71 N.J. Eq. 560 | New York Court of Chancery | 1906
This is a supplemental bill filed against the defendant, praying that be be enjoined from stamping silver-plated spoons, forks or knives, or other silver-plated tableware, with the mark “W. H. Rogers,” “Wm. H. Rogers” or “William H. Rogers,” or any mark of which the word “Rogers” is a characteristic part, or from using those words, or any words of which the word “Rogers” is a prominent part, in a way calculated to indicate that such goods are the original Rogers silver-plated ware.
The original bill was filed against the Wm. H. Rogers corporation, its officers and directors. A decree was made enjoining it from making; marking or selling silver-plated tableware under the corporate name, Wm. II. Rogers, or under any name or mark of which the word “Rogers” was a part. 66 N. J. Eq. {21 Dick.) tl&j 67 N. J. Eq. (1 Robb.) 61 fi.
After decree the corporation changed its name to the Plain-field Silver Plate Company, but soon ceased to do business, and was dissolved. After the dissolution the present defendant, William II. Rogers, purchased its plant and the lease of the factory and office in which it' conducted its business, but did not purchase its good will. Since then he has conducted the business in his OAvn name, and has stamped on all the goods he manufactures “W. H. Rogers of Plainfield, N. J.” The evidence shows that he is now a manufacturer; that he personally supervises and conducts all the operations of silver-plating; that his ware is of excellent quality, and that it is made by a patented process, of which he claims to have the exclusive control, and which he says is superior to any process used by complainant. Whatever may have been his shortcomings in time past, I have no doubt that he is now a bona -fide manufacturer of all the goods put out under his name. The name which he stamps upon his goods is the name by which he was known before he at
The question is whether and how far he is entitled to use his own name in a business which is, in every sense, Ms own.
The complainant’s contention is twofold—first, that because the defendant was a fraud-doer in the past, he should be prevented from using his own name in this particular business.; second, that if he has the same right to use his name that any other bona fide manufacturer bearing that name would have, he must use it only in connection with words that shall “unmistakably disconnect” him from the original Rogers.
I shall not devote any time to the first contention, because it has no authority to support it. It is not the function of a court of equity to punish past misconduct. That is the function of a criminal court. What equity does is to enjoin present and future invasion of the right of complainant, so far as he possesses any right. If proof of what is so obvious were needed, it would be found in the form of every decree that has been made in this class of cases. Of course, if a defendant’s present conduct and intent be ambiguous, his past action may throw light upon them. In this way, and in this way only, do I apprehend that past misconduct can be in any way relevant.
The only question, then, is, How far, if at all, does the law prohibit a man from using his own name, in his own business, where that name happens to be the name of a competitor previously engaged in that business?
In the former proceeding I stated the general principle governing cases of unfair trade in terms which met with the approval of the court of errors and appeals. That principle, shortly stated, is that nobody has the right to represent his goods as the goods of somebody else. &6 N. J. Eq. (21 Dick.) 125. As applied to the particular case of a proper name it is that the .court will restrain a man from so using his name on or in connection with his own goods (if that name has come to be recognized/ as characterizing a rival trader’s goods) as to
Now, in the first place, the mere fact that the competitor is, or may be, injured by the use of the name is not material. “The law,” says Justice Brown (Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 544), speaking with reference to this class of cases, “does not visit with its reprobation a fair competition in trade. Its tendency is rather to discourage monopolies, except where protected by statute, and to build up new enterprises from which the public is likely to derive a benefit. If one person can, by superior energy, by more extensive advertising, by selling a better or more attractive article, outbid another in popular favor, he has a perfect right to-do so. Nor is this right impaired by aii open declaration of his intention to compete with others in the market.” The gist of the action, therefore, is not impairment of complainant’s profits by defendant’s competition, but the false or fraudulent representation that defendant’s goods are complainant’s.
The leading case is Croft v. Day, 7 Beav. 84 Here the successor to Day & Martin, originators of a famous blacking, filed a bill to enjoin the defendant, a nephew of the elder Day (his name, too, being Day), from using a label of the same color and size as complainant’s, with the letters arranged in the same way and with the same name, “Day & Martin,” on the boxes. The defendant was enjoined, not upon the notion of any peculiar or exclusive right that complainant had to use the name “Day & Martin,” .but upon the fact of its use in a manner calculated to mislead the public. Said Lord Langdale: “He (defendant) has a right to carry on the business of- a blacking manufacturer honestly and fairly. He has a right to the use of his own name. I will not do anything to deprive him of that or any other name calculated to benefit himself in an honest way. But I must prevent him from using it in such a way as to deceive and defraud the public.”
Holloway v. Holloway, 13 Beav. 209, is another case. There Thomas Holloway had for many j^ears made and sold pills and
The facts of these cases showed a fraudulent design to take away a rival’s trade by simulating his boxes and labels. The mere collocation of the words employed may point to a similar design. Thus, in the late case of Valentine Meat Juice Co. v. Valentine Extract Co., 17 Rep. Pat. Cas. 673, the complainant company had put upon the market an extract of meat which had acquired favor with the public, and had been sold in large quantities. A rival by the name of Valentine organized a corporation and began to sell a preparation which he called “Valentine’s Meat Extract,” although in fact he made no extract himself, and did nothing more than put up the extract of another in pellets of his own devising. He was enjoined from so using his name.
The case involving the name “Baker’s Chocolate” was somewhat similar. W. Baker & Co. v. Saunders, 80 Fed. Rep. 889. Chocolate, under that name, had been manufactured for many years by Walter Baker & Company, and this particular collocation of words had come to denote, for the public generally, the source of manufacture. It was held that the defendant, W. H. Baker, could not call his chocolate “Baker’s,” or “W. H. Baker’s Chocolate,” but might state on the package that it was chocolate made by W. H. Baber.
On the same principle, the defendant in Wotherspoon v. Currie, L. R. 5 H. L. 608, was prohibited from calling his starch “Grlenfield Starch,” though made in Glenfield, and the defendant in Montgomery v. Thompson, L. R. App. Cas. (1891) 217, was prohibited from calling Ms ale “Stone Ale,” though made at Stone. “It was,” to quote from my former opinion, “distinetty
Burgess v. Burgess, 3 De G., M. & G. 896, is a leading authority. John Burgess had for many years sold exclusively “Burgess’s Essence of Anchovies.” A grandson, who had been employed in the business, went off by himself and started a similar business on his own account, and advertised and made a sauce which he also called “Burgess’ Essence of Anchovies.” The lords-justices, on appeal, refused to enjoin him from doing this, although he had been enjoined by the vice-chancellor from doing certain other things, such as continuing on the sides of his shop door a plate with the words “Burgess’ Eish Ware House, late of 107 Strand,” where the grandfather had manufactured it. The judgment of Lord-Justice Turner has been repeatedly quoted as an accurate exposition of the law. He said: “No man can have any right to represent his goods as the goods of another person, but in applications of this kind it must be made out that the defendant is selling his own goods as the goods of another. Where a person is selling goods under a particular name, and another person not having that name is using it, it may be presumed that he so uses it to represent the goods sold by himself as the goods of the person whose name he uses. But when the defendant sells goods under his own name, and it happens that the plaintiff has the same name, it does not follow that the defendant i's selling his ■ goods as the goods of the plaintiff. It is a question of evidence, in each case, whether there is a false representation or not.”
Turton v. Turton, 42 Ch. Div. 128, is another case. The' plaintiffs had for many years carried on the business of steel, manufacturers under the name of Thomas Turton & Sons. The defendant, J ohn Turton, had for many years carried on a similar business in the same town, at first as J ohn Turton, and then as Turton & Company. In 1888 he took his two sons into part
The same idea is expressed by Lord-Justice Lindley in the recent case of Jamieson v. Jamieson, 15 Rep. Pat. Cas. 169 (1898) : “It is said, because yours may be mistaken for ours, you are bound to take extra precautions to prevent yours from being mistaken for ours. T am not aware of any case that goes so far as that. * * * In all cases in which a person has been restrained from carding on business in his own name he has done something more than use his name. He has copied something from somebody else in the trade, or he has gone out of his ■way to make his things look like those of his rival in the trade, as was the case in Holloway v. Holloway, and as was the case, I believe, in one or two others.”
In Duryea v. Manufacturing Company, 79 Fed. Rep. 651, complainants called their preparation “Duryea’s Starch.” Justice Shipman said that by continuous and rightful user for forty years this name had become identified with its source of manufacture, and that wdnle no one else of the name of Duryea could call his starch “Duryea’s Starch,” yet the defendant might, as he was doing, place on his package the words “Laundry Starch,
I have already referred, on another point, to the case of Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 542. There the plaintiffs had for many years been engaged in the preparation of a medicine known as “Brown’s Iron Bitters.” After these bitters had acquired considerable reputation, one E. L. Brown, in connection with one Lincold, put up and sold another preparation called “Br'own’s Iron Tonic.” An injunction was refused. Mr. Justice Brown said: “It is hardly necessary to say that-an ordinary surname cannot be appropriated as a trade mark by any one person as against others of the same name who are using it for a legitimate purpose.” After adverting to the cases of Croft v. Day, Holloway v. Holloivay and McLean v. Fleming, in which latter case a person was enjoined from using his own name in connection with certain pills, upon the ground that they were put up in such form as to mislead purchasers into buying defendant’s article for plaintiff’s, the justice continued: “These cases obviously apply only where the defendant adds to his own name imitations of the plaintiff’s labels, boxes or packages, and thereby induces the public to believe that his goods are those of the plaintiff. A man’s name is his own property, and he has the same right to its use and enjoyment as he has to that of any other species of property. If such use be a fair, honest and reasonable exercise of such right, he is no more liable for the incidental damage he may do to a rival in trade than he would be for injury to his neighbor’s property by the smoke issuing from his chimney, or for the fall of his neighbor’s house by reason of necessary excavations upon his own land. These and similar instances are cases of damnum absque injuria.”
The complainant largely relies upon certain cases in the United States circuit court founded on the case of Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co., 163 U. S. 169. That was a case in which a kind of sewing machines, which had come to be known by the name “Singer Machines,” had been' manufactured under certain patents which had expired. The court held that the right to make the patented article and to use the generic name “'Singer” had, on the expiration of the pat
It is hardly necessary to refer to the many other cases cited in the briefs of counsel. None of them, so far as I am able to see, lay down any different principle. I have not been referred to any case in which a man has been enjoined from using his own name, if he does so honestly. No authoritative case decides that the bare use of one’s name, in the way in which one has always used it, is evidence of fraudulent intent. It is argued that the subsequent manufacturer should, when he uses his name, inform the public that his goods are not the goods of the original manufacturer. To put this burden upon him would, or might, put him at a disadvantage—discredit his goods at the outset. If it did,, it would amount to a partial deprivation of the right to use his name. But if a man’s name be, in the words of Mr. Justice Brown, his own property, and if he has the same right to its use and enjoyment that he has to any other property, he cannot be fettered with limitations imposed for the benefit of another of the same name, for that would be to give that other a more ample right to its use. There is no hardship in this, for the original manufacturer must know that he has no exclusive right in his name as against others of the same name. If he wishes to differentiate his goods from others he may adopt a fancy name or a trade mark, either of which will afford him adequate protection.
I now come to the facts. In my previous opinion I have fully stated'the defendant’s (W. H. Eogers) connection with the silver-plated business from the time it began in 1898 to the filing of the original bill in June, 1902. It therein appears that his first effort was to have the name “Wm. H. Eogers Co.” (by which he indicated himself and an inactive partner, Hubbard) stamped upon goods made and put up in packages by another manufacturer. These goods he himself sold. When the partnership was dissolved he contracted, for a royalty, to give to the Benedict Company, a firm manufacturing silver-plated ware
Up to this point nothing could be clearer than that he was engaged or co-operating in a fraudulent attempt to pass off goods stamped with his name as the goods of the Connecticut Eogers. The indicia of fraud were (1) the use of the abbreviation “Wm.,” in imitation of the name “Wm. Eogers” and “Wm. Eogers Manufacturing Co.;” he had always theretofore done business in the name of “W. H. Eogers;” (2) the fact that he himself was neither a manufacturer of silver-plated ware nor otherwise known, and that his name stamped upon such ware could subserve no purpose other than that of inducing the erroneous belief that his goods were those of the Connecticut Eogers; (3) his contract with the Benedict Company, who agreed to pay him a price for the mere use of his name in the objectionable form, “Wm.”—a contract that nobody would have made with him had his name been Smith or Jones, or some other name unknown to the trade. When the Wm. II. Eogers corporation was formed the situation became, to some extent, different. The fraud was not so bald. He organized this company under advice of counsel, and his effort no doubt was to sail as close to the line as he could without crossing it. But he did cross it. The company was made a legatee of the fraudulent business, and it took, without necessity, the objectionable abbreviation, “Wm.” It was the company that was enjoined from the use of this name by the decree made in the original bill.
No one of these indicia of fraud are to be found in the case as it now presents itself. The defendant is an actual manufacturer. He has become familiar with every detail of the business. He claims to have a patented process for applying silver in solution superior to the process employed in complainant’s many factories. He carries on business under the name by which he has always been known, “W. H. Eogers.” He makes an excellent grade of silver plate. Every mark or stamp that he puts upon it, or upon the boxes or wrappers that enclose it, and all his advertisements, serve to differentiate it from, and not to confound it with, the goods of complainant. Thus he stamps upon every knife, fork and spoon of his manufacture, in type of equal
Complainant’s final contention is that the term “Rogers goods” has acquired a secondary meaning; that it means complainant’s goods. Conceding, for the sake of the argument, that it has that meaning, complainant’s case fails, for there is no proof that complainant calls his goods “Rogers goods.” What
Under these and other decisions that might be cited, it is plain that defendant could not be enjoined from stating that the goods were made by him merely because “Eogers goods” had come to mean goods made exclusively by complainants.
I think the complainant’s bill should be dismissed.
