OPINION
Opinion by
Intec Systems, Inc. d/b/a Computer Tech (Intec) appeals a bench trial judgment in a breach of contract suit awarding former sales representative John Lowrey (Lowrey) a portion of unpaid sales commissions. In eight issues, Intec argues the judgment is erroneous because Lowrey’s agreement was modified by unequivocal notice to and acceptance by Lowrey of the modification, which authorized the amount withheld; that Lowrey did not establish a contrary modification; and that the damage award is contrary to the evidence. In three responsive issues, Lowrey argues In-tec did not meet its burden to prove contract modification; or alternatively, that Intec miseharacterizes the judgment because this is not a contract modification but simple contract breach case; and that the damage award is proper. Because the trial court’s findings do not address the contract modification on which Intec relies and Intec did not request findings on that affirmative defense; because modification was not conclusively proven; and because the there is sufficient evidence to support the damage award, we affirm.
Background
Intec, a seller of computer-related hardware, software, and services, hired Lowrey on an at-will employment basis as an account representative. Lowrey was paid by commission under a written “Sales Compensation Plan” (Contract) governing Intec sales representatives. The Contract contained a formula calculating commissions based on a percentage of gross profit mar *916 gin and provided that “margin” would be calculated based on the “true cost” of sales.
To accommodate a request by a Lowrey customer, Fujitsu, for an on-site service or technical support professional at no cost to Fujitsu, Intec placed an employee, Carole Daniel (Daniel), at Fujitsu’s facility. Intec began deducting from Lowrey’s commissions about 30% (apparently based on Lowrey’s commission rate) of the cost to Intec of providing Daniel’s services to Fujitsu. At trial Intec claimed the Contract authorized this deduction under its “true cost” provision. Intec branch manager Tommy Morris (Morris) testified:
Q. ... Is there anything in that compensation agreement that provides for the type of arrangement ... whereby you took money ... from [Lowrey’s] commissions in order to pay Carole Daniel?
A. I would read the sentence that says: Gross profit is based on a per invoice total and gross margin will be calculated at time of the invoice based on true costs.
There is evidence that Lowrey complained about the deductions while employed but chose not to take any action and continued his employment because he needed his job. There is also evidence that Lowrey was given the choice to recall Daniel to avoid further deductions but declined to do so because it would risk losing the Fujitsu account. Morris testified the Contract was not modified after Lowrey complained:
Q. Did you ever go back and change the sales commission plan when he complained?
A. No, we did not.
Morris explained that because supplying on-site employees to customers was an arrangement unique to Lowrey, the Contract was not re-written on a company-wide basis to specifically address deductions for doing so.
Following the first day of a two-day trial (the second day came about ten months after the first), the trial court found Low-rey “waived the right to claim damages ... for the actual cost of Carol Daniel[ ] ... being at Fujitsu” because he was aware of the deductions “to pay [her] salary” but chose not to have her recalled (“waiver ruling”). The court’s findings and conclusions entered following completion of the trial found that Lowrey became aware that Intec was deducting “30 percent of the labor costs of Carole Daniel,” found that he protested but did not quit, and concluded that Intec did not breach the Contract by deducting “30 percent[ ] of the true cost of the labor of Carole Daniel because [Lowrey] waived this conduct [emphasis added].... ”
While employed, Lowrey received an email from Morris (Morris email) referring to the commission-deduction formula as “salary x 2.5 / 12 = monthly cost of [Daniel].” At trial Intec explained that this formula did not base the deductions on Daniel’s actual salary of $22 per hour but marked up that figure by 2.5 times to reach her billing rate to third parties of $55 per hour. Lowrey testified he was told the markup was to cover employee benefits. But Intec testified that this formula was to generate revenue from the arrangement, the revenue that it could generate by otherwise billing third parties for Daniel’s services that it was providing to Fujitsu for free.
Lowrey’s trial position was that he had no knowledge and was never apprized that the deductions had been revenue-based rather than strictly cost-based and that *917 this breached the Contract. Intec relies on the Morris email claiming Lowrey was notified of the formula even if he did not understand it. Lowrey did not deny receiving the Morris email and introduced it into evidence himself. Intec also argues Lowrey reviewed for accuracy and made corrections to commission-deduction statements and relies on other emails calculating deductions and referring to “Base Bill Rate.”
Lowrey ultimately brought this contract breach suit on the original Contract:
Plaintiff would show that defendant has breached its contract with the plaintiff, by which defendant promised that it would abide by an agreement with respect to compensation originally entered into between plaintiff and Computer Tech, Inc.
He initially sought to recover the entire amount of the commission-deductions, including those calculated using Daniel’s actual salary and benefits (hereafter “actual salary,” for brevity). However, in light of the trial court’s waiver ruling, the original actual salary-based claim was abandoned; Lowrey made no challenges to the final judgment and filed no cross-appeal challenging the waiver ruling or seeking recovery of commissions deducted based on actual salary.
Following the trial court’s waiver ruling, the court stated it would continue the trial “on the issue of the exact commissions earned by [Lowrey] from August 9, 1998 1 through the time of employment with [In-tec] less the actual salary of Ms. Daniel [emphasis added].... ” The trial court stated, also after that first trial day, that it was not convinced Intec had shown the basis for calculating deductions using Daniel’s $55 per hour billing rate instead of the $22 per hour she was actually paid.
The court ultimately concluded that commission-deductions calculated using a multiplier “in excess of the true cost of the labor of Carol Daniel” breached the Contract. The court found Intec “was not using the ‘true’ cost of Daniel’s labor .... [but] was ‘marking up’ Daniel’s true cost (from approximately $22 per hour to approximately $55 per hour)” and that Low-rey “did not consent or agree to this practice.” After the court entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law, Intec did not request any additional or amended findings and conclusions on the issue of whether the original Contract was modified to specifically permit the revenue-based deductions and that Lowrey was unequivocally notified of that modification to his Contract.
The court implicitly construed the Contract’s “true cost” term to require Intec to use actual salary as the commission-deduction multiplier. Intec does not specifically challenge that construction but appeals the judgment arguing “modification to [Low-rey’s] at-will commission calculation formula....” 2
*918 Discussion
The supreme court outlined the rules governing modification of at-will employment contracts in
Hathaway v. General Mills, Inc.,
Enforceable at-will employment contract modifications require proof of (i) notice of the change and (ii) acceptance of the change.
Hathaway,
The trial court made no findings of fact or conclusions of law addressing In-tec’s affirmative defense that the Contract was specifically modified to permit Intec to calculate commission-deductions using a multiplier of Daniel’s billing rate.
3
While Lowrey’s continued employment after the date of the Morris email is not disputed, there is no finding addressing, and Intec requested none on, the contested issue of whether Lowrey was given “unequivocal” notice of this modification as a “definite change” to the terms of his Contract, the nature of which and certainty of its imposition he understood.
See Hathaway,
Intec filed a generic post-judgment request for findings and conclusions and notice of past due findings. But when the trial court entered them Intec filed no specific request for additional or amended findings and conclusions on its affirmative defense.
See
Tex.R. Civ. P. 298 (request for “specified” additional or amended findings or conclusions “shall be made within ten days after the filing of the original findings and conclusions”). Findings must be separately filed and may not be recited in the judgment. Tex.R. Civ. P. 299a. A court’s oral statements “cannot substitute” for findings and conclusions.
Larry F. Smith, Inc. v. The Weber Co.,
Intec’s appeal on liability relies on its modification defense. But Intec never requested specific findings and conclusions on that affirmative defense in the trial court. Intec’s modification defense was not preserved on this record for failure to request factfindings on it.
See 1st
*919
Coppell Bank v. Smith,
A party asserting affirmative defenses in a trial before the court must request findings in support of such a defense in order to avoid waiver on appeal. If the findings filed by the court do not include any element of the ground of defense, the party asserting the ground of defense must request additional or supplemental findings of fact. The failure to do so effects a waiver of the ground or defense.
“[A]n express finding of fact cannot extend by implication to cover independent grounds of defense” and “cannot extend to cover further independent issuable facts.”
F.R. Hernandez Constr. & Supply Co. v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce,
Intec argues its modification defense was conclusively established because Lowrey did not deny receiving the Morris email stating the commission-deduction formula Intec used. We disagree. A matter is conclusively established by the evidence “only if reasonable people could not differ in their
conclusions....” City of Keller v. Wilson,
The Morris email, while referring to a formula, does not state, let alone state unequivocally, that Intec was
changing
the basis for deducting commissions to supplant the
Contract’s
“true cost” commission-payment term with a eommission-de-duction formula that was revenue-based. “[SJalary x 2.5 / 12 = monthly cost” does not state the Contract is being modified to use Daniel’s “billing rate” and in fact reinforces a cost-based formula by referring to “monthly cost.”
Cf. Price Pfister, Inc. v. Moore & Kimmey, Inc.,
As the supreme court notes, contract modification depends on
intent,
which is a fact question.
Hathaway,
We conclude unequivocal notice of the nature of a definite change was a disputed fact issue on which reasonable minds here could differ such that Intec’s modification affirmative defense was not conclusively established. We overrule Intec’s Issue Nos. 1-2, 6 and 8. In light of that disposition, we need not reach Intec’s Issue No. 3 that Lowrey did not establish a subsequent modification.
Under Issue No. 7 Intec argues the damage award is erroneous because *920 Lowrey failed to meet his burden of proof and because the award is contrary to all the evidence. 5 Intec contends the award is erroneous because the trial court ruled Intee was entitled to a portion of the withheld commissions (calculated using actual salary) but awarded the entire sum of $29,233.05, stated on Intec’s trial exhibit 8(DX8) to be the “Lowrey Commission Reduction.” Intec argues that under the judgment it was entitled to withhold 30% of the $86,249.29 stated on DX8 to be the total salary and benefits paid to Daniel during the relevant period. Intec concludes that the most Lowrey was entitled to recover was the $3,358.26 difference between that figure and the amount of the judgment (i.e., $29,233.05 - ($86,249.29 x .30) = $3,358.26).
Intec argues that the damage award is contrary to all the evidence but its brief does not explain why the evidence Lowrey cites in support of the judgment is inaccurate. The appellant bears the burden to show a judgment is erroneous to obtain a reversal.
Murray v. Demo, Ltd.,
In a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in a light most favorable to the judgment and indulge every reasonable inference to support it, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable fact-finder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not.
Thomas v. Martinez
Conclusion
Having overruled all of Intec’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Notes
. The court ruled recovery of commissions before that time were barred by four-year limitations governing contract disputes. Lowrey does not challenge that ruling.
. We note Intec’s Issue Nos. 6 and 8 do argue (i) the trial court’s findings and conclusions “misuse” the Contract’s "true cost” term because the "evidence proved conclusively” that Daniel’s cost would be calculated based on her billing rate and (ii) the judgment erroneously “rewrites the unambiguous written agreement” of the "salary x 2.5 / 12" commission-deduction formula in the Morris email. The context of Intec’s briefing, however, shows these issues address contract modification, not contract construction, and we view them as such.
. Intec cites (i) the trial court’s conclusion that Lowrey waived recoupment of commission-deductions based on Daniel’s "true cost” and (ii) Lowrey’s testimony that his commission calculation "changed” after Daniel was sent to Fujitsu but he did not recall her and continued his employment. However, neither specifically addresses the relevant modification at issue; i.e., a "definite change” from cosi-based to
revenue-based
deductions and "unequivocal notice” of it. Further, in light of our analysis, we find no conflict in the trial court’s judgment, findings, and conclusions, properly viewed in context, and overrule In-tec’s Issue Nos. 4-5 arguing that they conflict.
See Ives v. Watson,
. Case law Intec cites to argue that merely claiming lack of actual knowledge or understanding of the substance of a change of which one is notified does not defeat a modification defense are inapposite. The notices in those cases were far more detailed and specific.
See, e.g., In re Halliburton Co.,
. Based on the substance of the briefing, we address Issue No. 7 as an evidentiary sufficiency issue.