194 F. 522 | W.D. Mich. | 1912
(after stating the facts as above). Complainant contends that, in operating its ferry and ferryboats, it is engaged in foreign commerce, and that the enforcement of the city ordinance in question is a violation of the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States, which places the regulation of interstate and foreign commerce within the exclusive jurisdiction and control-of 'Congress, and is also a violation of the above-quoted article of the treaty between the United States and Great Britain. On the other hand!, the defendants contend that the right to license and regulate ferries, even though they are operated upon and across boundary waters between states or between the United States and a foreign country, is one of the many powers reserved to the states and not delegated to Congress, and therefore that the enforcement of this ordinance is a lawful exercise of such power and is not an encroachment upon the constitutional powers of Congress, nor a violation of rights secured by treaty, even though foreign commerce may thereby be incidentally affected.
In support of their respective contentions, counsel upon both sides rely upon decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Counsel for complainant insist that the later decisions of that court, particularly in the cases of Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U. S. 196, 5 Sup. Ct. 826, 29 L. Ed. 158, and Covington Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204, 14 Sup. Ct. 1087, 38 L. Ed. 962, have set-
The difficult and delicate problem thus presented is precisely stated but not solved in St. Clair County v. Interstate Transfer Company, 192 U. S. 454-465, 24 Sup. Ct. 300, 303 (48 L. Ed. 518), where the court, after reviewing the cases above mentioned!, says:
“The position of the parties as to the cases which we have reviewed is this: The county (city) insists that the statement in Gibbous v. Ogden that the establishment of ferries was within the reserved powers of the states, and the rulings in Fanning v. Gregoire, Conway v. Taylor, and. Wiggins Ferry Co. v. East St. Louis, affirmatively settle that a state may establish ferries over a navigable river, the boundary between two states, and license the same, and that doing so is not only'not repugnant to the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States, but is in consonance therewith, since the power as to ferries was reserved lo the states and not delegated to the national government. The Gloucester Ferry Case, it is said, rested upon the nature of the particular tax imposed by the state of Pennsylvania, and that the case may hence not be considered as overruling the previous cases, not only because it did not expressly refer to them, but also because some expressions found in the opinion which we have cited are construed as substantially affirming the right of the state to regulate and license a ferry like the one here in question. On the oilier hand, the corporation urges that the rulings in Fanning v. Gregoire and Conway v. Taylor proceeded upon a misconception and partial view of the language of Chief Justice Marshall tn Gibbons v. Ogden. That language, it Is insisted, when tlie sentences are considered which immediately precede the passage quoted in Fanning v. Gregoire and Conway v. Taylor, clearly demons! rates that the Chief Justice was referring to the power of the stales to license and control ferries on streams of a local character, and this, it is said, is demonstrated by the statement on the subject in the Gloucester Ferry Case. The case of Wiggins Ferry Co. v. East St. Louis, it is argued, proceeded, not upon the right of the state over the ferry, hut upon its power to tax property whose situs was within its jurisdiction, and this was the view adopted by the court below. The Gloucester Ferry Case, it is urged, did not proceed upon the nature of the tax, but upon the want of power in the state of Pennsylvania to exert its control over a ferry crossing a river which was a boundary between two states, so as in effect to burden the carrying on of interstate commerce. And that case, it is further insisted, therefore qualifies, if it does not specifically overrule, the earlier cases.”
The rulings in Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania and Covington Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, when applied to the; conceded facts oí the present case, settle beyond controversy that the complainant is engaged exclusively in foreign commerce, and that its ferryboats, wliarfs, docks, offices, and warehouses are all instruments of foreign commerce. But defendants insist that the power to regulate ferries, even though they are engaged in and are instruments of interstate or foreign commerce, is vested and! rests in the state and its municipal corporations, and that such power to regulate includes the right to license and to require the payment of a license fee and also the right to prescribe rates and tolls for the transportation thereon of persons and
“No person, persons, or company shall operate a ferryboat, or engage in the business of carrying or transporting persons or property thereon” from the Michigan city across the river to the Canadian shore “without first obtaining a license therefor from the mayor and by otherwise complying with the provisions of this ordinance.”
Section 2 empowers and authorizes the mayor of the city to issue and grant a license “as herein provided” upon the payment of the prescribed annual license fee. Section 3 provides that:
“Before any license shall be issued or- granted by the mayor as provided in section 2 of this ordinance, the person, persons or company desiring the same, shall make application therefor to the mayor in writing * * * signed by the person or persons desiring the license. * * * Said application shall also contain a true and correct schedule of the rates of fer-riage of persons and property proposed to be charged by the applicant. * * * And no license shall be issued, or granted hereunder unless the ap-Itlication therefor shall conform with the provisions of this ordinance.”
Section 6 prescribes in detail the tolls and fares to be charged. for the ferriage of persons and property. It thus appears that the payment of a license fee and an agreement to comply with the terms of the ordinance as to tolls and fares are both conditions precedent to the obtaining of a license and to the right to engage in a business which is foreign or international commerce. It necessarily follows that unless the state, through its municipal agency, has the right both to exact a license fee for the privilege of engaging in international commerce and to prescribe the rates to be charged therein, this ordinance cannot be sustained. Two questions are thus presented!:
First. Has a state municipality the right and power to license a ferry operated by a foreign corporation upon and across navigable international boundary waters?
Second. As a municipal regulation, can the state municipality prescribe and fix the rates of fare to be charged by the owner for the transportation of persons and property upon sucia ferry?
“Tlie levying of a tax upon vessels or other water craft or the exaction of a license fee by the state within which the property subject to the exaction' has its situs is not a regulation of commerce within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States. * * * The exaction of a license fee is*527 an ordinary exorcise of the jioiice power by municipal corporations. When, therefore, a si ate expressly grants to an incorporated city, as in this case, the power ‘io license, tax, and regulate ferries,’ the latter may impose a license tax on the keepers of ferries, although their boats ply between landings lying in two different states, and the act by which this exaction is authorized will not be held to he a regulation of commerce.”
The basic principle underlying this decision of the Supreme Court seems to be that a municipality has the power to tax property located within its limits or to exact a license fee from the owners thereof living: within its limits for the privilege of using and employing such properly in a quasi public service, and that the exercise of such power, when applied to persons engaged in and to instruments employed in interstate commerce, is not an invasion of the exclusive power of Congress to regulate commerce conferred upon it by the Constitution. Thus construed and limited, the Wiggins Ferry Case falls far short of sustaining defendants’ contention that the city of Sault Ste. Marie, by virtue of its charter powers derived from the state, has the right to exact a license fee from a citizen of a foreign country for the privilege of operating ferryboats, whose situs is in such foreign country, in the ferriage of passengers and property from a private wharf in the defendant city across an international boundary river to a landing upon the opposite shore. By inference at least, the right to exact such license fee is negatived in the following' cases, where the Wiggins Ferry Case is cited and consí rued: Moran v. New Orleans, 112 U. S. 69-74, 5 Sup. Ct. 38, 28 L. Ed. 653; Pickard v. Pullman Southern Car Co., 117 U. S. 34-50. 6 Sup. Ct. 635, 29 L. Ed. 785: Pullman’s Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U. S. 18-23, 11 Sup. Ct. 876, 35 L. Ed. 613.
‘‘If, as was intimated in Unit case (Gloucester Ferry Company v. Pennsylvania), interstate commerce means pimply commerce between the states, it must apply to all commerce which crosses the state line, regardless of the distance from which it comes or lo which it is bound, before or after crossing such state line; in other words, if it be commerce to send goods from Cincinnati, in Ohio, to Lexington, in Kentucky, it is equally such to send goods or to travel in person from Cincinnati to Covington. And while the reasons which influenced tills court to hold, in the Wabash Case [118 U. S. 557, 7 Sup. Ct. 4, 30 L. Ed. 244]. that Illinois couid not fix rates between Peoria and New York, may no! impress the mind so strongiy when applied to fixing the rates of toll upon a bridge or ferry, the principle is identically the same, and, at least in the absence of mutual or reciprocal legislation between the two states, it is impossible for either to fix a tariff of charges.
“With reference to the second question, an attempt: is made to distinguish a bridge from a ferryboat, and to argue that while the latter is an instrument of interstate commerce, the former is not. Both are, however, vehicles of such commerce, and the fact that one is movable and the other is a fixture*528 makes no difference in tlie application of tire rule. * * * While the bridge company is not itself a common carrier, it affords a highway for such carriage, and a toll upon such bridge is as much a tax upon commerce as a toll upon a turnpike is a tax upon the traffic of such turnpike, or the charges upon a ferry a tax upon the commerce across a river.
“In Conway v. Taylor’s Executors, 1 Black, 603 [17 L. Ed. 191], a ferry franchise on the Ohio was held to be grantable under the laws of Kentucky 1o a citizen of that state who was a riparian owner on the Kentucky side. ]¡t was said not to be necessary to the validity of the grant, that the grantee should have the right of landing on the other side or beyond tlie jurisdiction of the state. The opinion, however, did not pass upon the question of the right of one state to regulate the charge for ferriage, nor does it follow that because a state may authorize a ferry or bridge from its own territory to that of another state, it may regulate the charges upon such bridge or ferry. A state may undoubtedly create corporations for the purpose of building and running steamships to foreign ports, but it would hardly be claimed that an attempt to fix a scale of charges for the transportation of persons or property to and from such foreign ports would not be a regulation of commerce and beyond the constitutional power of the state. * * *
“We do hold, however, that the statute of the commonwealth of Kentucky in question in this case is an attempted regulation of commerce which it is not within the power of the state to make. As was said by Mr. Justice Miller in the Wabash Case: ‘It is impossible to see any distinction in its effects upon commerce of either class between a statute which regulates the charges for transportation and a statute which levies a tax for the benefit of the state upon the same transportation.’ ”
It is undoubtedly true that the courts of several of the states, in deliverances both before and since the decision above quoted, have held that the states possess the rights and powers claimed for them by the defendants in the case at bar. It is also true that this doctrine finds slight support in certain dicta contained in some of the earlier opinions of the Supreme Court when read and considered apart from their context and when separated from the facts to which they relate. Further comment upon these decisions of the state court and these expressions of the federal court is made unnecessary, if not improper, by the following pertinent statement in the opinion in the Covington Bridge Case:
“It is true the states have assumed the right in a number of instances, since the adoption of tlie Constitution, to fix the rates or tolls upon interstate ferries and bridges, and perhaps in some instances have been recognized as having the authority to do so by the courts of the several states. But we are not aware of any case in this court where such right has been recognized.”
Neither the state of Michigan nor its municipal corporation, the city of Sault Ste. Marie, has any power or authority to negotiate or treat with the Dominion of Canada with relation to the regulation of commerce between the two countries or the instruments of such commerce. As was said in the case of Bowman v. Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co., 125 U. S. 465-482, 8 Sup. Ct. 689, 697 (31 L. Ed. 700):
“Laws which concern the exterior relations of the United States with other nations and governments are general in their nature, and should proceed exclusively from the legislative authority of the nation. The organization of our state and federal system of government is such that the people of the several states can have no relations with foreign powers in respect to commerce or any other subject, except through the government of the United States and its laws and treaties. Henderson v. Mayor of New York, 92 U. S. 259, 273 [23 L. Ed. 543].”
"It has frequently been laid down by this court that the power of Congress over interstate commerce is as absolute as it is over foreign commerce. Would any one pretend that a state Legislature could prohibit a foreign corporation — an English or a French transportation company, for example — from coming into its borders and landing goods and passengers at its wharves, and soliciting goods and passengers for a return voyage, without first obtaining a license from some state officer, and filing a sworn statement as to the amount of its capital stock paid in? And why not? Evidently because the matter is not within the province of state legislation, but within that of national legislation. Inman Steamship Co. v. Tinker, 94 U. S. 238 [24 L. Ed. 118]. The prerogative, the responsibility, and the duty of providing for the, security of the citizens and the people of the United States in relation to foreign corporate bodies, or foreign individuals with whom they may have relations of foreign commerce, belong to the government of the United States, and not to the government of the several states; and confidence'in that regard may be reposed in the national Legislature without any anxiety or apprehension arising from the fact that the subject-matter is not within the province or jurisdiction of the state Legislatures.”
In this particular instance the regulating acts of the local and subordinate-municipalities of the two nations, whether authorized or unauthorized on the part of either, are conflicting and not mutual and reciprocal. The national governments have acted directly and, in the exercise of their treaty-making power, have ordained that the navigation of the waters of St. Mary’s river “from main shore to main shore” shall forever continue free and open for the purpose of commerce to the inhabitants and to the ships, vessels, and boats of both countries equally, subject only to such local laws and regulations as are not inconsistent with such privilege o£ free navigation. In these -respects the present case differs from those cases involving the regulation of bridges or ferries used in interstate commerce, and the intimation contained in the opinons in some of the cases that states by mutual or reciprocal legislation may possibly regulate and fix rates and tolls upon an interstate bridge or ferry has no application and need not be considered or discussed.
Complainant is entitled to the injunction prayed for in its hill of complaint, and a decree will be made accordingly. Complainant will recover its costs to be taxed against the defendant city of Sault Ste. Marie.