39 Iowa 112 | Iowa | 1874
At the J une term, 1873, this court filed its opinion holding (Cole, J., dissenting,) in The Iowa Railroad La,nd Company v. Sac County et al., that under the statutes of Iowa then in force, the county Board of Supervisors having levied the maximum tax of four mills on the dollar of valuation for ordinary county revenue, had no power or authority to levy a further tax upon the taxable property in the county for the purpose of paying a judgment rendered against the county upon its ordinary county warrants: A rehearing was ashed by the plaintiff and granted upon other questions in the case decided adversely to it. Pending such petition and prior to the commencement of this action, namely, on the 18th of March, 1874, the General Assembly passed the following act:
“ An Act to legalize certain judgmeni-taxes levied by counties and other municipal corporations in the State of Iowa:
Whereas, Judgments have been rendered both in the State and Federal Courts against various counties, school districts, and other municipal corporations; and,
Whereas, Such corporations, claiming the right to do so under section 3275 of the Eevision of 1860, and the amendments thereto, have levied special taxes to pay the same; and, Whereas, Doubts have arisen as to the power to levy such taxes under the law; and,
Whereas, Many of the tax-payers have paid such taxes, and it is the interest of such corporations that all of such taxes be collected, and said judgments paid off; now, therefore,
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, That such judgment taxes, so levied by such corporations, be, and the same are hereby declared legal and valid, and where the same have not been paid, the officers of such corporations are hereby empowered and direeted to proceed at once to collect the same as other taxes are collected, and pay the same over to the parties entitled thereto.”
The second section of the act provides for its taking effect upon publication in certain newspapers.
The principal ground of the demurrer to the petition is in effect that, whatever illegality may have existed in the levy of
In 1888, the legislature passed an act providing in substance that all cities and towns theretofore incorporated under special acts and charters, and which did not then possess the power to sell personal and real property for the collection of delinquent taxes, should thereafter have and possess such power. In Haskel v. The City of Burlington, 30 Iowa, 232, the constitutionality of this act was brought in question. It was urged that it was a special law, since it did not apply to all the cities in the State, and was thei'efore in conflict with the above article of the Constitution, wherein it prohibits the General Assembly from passing “ local or special laws for the incorporation of cities and towns.” The act, however, was held constitutional, and the true construction of the act declared to be that it operated upon a particular condition, and attached to it certain consequences, and that, whenever that condition existed, the consequences follow. The principle involved in that case was the same as in the one before us. In this case the act of the General Assembly operated upon a particular condition; that is, in all municipal corporations where they have, before the passage of the act, levied special taxes in excess of the maximum allowed by law to pay judgments, the consequences which are named in the act follow, namely, such taxes are declared legal and valid. As in Haskel v. The City of Burlington, supra, the act applied “ to all cities in the State fall
In McAunich v. The M. & M. R. Co., 20 Iowa, the same doctrine is held as in Haskel v. City of Burlington, supra. It Avas there held that the number of citizens affected by a law does not control its validity, under § 6, Art. 1, and § 30 of Art. 3 of the constitution; that if the law operates upon every per-, son Avithin the relations or circumstances provided for, it is: sufficient as to uniformity. The statute under consideration in that case was the seventh section of chapter 169, of the Laws of 1862, which defined the duties and liabilities of railroad, corporations to their employes. The court, per Cole, J., speaking of these laws which apply to classes or conditions of persons and things; says: “these laAvs are general and uni-, form, not because they operate upon every person in the State, for they do not, but because every person who is brought within the relations and circumstances specified is affected by the laAV. They are general and uniform in their operation upon all persons in the like situation.” See, also, U. S. Express Company v. Ellyson, 28 Iowa, 370; Van Phul v. Hammer, 29 Id., 222.
In The State v. Squires, Id., 340, it was held that retrospective laws, as distinguished from ex post facto laws, are not in conflict with the constitution of the United States, nor of this State; that in the absence of any constitutional inhibition, a state legislature has the power to pass retrospective or retroactive laws, and that they will be declared inoperative only when they disturb or interfere with vested rights. In that case a curative act legalizing the defective organization of a school district was held constitutional and valid. The doctrine of these cases .is well settled by numerous decisions of this court. See, Davis v. O'Ferrall, 4 G. Greene, 168, 358; Phares v. Walters, 6 Iowa, 106; Montgomery v. Chadwick, 7 Id., 114; McMillen v. Boyles, 6 Id., 304, and cases cited; Newman v. Samuels, 17 Id., 528; Boardman v. Beckwith, 18 Id., 292.
It seems to us that there is no ground for distinction between that case and the one before us. The act of 1874 purports to render legal and valid certain tax levies which were not legal and valid at the time of the levies, so did the act of April 2, 1860.
It is urged that the judgment taxes, attempted to be legalized in this case, were absolutely void, because they were levied in excess of lawful authority, and that therefore the General Assembly cannot by a retrospective act, give validity to such void levies. In Boardman v. Beckwith, supra, the taxes levied for the year 1858, were levied without any lawful authority whatever. The levies were not simply in excess of lawful authority, as in this case, but were made without any authority to make them, and it was held that the act of April 2, 1860, passed to cure and render legal and valid these illegal and void levies, was constitutional, valid and operative, and rendered the taxes levied in 1858, without any authority of law, collectible.
If it was competent for the General Assembly to pass the act above referred to, whereby the illegal and void taxes levied in 1858 were legalized and their collection authorized, it was likewise competent for the legislature to pass the act under
This power of the legislature to cure defective or irregular proceedings is not limited by the fact that, but for such curative act, the defective proceeding would be wholly invalid or inoperative; The State v. Squires, supra, and cases cited on p. 348. “Nor is it material that a cause was pending involving the question of the validity of the proceeding sought to be cured, when the act curing it was passed/’ Ibid. See also Allen v. Archer, 49 Maine, 346; Winchester v. Inhabitants of Corina, 55 Id., 9; Walter v. Bacon, 8 Mass., 468, 472; Fowler v. Select Men, etc., 8 Allen, 80; Baldwin v. The Town of North Bedford, 32 Conn., 47; City of Bridgeport v. H. R. Co., 15 Conn., 475; Scofield v. Watkins, 22 Ills., 66, 73; Cowgill v. Long, 15 Id., 202; Weisler et al. v. Hade, 52 Penn. St., 474; Cass Township v. Dillon, 16 Ohio St., 38; The State ex rel. Baker v. Scudder, 3 Vroom, 203; Walpole v Elliott, 18 Ind., 258; Welch v. Wadsworth, 30 Conn., 149.
When it is conceded that the General Assembly has the power to pass an act conferring authority upon'municipal corporations to levy taxes, it necessarily follows that the same, power may cure or ratify and make valid the taxes levied without such prior authority, unless vested rights are thereby impaired. Thompson v. Lee County, 3 Wallace, 327.
We have read and examined the numerous cases cited by appellants, and find them generally in accord with the cases in this court above cited. While we should feel compelled to follow the cases in our own court, which, it seems to us, clearly cover every question in this case, and bring us to the conclusions above reached, yet we will notice some of the cases relied upon most confidently by appellants’ counsel. The case which they denominate the leading one in support of the claim that the act impairs vested rights, is Dash v. Van Kleeck, 7 Johns, 477. In,that case the sheriff suffered a prisoner in his custody on execution to escape, upon which, under the law then in force, the sheriff became liable to the creditor. The prisoner returned to the custody of the sheriff, who, ou going out of office, assigned him to his successor, and while in his custody the prisoner applied'for his' discharge under an act for the relief of debtors, etc.; and the plaintiff, not knowing of the escape, opposed the application, in consequence of. which the debtor remained in custody. After the institution of the action against the sheriff who suffered the escape, an act was passed by- the legislature permitting sheriffs to. plead the prisoner’s return to custody as a defense to an action for an escape; it was held that this act did not operate retrospectively, •so as to divest the vested right of action which accrued to the plaintiff by the escape. Spencer and Gates, JJT., dissenting.
The ground upon which the court bases the decision is, that, as the sheriff, in suffering his prisoner to escape, became liable -absolutely to the plaintiff for the debt, such liability was a vested right which could not be taken away by a retroactive 'law. ' In, tiffs holding there is nothing inconsistent with the
In the case of Menges v. Deutler, 33 Penn. St., 495, the plaintiff’s father was, in 1833, the owner of 408 acres of land lying partly in Lycoming and partly in Northumberland counties, at which time he executed a mortgage upon the same to one Parker for $800, which was recorded in Lycoming county. In 1839, suit was brought and judgment obtained on the mortgage in Lycoming county, the property sold at sheriff’s sale, and deed made by him to George Oyster for the entire tract, describing the same as lying in the two counties. The purchaser took possession but in a suit by the heirs of the mortgagor, who had deceased, it was decided that no title passed by the sheriff’s sale and the heirs had judgment for the land.
In 1843, the legislature passed an act declaring the sheriff’s deed to be good and valid, and it was held that this act was
The case of Hart v. Henderson, 17 Mich. 218, holds that the legislature has power to correct any mere irregularity in the proceedings for the assessment, and collection of taxes authorized by law, but when the original tax was levied without any authority of law, no subsequent legislation can make it a legal demand. This is the only case we have been able to-find, (except the Kansas case above referred to,) holding this doctrine, and it is in direct and palpable conflict with Boardman v. Beckwith, supra, and other Iowa cases cited. It is also in conflict with the following cases; Winchester v. Corina, 55 Maine, 9; The State ex rel. v. Scudder, 3 Vroom, 203; Bellows v. Weeks, 41 Vt., 390; Walpole v. Elliott, 18 Ind., 258; Thames Manuf. Co. v. Lathrop, 7 Conn., 550.
We discover nothing in any of the other numerous cases cited by the learned counsel for appellant that demands a review thereof at our hands. As we understand them, they hold no doctrines conflicting with the decisions we have cited from our own reports, or not in accord with the views and conclusions we have herein expressed.
III. It is further claimed ,that the act under consideration is an intended exercise of judicial power, and, therefore, unconstitutional and void.
When vested rights are divested by legislative acts of this •character, they will be adjudged inoperative and void by the courts. Bagg’s Appeal, 7 Wright, (44 Pa. St.) 512. But the act under consideration does not fall within this character of legislation. The power of taxation is a necessary and indispensable incident to every government. It is “ one of the sovereign powers of the State vested in the General Assem
We have seen that the General Assembly possesses the power to cure and render legal and valid, by subsequent laws, defective or irregular proceedings, wherever it would have the power to authorize such proceedings in the first instance. Since, therefore, it is within the proper scope of legislative "authority to pass general laws for the assessment and collection of taxes, the passage of a general law curing and legalizing the levy and collection of taxes irregularly or illegally levied, is also an exercise of legislative authority as essentially as is the passage of an original act authorizing the taxation. Such is the’ character of the act wre are considering. It does not encroach upon the domain of judicial power, but it is clearly within the scope of legitimate legislative authority. It legalized the taxes levied to pay judgments in the various municipal corporations, which taxes were not legal and collectible prior to the passage of the • act, because of a want of lawful authority to levy the same. The court did not err, therefore, in sustaining the demurrer, and its judgment must be affirmed.
Affirmed.