366 F.3d 554 | 7th Cir. | 2004
Lead Opinion
We have consolidated for decision two petitions to review decisions by the Board of Immigration Appeals denying asylum. The petitions reflect the continuing difficulty that the board and the immigration judges are having in giving reasoned explanations for their decisions to deny asylum. See, e.g., Niam v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 652, 653-54 (7th Cir.2004), and cases cited there, plus such subsequent decisions as Muhur v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 958 (7th Cir.2004); Kourski v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1038 (7th Cir.2004), and Mengistu v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1044 (7th Cir.2004).
Guchshenkov, with whom we begin, testified as follows. He is a citizen of Kazakhstan, formerly part of the Soviet Union but now an independent nation with a Kazakh majority which controls the new nation and a Russian minority to which Gu-chshenkov belongs. There is great enmity between the two groups, in part because of religious differences — the Kazakhs are Muslims, the Russians Christian — and in part because in the Soviet era the Russians were the top dogs and the roles have now been reversed. Guchshenkov married a Kazakh woman, and this provoked three nighttime attacks on him by Kazakh thugs. The first occurred the night of his wedding. The thugs beat him and told him he should leave the country because he was “not supposed to marry somebody from [a] different nationality.” He complained to the police (all of whom are Kazakhs), but they told him that “these things happen every day. We have more important things to take care of.” In the next attack, a year later, the thugs asked Guchshenkov “what are you doing here with your Russian faith,” reminded him that his wife was of a different faith, and told him to “get-out of here.” They beat and stabbed him. He was afraid to complain to the police.
The third attack was the worst. The attackers told him “we warned you, you knew it, and now your time has come”; “you don’t belong here, it’s not your place, and you’re just spoiling our blood.” He was hospitalized with a lacerated liver, and his gall bladder had to be removed. While he was in the hospital, his father went to the police station to file a complaint on his son’s behalf and was turned away on the ground that he was not the victim. Released from the hospital after two weeks, Guchshenkov went to the police station- — ■ indeed went seven times, never receiving satisfaction, although on one occasion the police gave him a photo album of criminals to look through. A year after the attack, the police wrote Guchshenkov that his case was “lost from the archive,” that they had no suspects, and that they were overloaded with other cases.
A year after that, Guchshenkov, leaving his wife and two children in Kazakhstan, went to Russia, where he paid someone $1,000 to smuggle him in a Russian ship to
The immigration judge acknowledged that the Kazakh majority, which controls the government of Kazakhstan, is hostile to the Russian minority and that Gu-chshenkov’s description of the attacks was truthful. Much of the opinion is given over to the question whether Guchshenkov was attacked because he is a Russian or because (as he had testified) he is a Russian married to a Kazakh. It is unclear why it should matter, unless he’s abandoned his family (we don’t know) — in which event it might be critical whether as a Russian not married to a Kazakh he would still face persecution. But in any event the ground on which the immigration judge concluded that the marriage had not been a factor in the beatings makes no sense. It’s that if the marriage had been a factor, Guchshenkov’s attackers “would know [him] by name ..., would call him by name and would most likely say things during these encounters which indicated that they were aware that [he] had married an ethnic Kazakh woman.” Guchshenkov had testified that his attackers “did not know him by name, they did not mention his spouse or family.” Gu-chshenkov of course did not know whether they knew his name or not; all he knew was that they hadn’t called him by name. They had referred to the marriage, contrary to the immigration judge, telling Gu-chshenkov that he was “not supposed to marry somebody from [a] different nationality.” It is impossible to follow the immigration judge’s reasoning process.
But because his attackers were private individuals rather than state actors, Guchshenkov was not persecuted within the meaning of the law unless the authorities either condoned the attacks or are unable to protect him. E.g., Bace v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 1133, 1138-39 (7th Cir.2003). The immigration judge noted that Guchshenkov had complained to the po lice, had followed up with a number of subsequent visits, the police had shown him the photo album, they “did take [his] complaint and made attempts to investigate the complaints,” and his case “was ultimately closed because it was lost and because the police could not devote more time to the investigation because it was overloaded with cases.” On the basis of this summary of the evidence, the immigration judge concluded that Guchshenkov had not been persecuted even if the attacks had been motivated by his marriage. But the immigration judge’s summary of the evidence is hopelessly incomplete. There is no reference to Guchshenkov’s testimony that the police are all Kazakhs (not necessarily the best evidence, but neither contradicted nor disbelieved), that their reaction to his first complaint was that “these things happen every day. We have more important things to take care of,” and that his father was turned away by the police after the third assault because he wasn’t the victim of the assault (the victim was in the hospital because of the gravity of his injuries). In light of this evidence, the claim made by the police after the third and most serious assault that they had simply lost Guchshenkov’s file required more careful scrutiny
The immigration judge’s conclusion that Guchshenkov’s “filing of various complaints and visiting the police station numerous times ... [are] inconsistent with the notion that the government of Kazahkstan had approved of these beatings” manages the difficult trick of being at once truthful and absurd. Guchshenkov’s repeated visits to the police station were signs of desperation rather than confidence, cf. Singh v. INS, 94 F.3d 1353, 1358 (9th Cir.1996), and while doubtless the government did not know of the beatings and so could not have approved of them, the question is whether it either can or wants to rein in the police when they deny Russians the elementary protections of the law; Guchshenkov’s testimony suggests not, as in id.; Andriasian v. INS, 180 F.3d 1033, 1036-38 (9th Cir.1999), and Surita v. INS, 95 F.3d 814, 817-19 (9th Cir.1996).
The Board of Immigration Appeals in its characteristically perfunctory opinion affirming the immigration judge added that Guchshenkov’s claim for asylum was further undermined by the fact that his wife and children had remained in Kazakhstan without encountering persecution. But it was Guchshenkov whom the thugs were after. His wife is a Kazakh and, for all we know, his children are being brought up as Muslims. Once he left the country, therefore, there was no reason for his family to be persecuted.
Guchshenkov may or may not have a meritorious claim for asylum. As noted earlier, this may turn on his family status, which the record does not illuminate. All we know at this stage is that the decision denying him asylum was unreasoned.
We move on to the Dimitrovs’ claim. They are Bulgarian citizens of Macedonian descent (“Macedonian” in the sense of the people who live in the nation of Macedonia, rather than of the people of the part of Greece known as Macedonia, which gave the world Alexander the Great). Before coming to the United States they belonged to an organization called OM-ILENDEN (also known as UMO-Ilinden or VMRO-Ilinden), which seeks to remind such citizens of their Macedonian ethnicity. According to Mr. Dimitrov’s testimony, he was arrested and beaten because he had OM-ILENDEN circulars in his possession, police came to his house and confiscated Macedonian books and records, he was told by the authorities that there is no place for Macedonians in Bulgaria, both he and his wife were fired from their jobs because of their membership in the organization, and for the same reason his brother was imprisoned and beaten and his daughter was expelled from medical school. A letter in the record from a U.S. professor named Robert Hayden, a specialist in the politics of the Balkans, establishes, what should anyway be well known to our immigration authorities, that there is a long history of enmity between Bulgaria and the Macedonian people. (Bulgaria sought to conquer Macedonia during the Balkan Wars and occupied it during both World War I and World War II.) According to Professor Hayden, Bulgaria has steadfastly denied that there is a Macedonian entity and has outlawed OM-ILENDEN, brutally oppressed Bulgarian Macedonians who identify themselves as Macedonians, and would persecute the Dimitrovs if they were returned to Bulgaria.
There is very deep confusion here. The Nuremberg Laws, which subjected the Jews in Nazi Germany to persecution, were laws, but that doesn’t mean that Jews were not persecuted. Persecution normally is undertaken either pursuant to law or by a government that can get away with acting supralegally; private oppression rises to the level of persecution only, as we noted earlier, when the government either condones or is helpless to prevent it. Of the different forms of persecution, that which is expressly authorized by the nation’s laws is the one most likely to be carried out systematically. See Bucur v. INS, 109 F.3d 399, 403 (7th Cir.1997); Li Wu Lin v. INS, 238 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir.2001). What is true is that prosecution for activities that would be illegal under our own laws is not grounds for asylum; so if the Dimitrovs had committed theft or assassination or other violence, or had fomented rebellion or civil war, and faced punishment for such acts if they were returned to Bulgaria, they could not contend that such punishment would be persecution within the meaning of our asylum law. Sharif v. INS, 87 F.3d 932, 935 (7th Cir.1996); Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 168-69 (3d Cir.2003); Chanco v. INS, 82 F.3d 298, 302 (9th Cir.1996). But there is no indication that they did anything beyond associating with an organization concerned with preserving their ethnic identity, which Bulgaria seeks to extirpate. If that is all they did — it is all the record indicates they did — the response of the Bulgarian government is the equivalent of our government’s suppressing the Knights of Columbus or the St. Patrick’s Day parade. Cf. Singh v. Ilchert, 63 F.3d 1501, 1508 (9th Cir.1995); Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615, 622 (6th Cir.1994) (“Yugoslavia outlaws and punishes peaceful expression of dissenting political opinion, the mere possession of Albanian cultural artifacts, the exercise of citizens’ rights to petition their government, and the association of individuals in political groups with objectives of which the government does not approve. Although international law allows sovereign countries to protect themselves from criminals and revolutionaries, it does not permit the prohibition and punishment of peaceful political expression and activity, the very sort of conduct in which the petitioners engaged here”). The fact that a democratically elected government might persecute a minority is not a paradox, since democracy implies majority rule.
The immigration judge doubted that the arrest and disemployment of Dimitrov were severe enough measures to amount to persecution, but she failed to
The petitions for review are granted, the orders of removal vacated, and the cases returned to the immigration service for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We urge that these two cases be reassigned to other immigration judges in view of the striking inadequacy of the analysis by the immigration judges whose decisions we are vacating. Niam v. Ashcroft, supra, 354 F.3d at 660-61; Kerciku v. INS, 314 F.3d 913, 919 (7th Cir.2003) (per curiam); Arulampalam v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 679, 689-90 (9th Cir.2003).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
Although I join the majority in voting to remand these two consolidated asylum petitions for further proceedings, I write separately to express my concern, and growing unease, with what I see as a recent trend by this court to be unnecessarily critical of the work product produced by immigration judges who have the unenviable duty of adjudicating these difficult cases in the first instance.
We are seeing a growing number of appeals in asylum cases every year. Just 4 years ago, in 2000, we resolved only 10 cases (in both published opinions and unpublished orders) involving appeals from orders denying asylum. We found substantial evidence supporting the decisions of the immigration judges (technically the BIA, but we can skip that detail) in 7 of these cases. In 2003 and the first 3 months of 2004, we have resolved 51 appeals in asylum cases. With today’s consolidated cases, we will have vacated and remanded 7 of these cases in a row. The countries for which the petitioners in the 51 cases have sought asylum read like the parade of nations in the opening ceremonies for the Olympic games:
Albania Montenegro
Algeria Nigeria
Bangladesh Pakistan
Bulgaria Peru
Cameroon Poland
Columbia Romania
Eritrea Russia
Ethiopia Rwanda
India Sudan
Kazakhstan Thailand
Lebanon Uganda
Macedonia Ukraine
Mexico
Recently, in failing to find substantial evidence in the record sufficient to affirm the decisions of the immigration judges, we have made disparaging comments about the quality of their work:
• The immigration judge “took over the questioning so that in the end the judge, rather than the attorney, had elicited whatever testimony [the petitioner] was able to give.”
*561 • The immigration judge “made up his mind about the ease and was subsequently unwilling to listen .... ”
• “There is a gaping hole in the reasoning of the ... immigration judge.”
• These cases show “a pattern of serious misapplications by the ... immigration judges of elementary principles of adjudication.”
• The immigration judge’s “analysis was so inadequate as to raise questions of adjudicative competence.”
• The immigration judge “ignored the evidence.”
• The immigration judge’s analysis of the evidence “was woefully inadequate.”
• The immigration judge displayed an “astounding lapse of logic.”
• The immigration judge’s opinion “is riven with errors .... ”
I wonder, after reading comments like this, if we have a fair appreciation of the work load and conditions under which immigration judges must work. For one thing, what we see is less than the tip of the iceberg of an immigration judge’s work load. In the Seventh Circuit, only 6 immigration judges hear roughly 1,000 contested asylum cases a year. That’s an average of 166 cases per judge per year. Some of these cases moot out (for instance, an applicant drops his request for asylum because he gets relief — that is, the right to stay in this country — on some other basis), and many end with a grant of relief. But we only see the cases where relief is denied which leaves, I suggest, the false impression that the immigration judges are simply denying asylum petitions willy-nilly.
Asylum cases nationally are on the rise. According to the Department of Homeland Security, 63,400 asylum cases were filed (covering 86,597 principals, spouses, and children) in 2002 — a whopping 10,522 asylum applications alone have come from petitioners wanting to get away from the People’s Republic of China. In addition to China, the 2002 asylum applications came for petitioners trying to avoid returning to 33 other Asian countries. The 2002 asylum petitioners also came from 36 European countries, 44 African countries, and 19 countries in Central and South America and the Caribbean.
Many of these applications are resolved (some are granted' — I’m told 35 percent— while others are denied) by asylum officers. Only the unresolved cases reach the hearing rooms of immigration judges. And the number, as we have seen, is staggering.
Contested asylum hearings themselves are not the sedate, high-tech proceedings one often sees in the courtroom of a United States district judge. Immigration judges have no court reporters — they record the proceedings on 30-minute cassette tapes which they themselves mark and flip over when one side of a tape is filled. Much of the testimony they hear comes through interpreters. Imagine conducting hearings involving asylum applicants from Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Yemen, and Mauritania over a 2-week period when none of the petitioners have a meaningful grasp of English.
To win a grant of asylum, a petitioner must establish that he is unable or unwilling to return to his home country because of past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992). Because 100 percent of asylum petitioners want to stay in this country, but less than 100 percent are entitled to asylum, an immigration judge must be alert to the fact that some petitioners will embellish their claims to increase their chances of success. On the other hand, an immigra
All in all, considering the difficult cases they hear day in and day out, I am of the view that immigration judges do a fairly good job. Are they perfect? No. Should we expect their decisions to be airtight? No. Perfection, I think, is simply impossible given their heavy work load, lack of resources, and the complexities involved in the cases they hear. In our two cases today, the immigration judges (Cuevas in Guchshenkov and Smith in Dimitrov) give us oral opinions that when transcribed run 10 and 16 pages long, respectively. The decisions demonstrate, as far as I’m concerned, that these judges have tried to discharge their responsibilities in a fair and professional manner. This court should not be so quick to criticize their efforts.
