770 F.2d 445 | 5th Cir. | 1985
Lead Opinion
Plaintiff Isiah Carl Green is a paraplegic who seeks to recover damages and obtain injunctive and declaratory relief because of the conditions of his confinement by the Texas Department of Corrections (TDC). The district judge, of the Southern District of Texas and not the judge presiding over the ongoing class action suit related to the Texas prisons, rendered judgment against Green. The holding was, in part, that the equitable claims arising after the 1979 trial of the class action suit could not be maintained by a member of the class through the individual’s lawsuit. Because that is contrary to the decision of this court in Johnson v. McKaskle, 727 F.2d 498 (5th Cir.1984), the judgment of the district court will be reversed and the case remanded, with directions that it be referred to the court wherein the class action stands.
This panel writes further to suggest en banc review of the holding of Johnson v. McKaskle that equitable claims germane to those made in the class action may be maintained individually by a class member, and we further suggest Judicial Council consideration of the administration of complaints by class members that implicate the decrees in the class action.
Our plaintiff Green filed complaints in October of 1978, and in June of 1979, which he amended and supplemented from time to time and as late as April of 1982, complaining of many details of his treatment by prison officers that began at the Huntsville unit in July of 1978 and continued to his confinement at the Wynne unit in 1981. Green sought injunctive and declaratory orders with respect to many aspects of the confinement and treatment of paraplegics, dealing with access to the law library, attendance upon religious services, administrative segregation, cell and shower facilities, medical assistance and treatment, and others. He also sought damages to compensate for some of his personal grievances. The suits were ultimately consolidated and dismissed by the district court.
The district court, following the magistrate’s recommendations, dismissed the claims for equitable relief on the grounds that they were barred by res judicata. The reasoning was that Green was a member of the class certified by the court in Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F.Supp. 1265 (S.D.Tex.1980), aff'd in part and rev’d in part, 679 F.2d 1115, opinion amended in part and vacated in part, 688 F.2d 266 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1042, 103 S.Ct. 1438, 75 L.Ed.2d 795 (1983), and that Green’s claims for injunctive relief were the same as those presented in Ruiz. In deciding that the legal claims could be resolved by summary judgment, the magistrate considered whether those claims “should be sent to [the Ruiz ] court ... for a determination of damages that arose out of conditions found unconstitutional in Ruiz,” but decided against doing so because “it would be administratively burdensome, if not overwhelming, for the Ruiz court to try all damage claims based upon allegations decided in Ruiz.”
Ten days after the judgment in the Green case, this court’s opinion in Johnson v. McKaskle was delivered. In many respects the facts in the Johnson case were similar to those here, and there it was held that equitable claims arising after the Ruiz trial (which was concluded on September 20, 1979) and before the Ruiz court decrees (one was dated March 3, 1981, another dated May 1, 1981, and there were a number of opinions and other orders) were maintainable as individual lawsuits apart from the class action. The Johnson decision directed the district court to transfer the equitable and legal claims to the Ruiz court.
The disposition of Green’s equitable claims was based entirely on the holding that Green was adequately represented in the Ruiz class action and would not be permitted to litigate similar equitable claims in his own lawsuit. Because that holding is contrary to Johnson, we are compelled to reverse the judgment of the district court. And we follow the lead of the Johnson decision in directing that Green’s equitable and legal claims be referred to the district court that fashioned the Ruiz injunctive decree.
II.
This panel is of the opinion that equitable claims by members of the Ruiz class, which are comparable to those claims litigated and under ongoing review and supervision of the court in the Ruiz class action, should not be maintainable as individual causes of action. The Ruiz class action suit is one of massive proportions. See Ruiz v. Estelle, 679 F.2d at 1127. The decrees of the court in that class action are directed at almost every facet of the facilities and the treatment of prisoners in the prisons of Texas. The class is composed of all past, present, and future inmates. A detailed section of a Ruiz decision was addressed to “Special Needs Inmates” and included a thorough evaluation of conditions in the Texas prisons as they relate to the physically handicapped wheelchair-bound inmate. 503 F.Supp. at 1340-43. Several paraplegic inmates testified before the court regarding their conditions of confinement.
Individual members of a class may, of course, seek to intervene in the class action and may contend for intervention, or
What is said here applies to equitable claims arising today as well as those arising before a Ruiz decree. The Ruiz court has expressly ordered that the plaintiff class may seek additional equitable relief by way of new or future claims. It is true today, as stated then by the Johnson court:
The ongoing injunctive decree of the Ruiz court is a forward looking order that regulated the daily affairs of the TDC during the period of Johnson’s complaint and continues such regulation today.
We would, of course, not prevent a member of the class from going to the class attorney, or to the court’s special master, to urge consideration of motions to the Ruiz court for additional equitable relief or sanctions against any party violating its injunctions. See Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 98 S.Ct. 2565, 57 L.Ed.2d 522 (1978); Leman v. Krentler-Arnold Hinge Last Co., 284 U.S. 448, 52 S.Ct. 238, 76 L.Ed. 389 (1932); Lance v. Plummer, 353 F.2d 585 (5th Cir.1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 929, 86 S.Ct. 1380, 16 L.Ed.2d 532 (1966).
We suggest en banc consideration.
III.
In Johnson this court set up a method of administration of all Texas prisoner civil rights suits that could implicate the Ruiz court decrees. We directed that all equitable claims occurring after the trial in the Ruiz case, all equitable claims that actions by TDC officials have violated the Ruiz decrees, and all legal claims based on administrative and operative practices of the TDC covered by the Ruiz injunction should be “filtered through the Ruiz court.” 727 F.2d at 501. The Ruiz court was to review each of these lawsuits and decide whether to
(a) retain and adjudicate the equitable rights asserted so that their adjudication will be consistent with the injunctive decree and the ongoing administration of that order, (b) retain and adjudicate the legal rights asserted if they are based on the terms of the injunctive decree and should be decided as part of any claims for equitable relief that the court adjudicates, (c) issue a show cause order for criminal or civil contempt and, if appropriate, impose punishment or award compensatory damages or other civil relief, or (d) return the action to the court from which it was transferred if it determines that its decree is not implicated and an independent adjudication in the separate § 1983 proceeding is more appropriate.
727 F.2d at 501 (footnotes omitted).
The Ruiz class action case is pending in the Southern District of Texas. Following our Johnson opinion, the Chief Judge of the Southern District of Texas by his general order Number 9 designated the Honorable William Wayne Justice, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, to continue to sit in the Southern District as the “Ruiz court.” In that capacity Judge Justice is to examine all section 1983 actions filed in the Southern District to determine if they “assert legal or equitable claims directly related to or dependent upon rights adjudicated and incorporated in the Ruiz injunctive decree.” 727 F.2d at 501. And Judge Justice is then to follow the directions of this court in Johnson.
Chief Judge Justice has thus been charged with responsibility for the oversight of these Ruiz related cases as well as the management of the conduct of the class action itself. Nor do we forget that he has a very heavy docket of his own in the
We are not aware of anything the Ruiz court is doing relative to individual equitable claims arising prior to the 1981 decree except insofar as his orders declare that Ruiz law shall apply to damages relief sought by that claimant. Nor do we see any sign that the Ruiz court is considering additional equitable relief for Texas prisoners not at the behest of the Ruiz class.
Law clerks, working under the direction of Judge Justice, are examining the civil rights complaints filed in the clerks’ offices of these two districts. As of this date they have reviewed 843 individual cases. In 634 of these cases orders have been entered by which magistrates are directed to conduct hearings where the prisoner is asked to elect between proceeding in the Ruiz court for civil contempt compensation or pursuing legal relief by full trial in a non-Ruiz court. We are told that there have been 102 separate election hearings conducted by the magistrates in the Eastern District. Of these, 30 petitioners have elected to seek civil contempt compensation, 34 have elected to proceed in the other courts for damages, and the balance have not yet made their decisions.
The size of this undertaking and the poor prospects for timely disposition of these cases lead this panel to believe that prompt changes are required. The Judicial Council now has before it a request for the extension of employment of two staff attorneys and one secretary who are working on these Ruiz related cases. Congress has directed that “[e]ach Judicial Council shall make all necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice within its circuit.” 28 U.S.C. § 332(d)(1) (1982). This panel believes that we have an occasion here when the oversight of the Council should be exercised.
IV.
The judgment in the present case is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with the directions that it be referred to the Ruiz court for further proceedings.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
I concur in the judgment and join in the Court’s opinion subject only to the following. Though I am in agreement with what is said in part II as applied to appellant, I might have some reservations about future inmates. I do fully agree, however, with the suggestion for en banc consideration.