon the whole testimony of the case, particularly that of Ives, the son of the plaintiff, and the fact that the plaintiff has brought a suit against the town of Wallingford for the whole amount he claims here, I should infer that it was not understood the defendant was to be personally responsible-; that there was no express promise on which theplain
That the defendant was not personally liable, if he acted and was understood to act as agent of the town, appears to me to be a principle well established. The leading case, on this subject, is Macbeath v. Haldimand, found in 1 Term. R. 172. The opinion of Justice Ashurst, in that case, which was said to be entitled to the most unreserved respect, by Judge Spencer, in the case of Walker v. Swartwout, 12 Johns. R. 444, was, that “ a person, acting in the capacity of “ an agent, may undoubtedly contract in such a manner as to “ make himself personally liable, and that brings it to the “ true question here, namely, whether, from any thing which “ passed between the parties, at the time, it was understood “ by them that the plaintiff was to rely upon the personal se- “ curity of the defendant.” In that case, as the evidence was wholly in writing, it was thought by the court that the import of those writings was matter of law and not of fact. This case has been followed in this country by that of Hodgson v. Dezter, 1 Cranch, 345, Walker v. Swartwout, above mentioned, and in some of the other states. In the case of Bowen v. Morris, 2 Taunt. 374, it was considered that the principle which governed the case of Macbeath v. Haldimand, applied to a mayor of a borough, acting as agent for the corporation. The decision of the court, in that case, is very pertinent to the one before us. They decided that the “contract did not bind the mayor, personally, because he did not contract in behalf of himself, personally ; that he acted merely as agent,” even though the corporation had not constituted him their agent, under „seal; so that he was not competent, by that contract, to bind the corporation. And in the case of Olney v. Wickes, 18 Johns.
1. It does not appear, in this case, that the defendant was guilty of any neglect. He was but one of three overseers, and, for any thing appearing,he might have been controlled by the others.
2. The form of the action does not admit of this inquiry. The action is assumpsit. The inquiry is, whether there is a contract. If the defendant were to be made liable for this neglect, it should have been in an action ex delicto, and,
3. The extent of the powers of the overseers of the poor, was as well known to the plaintiff as to the defendant, and unless the defendant was guilty of some fraud or misrepresentation, as to obtaining the order, and if there was a mutual ignorance of the requirements of the law, I can see no reason why the effects of this mutual mistake should be transferred from the plaintiff to the defendant. If the plaintiff had any doubts as to the liability of the town, he should have required an express undertaking from the defendant to be personally responsible, in which case, we all agree, the action might have been maintained.
Of the case of King v. Butler, I have to remark, that, if it lays down any principles' which render this defendant liable, personally, I could not assent to it, as an authority. ' It was decided without argument, and it does not appear which of the learned judges of that court delivered the opinion. It was what is termed a per curiam case. The decisions which are found in Johnson’s Reports have always come to us with a weight of authority to which the learning, talents and exalted legal character of the learned justices, who composed
Again, I cannot readily see how on one contract, made at' the same time and by the same words, by this defendant, he should be treated as an agent of the town and render them 'liable for a part of the money advanced, &c., and as contracting on his own responsibility and making himself personally liable for the residue, in other words, how one entire contract should be the contract of the town, to the amount of five dollars, and the contract of the defendant for the residue.
On a consideration of the whole case, it appears to me that it should have been left to the jury to determine whether the defendant made any promise on which the plaintiff did rely as making him liable in his individual character ; that, from the evidence, as detailed, it is apparent that both considered the contract as made for and in behalf of the town, and that it was a mutual mistake as to the powers of the overseers to bind the town; that there was no concealment or misrepresentation of the defendant as to the extent of his authority; that it is not an action, ex delicto, in which it would be proper to enquire whether the defendant was guilty of any neglect or misfeasance in not procuring an order ; that there is no evidence that he was thus guilty ; that the contract was the contract of the town, and so treated by the plaintiff, and so considered by this court, as to the sum of five dollars, part of the sums advanced by the defendant. For these reasons, I think the judgment of the county court-should be reversed. In this opinion, Judge Redfield, who was here at the last term and heard the argument, concurs with me.