59 S.E.2d 829 | N.C. | 1950
IONIC LODGE NO. 72, F. & A. A. M.,
v.
IONIC LODGE FREE ANCIENT & ACCEPTED MASONS NO. 72 CO. et al.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*832 Elledge & Browder, Eugene H. Phillips, Winston-Salem, for plaintiff-appellant.
Ingle, Rucker & Ingle, Winston-Salem, for defendants-appellees.
SEAWELL, Justice.
The grounds on which Judge Clement acted in reversing the Clerk of the Superior Court were sufficiently made clear in the premises to his judgment and those grounds were: (a) That the unincorporated fraternal society has no capacity to sue or be sued, and having no standing in a court of law and equity, the judgment rendered in its behalf was null and void; and (b) that the defendant corporation with the remarkable appellation, "Ionic Lodge Free Ancient & Accepted Masons No. 72 Company," having had its charter suspended by the Secretary of State for nonpayment of revenue tax was thereby deprived of its power to "function," was, during the suspension, in no better position than a dissolved corporation,barred from all activities, particularly the capacity to sue or defend in the courts.
Of these in order.
1. Of the capacity of the plaintiff to sue in its common name, the demurrer ore tenus to the complaint and the motion to dismiss the action. The appellant contends that the demurrer to the complaint and motion to dismiss based on the incapacity of the plaintiff to sue in the manner attempted came too late after a year of quiescence since answering. We may dispose of the critical analyses and niceties of distinction which occupy many pages of the briefs by supposing the objections to have been timely made and considering them on their merits. Ball-Thrash & Co. v. McCormick, 162 N.C. 471, 78 S.E. 303; Brewer & Co. v. Abernathy, 159 N.C. 283, 285, 74 S.E. 1025; Tucker v. Eatough, 186 N.C. 505, 120 S.E. 57. If the plaintiff had the legal capacity to sue with respect to its property and the incident property rights, both the motion and the demurrer grounded on the contrary theory are ineffective.
Following the strict rule of the common law our courts have uniformly held that unless given that capacity by *833 some pertinent statute an unincorporated association has not the capacity to sue. Tucker v. Eatough, supra; Kerr v. Hicks, 154 N.C. 265, 266, 268, 70 S.E. 468, 33 L.R.A.,N.S., 529.
Tucker v. Eatough cites United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co., 259 U.S. 344, 42 S.Ct. 570, 66 L.Ed. 975, 27 A.L.R. 762, and quotes [186 N.C. 505, 120 S.E. 59]: "Undoubtedly at common law an unincorporated association of persons was not recognized as having any other character than a partnership in whatever was done, and it could only sue or be sued in the names of its members, and their liability had to be enforced against each member."
The appellants contend, and we think correctly so, that the plaintiff comes within the pale of recently enacted statutes vesting them with that capacity.
Chapter 133 of the Public Laws of 1939, incorporated in the General Statutes as Sec. 39-24 to Sec. 39-27, inclusive, relates to voluntary organizations and associations. G.S. § 39-24 provides as follows: "Voluntary organizations and associations of individuals organized for charitable, fraternal, religious, or patriotic purposes, when organized for the purposes which are not prohibited by law, are hereby authorized and empowered to acquire real estate and to hold the same in their common or corporate names."
Sec. 39-25 authorizes conveyance in the common name.
It is strongly persuasive that having been given the power to acquire, hold and convey property under its common name there must go with it the capacity to sue and be sued in respect to it.
In arguendo the capacity of the plaintiff to sue in United Mine Workers v. Coronado Coal Co., supra, was based largely on this principle; and the case of Taff-Vale R. Co. v. Amalgamated Soc. of Railway Servants, A.C. 426, 1 B.R.C. 832, quoted in the Coronado Case was decided altogether on that principle. The Coronado case quotes from the Taff-Vale case as follows:
"Mr. Justice Farwell, meeting the objection that the union was not a corporation and could not be sued as an artificial person, said: `If the contention of the defendant society were well founded, the Legislature has authorized the creation of numerous bodies of men capable of owning great wealth and of action by agents with absolutely no responsibility for the wrongs that they may do to other persons by the use of that wealth and the employment of those agents.'
"He therefore gave judgment against the union. This was affirmed by the House of Lords. The legislation in question in that case did not create trade unions, but simply recognized their existence and regulated them in certain ways, but neither conferred on them general power to sue, nor imposed liability to be sued." [259 U.S. 344, 42 S.Ct. 576.]
In 1943 the General Assembly, by enacting Chapter 478, amended G.S. § 1-97 by adding to it paragraph 6 as follows:
"Any unincorporated association or organization, whether resident or nonresident, desiring to do business in this state by performing any of the acts for which it was formed, shall, before any such acts are performed, appoint an agent in this state upon whom all processes and precepts may be served, and certify to the clerk of the superior court of each county in which said association or organization desires to perform any of the acts for which it was organized the name and address of such process agent. If said unincorporated association or organization shall fail to appoint the process agent pursuant to this subsection, all precepts and processes may be served upon the secretary of state of the state of North Carolina. Upon such service, the secretary of state shall forward a copy of the process or precept to the last known address of such unincorporated association or organization. Service upon the process agent appointed pursuant to this subsection or upon the secretary of state, if no process agent is appointed, shall be legal and binding on said association or organization, and any judgment recovered in any action commenced *834 by service of process, as provided in this subsection, shall be valid and may be collected out of any real or personal property belonging to the association or organization."
It is contended by the appellees that this subsection still refers to "unincorporated, fraternal, beneficial organization, fraternal benefit order, association and/or society issuing certificates and/or policies", etc., mentioned in Sec. 4. There is no internal reference to section 4 or sec. 6, and no similarity of content; and there is no reason why it should be so categorized and plenty of reason why it should not. Not only is G.S. § 1-97 directed to the method of service covering a number of cases not connected with paragraph 4, but the provisions of paragraph 6 are as general with reference to "unincorporated associations" as could well be devised.
Subsection 4 provides for service on a beneficial association issuing certificates or policies of insurance "as is now or hereafter provided for service of process on corporations: Provided, this paragraph shall only apply in actions concerning such certificates and/or policies of insurance." The further provision for service on associations, as applied to those mentioned in paragraph 4, would be not only supererogatory but contradictory. We think the plaintiff comes within the pale of subsection 6.
The statute does not in direct language confer upon an association like the plaintiff the capacity to sue and be sued in its common name; but its intent and effect cannot be mistaken. In a similar situation in Ex parte Hill, 165 Ala. 365, 51 So. 786, 787, the Supreme Court of Alabama observed: "To provide for the service of process implies the power to issue such process; and the power to issue or serve judicial process implies an action or suit pending or to be commenced by such process. The power to serve judicial process upon an individual, association, or corporation implies necessarily that such individual, corporation, or association is suable or subject to the process of the court for which such process issues." And it can hardly be questioned that if the association might be sued in its common name by service upon the process agent or the Secretary of State, it follows as a corollary conclusion that it has also the capacity to sue. We so hold.
It follows that the motion to dismiss plaintiff's action and the demurrer thereto should have been declined and overruled.
2. Of the corporate defendant's capacity to be sued and to defend. The picture of the corporation whose charter has been suspended by the Secretary of State under Section 801 of the Revenue Act of 1937, on certificate of the Commissioner of Revenue that it has not reported or paid its tax, as drawn by the appellees, is harsher than the statute contemplates. It is permitted to breathe a little and survive the period of suspension so that it may have power to conduct its ordinary business activities if the Commissioner subsequently reports to the Secretary of State, and the suspension is automatically ended. The law has not given to either of these State agencies the power to dissolve or extinguish the corporation or write upon their files a hic jacet. There are many ways in which the corporation may be dissolved. Amongst them: voluntary surrender of its charter, expiration of the period of existence named in the charter, by court action for adequate cause, and others; but not under the statute cited. The statutes usually provide that a corporation dissolved in this manner will have time to wind up its affairs, and provide for the manner in which this may be done.
For reasons a fortiori and by a fair interpretation of the statute, while depriving the corporation of the power to engage in the ordinary business for which it has been chartered, it has not taken away from it the incidental powers necessary to its survival; the power to protect its property in a court of law, either by assertion or defense of right. These are convenient, of course, for the performance of the general activities which the statute bars, but they are exigent when no other means is provided to protect the *835 property and property rights belonging to the corporation and to its stockholders to whom the corporation stands in trust relation.
Who shall defend it? Is the suspended corporation an acceptable party in the forum where its rights are finally determined, persona standi in judcio? It would be an amazing paradox indeed if the fact that the corporation failed to pay its debts to the state should operate to absolve it from is obligations to others.
This is not an open question here. In Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Plumtree School for Boys, 229 N.C. 738, 743, 51 S.E.2d 477, the question was directly raised and the decision was contrary to the present contention of the appellees. We see no necessity of extending the discussion beyond what was said there.
3. Of the plaintiff's motion to amend the complaint. There remains for consideration the denial of plaintiff's motion to amend the complaint. Ordinarily the motion might have been within the discretion of the courtthe basis on which His Honor purported to deny it. But it is evident that he ignored the conditions under which that discretion might have been exercised, in attempting to dismiss the action; in that view the phrase "in the discretion of the court" merely presents a term and not a reality. The court cannot achieve double security for its order in this way.
The suit is still pending. The judgment in controversy went only as far as the clerk conceived his jurisdiction to extend; he did not appoint a receiver; he did not make provision for accounting; he did not attempt to exercise equitable powers of any sort. These things were left to the Superior Court where further proceedings are within its orderly jurisdiction. The judgment is by default final as to the title of the property; and the rights of the plaintiff consequent upon this adjudication are still open to pursuit.
Since the statute G.S. § 39-24 provides that fraternal organizations may acquire and hold property "in their common or corporate names" and convey it in the "common name", G.S. § 39-25, as we have said, we see no reason why the plaintiff may not sue or defend in eodem nomine, and we understand this to be the intent of the law, G.S. § 1-97(6). At any rate we are of the opinion that the order of His Honor was improvidently made and it is therefore stricken out without prejudice to the plaintiff to renew its motion in the court below.
For these reasons the judgment under review is reversed and the cause is remanded to the Superior Court of Forsyth County for judgment in accordance with this opinion, and such further proceedings as may be proper.
Reversed and remanded.