Irvin Wooden sued the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company pursuant to the Federal Employers Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. (“FELA”). Wooden alleged that he had contracted silicosis as a result of work he did for the Railroad, and that the Railroad had negligently failed to provide him with a respiratory mask. The trial judge directed a verdict for defendant, finding that Wooden had failed to present any evidence which would permit an inference that the Railroad was aware of the risk to Wooden. On appeal, we find that there was sufficient evidence to warrant submitting the case to the jury under the FELA’s especially permissive standard. We therefore vacate and remand.
*561 I
Between 1954 and 1961, Irvin Wooden worked for the Texas Pacific-Missouri Pacific Railroad. Wooden operated a tamping machine, a machine powered by compressed air and used to tamp gravel undеr the Railroad’s ties and tracks. Wooden alleges that the machine generated a heavy cloud of silicon dust.
In 1985, Wooden was diagnosed as suffering from silicosis, a lung disease associated with significant exposure to silica dusts. In 1986, Wooden filed suit against the Railroad under the FELA. Section 1 of that stаtute provides
Every common carrier by railroad while engaging in commerce ... shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce ... for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or еmployees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves or other equipment.
To prevail, Wooden thus had to show that he was injured, that the Railroad was negligent, and that the Railroad’s negligence caused his injury. For the purposes of the FELA, negligence is defined by federal common law.
Urie v. Thompson,
At the close of Wooden’s case, the trial judge directed a verdict for thе Railroad. She reasoned that Wooden had failed to present any evidence which would permit the jury to infer that the Railroad knew or should have known that Wooden’s job placed him at risk of contracting silicosis. On appeal, Wooden raises four issues. First, did Wooden present evidеnce sufficient to permit an inference that a reasonable railroad would have known that Wooden’s job with the Railroad subjected him to a risk of severe respiratory ailment? Second, should the district judge have taken judicial notice that it was common knowledge in the late 1950’s that working in a cloud of silicon dust without respiratory gear could cause severe lung injury? Third, should the district judge have allowed an expert witness to testify that the dangers of silicosis were well-known to industrial hygienists in the 1950’s? Fourth, should the district judge have granted a directed verdict for Wooden in light of similar cases in which juries had found railroads obligated to protect workers from the hazard of silicosis?
II
The district judge ruled that the jury could not reasonably have inferred, on the basis of the evidence presented, that the Railroad knew, or should have known, that Wooden’s job exposed him to a substantial risk of silicosis. In this Circuit, a directed verdict against the plaintiff in an FELA suit is appropriate “only when there is a complete absence of probative facts” supporting the plaintiff’s position.
Allen v. Seacoast Products, Inc.,
To apply the “complete absence of probative facts” standard, we must review the evidence in the record favorable to Wooden. Wooden himself testified that *562 the tamping was done by eight-man teams, and that the tampers generated a heavy cloud of dust: “Yоu barely could see what you was doing with the smoke — the dust be going up over your head from the tampers.” Wooden also testified that the material in the railroad bed was gravel mixed with sand. He told the jury that he had been provided with a respirator at two other jobs, with the Avondale Shipyards and with Haаse Construction Co., that had required him to work in a cloud of sandy dust.
Dr. Yehia Hammad, an industrial hygienist, testified that the Missouri-Pacific trackbed contained gravel that was one hundred percent silica. He also testified that respiratory protection would be essential for someone regularly wоrking in a visible cloud of dust generated by the crushing of silicates. Hammad also stated that government-approved respirators were available in the 1940’s and 1950’s, and that the best of these respirators were 99.9 percent efficient. Hammad stated that the profession of industrial hygiene had existеd throughout this century, and that industrial hygienists were available for hire by industries seeking to maintain a safe workplace.
Finally, Dr. Morton Brown, a physician treating Wooden, testified that in the middle nineteenth century, “we began to get a pretty good idea of the dangerous nature of the dust,” and that in the eаrly twentieth century it became obvious that “silicon dioxide, which is white sand, the kind of sand that you see at the beach ... is very very noxious to the lung.”
From this evidence, the jury might have inferred that the Railroad knew, or should have known, of the risk to Wooden. From the information that other employers provided rеspirators to workers who might inhale dust from sand, and that the government had approved various respirators, the jury might infer that the Railroad should have known that workers exposed to sandy dusts need respiratory protection. From the fact that Wooden, together with other members of the tamрing team, worked in a heavy, almost blinding cloud of dust generated by sand and gravel, the jury might have inferred that the Railroad should have known that Wooden worked in a cloud of silica dust: the Railroad might have seen the dust, and known what rocks were on its trackbeds. Together these two inferences would enаble the jury to conclude that the Railroad knew or should have known that Wooden needed respiratory protection.
The links in this chain are weak. The jury might quite reasonably have refused to draw the conclusions Wooden asked of them. But we need not determine how the jury should have decided. The only question before us is whether there was a “complete absence of probative facts” supporting Wooden’s argument. We find there were some, if very few, probative facts to support his allegations.
It may seem unfair to permit a jury to charge the Railroad with knowlеdge on so thin a basis. It must be remembered, however, that the Railroad, as well as Wooden, could choose to present more direct evidence about the Railroad’s knowledge or lack thereof. Moreover, contrary to the Railroad’s argument on appeal, Woоden had no obligation to present evidence of the safety practices of other railroads. One need not show a deviation from industry practice in order to prevail on an FELA claim.
Urie,
The Fourth Circuit’s decision in
Young v. Clinchfield Railroad Co.,
We therefore vacate the order of the district court.
Ill
This case reaches us in a rather unusual posture. The Railroad moved for directed verdict at the close of Wooden’s case. However, the pretrial order aрparently would have precluded the Railroad from putting on any evidence had the motion for directed verdict failed. Wooden therefore asks us not only to vacate the verdict in the Railroad’s favor, but also to enter a verdict for him.
In order to evaluate Wooden’s argumеnt for a directed verdict, we first take up his contention that the district judge should have taken judicial notice that it was common knowledge in the late 1950’s that working in a cloud of silicon dust without respiratory gear could cause severe lung diseases. If this contention is correct, then, obviously, the аrgument for a directed verdict in Wooden’s favor is stronger.
Federal Rule of Evidence 201 states that a court shall take judicial notice of any adjudicative fact which is “not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) caрable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Wooden asked the trial court to take judicial notice that it was common knowledge in the 1950’s that working in silicon dust subjected one to a substantial risk of contracting silicosis. To show that this fact was “not subject to reasonable dispute,” Wooden quoted the New York Court of Appeals, which observed in 1944, “It is a matter of common knowledge that it is injurious to the lungs and dangerous to health to work in silica dust, a fact which defendant was bound to know.”
Sadowski,
The relevant standard for determining whether the district judge should have taken judicial notice of the proffered fact is announced by
Hardy v. Johns-Mansville Sales Corp.,
The essential defect in Wooden’s argument is that the fact he asks be noticed is closely joined to an obviously, and legitimately, controverted issue: even if it was common knowledge in 1955 that inhaling silica dusts could lead to lung disease, that does not resolve the crucial question of whether the Railroad should have known that the
particular
concentration of dust to which Wooden was exposed entailed a significant risk of silicosis. To notice the fact that some concentrations of silica dusts were known to be harmful would only confuse the jury’s consideration of whether the Railroad did know, or should have known, a particular concentration to be harmful.
See Laster v. Celotex Corp.,
More generally, Wooden’s argument misuses precedent. Dicta in past decisions, even from the Supreme Court, does not dispose of factual issues in later cases. *564 The Supreme Court is an authoritative source of federal law, but it is not authoritativе on factual questions about industrial knowledge of occupational diseases in the 1950’s. We do not, however, mean to say that the Supreme Court decision in Uñe is irrelevant to that question. The existence of silicosis suits during, and before, the 1950’s may, if appropriately introduced into evidencе, support an inference that railroads were knowledgable about the hazards of silicosis. But judicial notice of the conclusion yielded by that inference is, as the trial judge correctly ruled, inappropriate.
IV
Our resolution of the judicial notice question renders easy our dispоsition of Wooden’s request for a directed verdict in his favor. We have outlined a chain of reasoning that might enable a jury to conclude that the Railroad knew of the risk to Wooden. We have also, however, observed that the chain is composed of weak links. A jury might reasonably rejеct Wooden’s argument.
Wooden has also argued that the district judge erroneously excluded certain evidence offered by Dr. Hammad, the industrial hygienist. The trial judge, applying an Eastern District of Louisiana local rule, held that the evidence was barred because not appropriately described by the witness’ pre-trial report. The proffered evidence concerned the extent of knowledge about silicosis in the scholarly community. It did not directly show that the defendant Railroad in this case knew, or should have known, that Wooden was at risk of contracting silicosis. As such, thе proffered evidence, even if properly admissible, could not justify us in directing a verdict for Wooden. We therefore must remand for a new trial. Because we make such a remand, the question of Dr. Hammad’s compliance with the local rule at the first trial becomes moot.
We notе also that the defendant Railroad impeached various other elements of Wooden’s case, including causation. We do not by this decision express any opinion upon those arguments.
V
We thus find that Wooden provided the jury with some, if minimal, probative facts in the record to show knowledge on the part of the Railroad. We therefore vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for new trial.
VACATED AND REMANDED.