111 F. Supp. 694 | W.D. Ark. | 1953
Statement
On July 17, 1952, plaintiffs filed their complaint in which they alleged that they were damaged as a proximate result of the negligence of the defendant. .
The defendant filed his answer 'to the' plaintiffs’ complaint and the case was set for trial'on March 9, 1953. On that date the case was submitted to- the Court upon the amended stipulation of the parties and the depositions of Bruce Campbell and R. B. Handy, Jr. The Court ordered- counsel for the respective parties- to submit briefs in support of their contentions, and this has now been done.
After ’ considering the pleadings, the amended stipulation of the parties, the depositions, and the briefs filed -herein, the Court now makes and files the ‘following findings of fact, and conclusions of law, separately stated.
Findings of Fact
1.
The plaintiff, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, hereinafter ■ referred to as V.F.W., is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States and maintains its national head
The defendant, B. N. Saltzman, is a, citizen and resident .of the State of Arkansas and, resides in the Western District, of Arkansas, Harrison Division.
The amount in controversy, exclusive of interest and costs, exceeds the sum of $3,000.
' 2i
On November 28, 1951, a Ryan.Navion Airplane, owned, by plaintiff, V.F.W., and being piloted by Bruce ‘Campbell, a salaried employee of said plaintiff, was landed at the Flippin, Arkansas, airport. The Commander-In-Chief of ' the V.F.W., Frank C. Hilton, was the only passenger in the airplane and was travelling on official V.F.W. business.
Upon arriving at ■ the airport, the pilot did such ■ things as ■ are customarily done by a pilot of a Ryan Navion Aircraft, im eluding leaving all switches, throttles and controls in their: normal position. At the request of Mrs...Qenevia Crane, .wife of the operator of the airport, the. pilot left the plane unlocked and the brakes off and disengaged to facilitate the airport employees in - properly storing the .airplane in the hangar overnight.,. ...
After the. pilot and his passenger had departed from the airport, the defendant, B. N. Saltzman, who is a'regularly licensed • and practicing physician in the area of ' Mountain plome, Baxter County, Arkansas, and who is also a licensed pilot of his own aircraft, approached.the Ryan Navion Airplane with .an intention of examining it; since he had been considering purchasing . such an aircraft. Without permission or, knowledge of Hilton, Campbell or Mrs. Crane, the defendant entered the cabin of the airplane and began examining and operating various instruments, switches, button controls and equipment. The defendant, after operating' the controls for several minutes, unintentionally started the - airplane in motion.'' He attempted to stop the movement of the airplane but was fin-' able to do so because-, not 'being- familiar with the Ryán Navion Airplane, he could not locate the brake actuating controls. While the defendant was, searching for. the brake control on the floor of. the aircraft cabin, it traveled approximately . 90’ to 100 feet and crashed into,the side.of .the Flippin, Airport hangar, causing. extensive damage to the aircraft.
3.
■ The airplane was ' damaged in the sum' of $3,532.08, of which amount the plaintiff,, Insurance Company, paid.the sum of $3,232-OS pursuant to the terms of. its Aircraft Hull Policy 'of Insurance' covering' Said airplane, and the-'plaintiff,' V.F.W.', p'aicf the sum of $300 under the deductible provision of the policy.
Insofar as appears from the evidence,, the airplane was in as good condition after being repaired as it was before it was damaged, and it follows that .the sum-of $3,532.-08 represents the difference in the.market value of the'airplane, immediately before: and immediately after the injury.
. 4.'
After the accident, V.F.W.' paid $61.81 for long distance telephone calls made in' connection with said accident. These calls, included notification of V.F.W. headquarters of the accident, notification of the-insurance companies,, filing of an accident report with the Civil Aeronautics Authority, checking the progress being made in repairing the -airplane,- etc. .
"5..
As Commander-In-Chief ■ of the V.F.W.,, Mr. Hilton is required to travel extensively,, and.only by traveling in,a private airplane can he keep pace ‘with the- crowded itinerary which he follows. For a short time after the accident he maintained his schedule by traveling on commercial aircraft, and for .this travel -the V.F.W, paid the sum of $220.61.
6.
Later, an'-airplane' was' rented for'the purpose 'of - keeping the itinerary of Mr.
7.
When the airplane was rented by V.F. W., it was necessary to transfer the liability insurance policy from the damaged- aircraft to the rented aircraft, since the rental contract did not provide - insurance in the event of damage. For this - transfer V. F. W. paid the sum of $28.
8.
The pilot of the damaged aircraft, Bruce Campbell, receives an annual salary of $6,500. From the date of the' accident until V.F.W. rented another airplane, a period of four weeks, Mr. Campbell was paid his regular salary although he was not piloting an airplane for V.F.W. During this period the V.F.W. paid him the sum of $418.-60 as his salary.
9.
Mr. Campbell also has an expense account covering hotel expenses, transportation, telephone calls, telegrams, and things of that nature. In addition, he is paid a per diem of $7.50. which is primarily a food allowance.
Subsequent to the accident, Mr. Hilton did not feel that the damaged airplane would be safe for travel and he requested Mr. Campbell to obtain information concerning the purchase of a new airplane. Mr. Campbell made a trip for the purpose of getting this information, and for this trip he was paid his expenses and per diem by V.F.W. Mr. Campbell also made a trip for the purpose of renting another airplane and a trip to test fly and take delivery of the Ryan Navion Airplane after it was repaired. On each of these trips he received his expenses and per diem from V.F.W. The total amount of Mr. Campbell’s expenses paid by V.F.W. on these trips was $522.75.
. 10.
' In'following his extended itinerary, Mr.' Hilton carried with’ him a considerable amount of baggage; After, the accident it was necessary for him to ship part of this baggage to his -headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri. ■ V.F.W. paid the sum of $6.38 for this shipment. ■ ■ ■ '■ .
■ Discussion
The facts being undisputed, and this being a diversity suit, the Court is'required to-ascertain and apply the law of the State of Arkansas to the facts -in deciding the issues presented herein.
Negligence, under Arkansas law, is the doing of something that a. person-of ordinary prudence would not do, ‘ or the failure to do something that a person of ordinary prudence would do, under the same or similar circumstances. St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Ward, 197 Ark. 520, 524, 124 S.W.2d 975; Self v. Kirkpatrick, 194 Ark. 1014, 1022, 110 S.W.2d 13.
Doubtlessly, the actions of the defendant in meddling with the ■ airplane amounted to a “doing of sqmething that a person of ordinary prudence would not do,-” and thus he clearly was guilty of -neg7 ligence and is liable for any -injuries and damage proximately .resulting from his negligence.. -
Before negligence ■ may be said to be the proximate cause of an injury it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence, of the negligent act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of attending circumstances. Ozark Packing Co. v. Stanley, 211 Ark. 749, 202 S.W.2d 352; Hook, Administrator, v. Reynolds, 203 Ark. 259, 261, 156 S. W.2d 242; Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Adams, 199 Ark. 254, 261, 133 S.W. 2d 867.
No Arkansas case involving damages to an airplane has' been -cited to the Court by either of the plaintiffs or the defendant, but there are many Arkansas decisions defining the measure of recovery to be applied in cases where automobiles are damaged, and the Court perceives of no
The rule is firmly established in Arkansas that the measure of property damages arising out of. an'.automobile collision is the difference .between the market value of the property immediately before the injury and its market value immediately after the injury. Watson v. White, 217 Ark. 853,. 858, 233 S.W.2d 544; United Transports, Inc. v. Johnson, 215. Ark. 411, 415, 220 S.W.2d 814; Golenternek v. Kurth, 213 Ark. 643, 647, 212 S.W.2d.14, 3 A.L.R, 2d 593; Kane v. Carper-Dover Mercantile Co., 206 Ark. 674, 679, 177 S.W.2d 41.
However, proof of the amount paid in good faith for repairs necessitated by a collision is sufficient if, when considered along, with all the other evidence, it is shown to. fairly represent the difference in the market value before and after the injury. Nicholas v. Bingamon, 219 Ark. 748, 244 S.W.2d 782; Watson v. White, supra; Cochran v. Long, 214 Ark. 677, 679, 217 S.W.2d 612; Golenternek v. Kurth, supra; Kane v. Carper-Dover Mercantile Co., supra. An illustration of the' application of this rule appears in Kane v. Carper-Dover Mercantile Co., supra, at page 679 of 206 Arki, at page 43 of 177 S.W.2d, where the Court said:
“The evidence of damage to the plaintiff’s truck in the case at bar, is ■ peculiar in that no witness was asked, or testified, concerning the fair market value of the truck before and after the ■ ■ collision. Instead,-the proof was con- ■ fined -entirely to what the plaintiff paid for'labor and parts and repairs; and the admitted total of these items was $187.19. That was the only estimate of damages shown. For all that ap- - -pears in this record the truck was in ■ as good a condition after the repairs, as before the collision, so we rñust conclude from this record that the damages to the truck amounted to. $187.19.”
In most .jurisdictions, if the dam.aged vehicle is repairable the owner may recover for the loss of use. of the vehicle .and for related necessary incidental expenses while it is being repaired, as well as the cost. of repair of said vehicle, Blashfield’s Cyclopedia of Automobile Law and Practice, Volume 6, Part I, Section 3417, Page 58; 169 A.L.R. at page 1088. See also, Lyle v. Seller, 70 Cal.App. 300, 233 P. 345; Cook v. Packard Motor Car Co., 88 Conn. 590, 92 A. 413, L.R.A.1915C, 319; 169 A.L.R. 1099; 25 C.J.S., Damages, § 48, p. 530.
But, under-the Arkansas . law,- a person cannot recover, damages for the loss of use of his automobile pending repair. In Kane v. Carper-Dover Mercantile Co., supra, at page 680 of 206 Ark., at page 44 of 177 S.W.2d, the Court said:
“In some jurisdictions loss of use of an automobile, pending repair, is a recognized item of' damages. Annotations on this point may be found in 4 A.L.R. 1350, 32 A.L.R. 706, 32 A. L.R... 711, 78 A.L.R. '.910,' and 78 A.L.R. 917. But regardless -of the holding of other Courts, we have held that loss of use.of an automobile pending repair is not an element of damages. In Madison-Smith Cadillac Company v. Wallace, 181 Ark. 715, 27 S.W.2d 524, this question was definitely decided; and that case is ruling here.”
' See also,- 169 A.L.R. at page 1088.
The plaintiff, V.F.W., in recognition of this rule of law and in an effort to evade its impact, -states in its brief, “There are cases in this jurisdiction where damages were denied for loss of use of a vehicle during the time, it was being repaired. There, is ;no authority either way in this State-for the renting of a substitute during the' period. of repair. Replacement is to be distinguished from loss of use. The loss of use of this airplane would have been the fair market value for. the rental of the Ryan Navion ship at the time and place. Tt is-noted that there is no. evidence, in this record of such rental value. The damages sought as the expense of replacement is stated in-:. * *. * ‘25 C.J.S. — Damages, Section 48, (P. 530). . Under circumstances such that the loss of the use of an injured motor vehicle is an element of the .damage,, plaintiff may recover an amount necessarily expended for the rent or hire of a similar vehicle with which to per
The fallacy of plaintiff’s position is demonstrated by the underlined language, i. e., only' where loss of <use is an ■element of damages may the amount expended for rent of another vehicle be recovered, but as heretofore stated, loss of■ ■use is not an element of damages in Arkansas. Differently stated, since the plaintiff cannot recover for loss of use of the airplane, likewise the plaintiff cannot recover for the rental of another airplane, the payment of plaintiff’s pilot, and the various other items not directly related to the repair of the airplane.
In Jeter v. Everette, 173 Ark. 25, 291 S. W. 813, the Court at page 27 of 173 Ark. at page 814 of 291 S.W., said :
“ * * * there was no testimony whatever tending to show that the tel- ■ • ephone call or washing the car, or greasing it, were necessary expenses in restoring the car' to the condition it ■ was in before the collision. For the lack of testimony to support the recovery of these items, the judgment must ■ be- modified to exclude them * -*
This language is susceptible of two possible interpretations. First, the Court, in indicating that the named items might have been recovered if they had been necessary expenses in restoring the car to its prior condition, possibly intended to state a rule permitting recovery for all expenses related to the repair of the car. Second, and more logically, the Court may have intended to state a rule allowing recovery only 'for .amounts necessarily, spent in the actual repair of the car, i. e., money spent for labor, parts and repairs to place the damaged vehicle in as good condition as it was prior to the accident. In view of the later decisions, it seems-that the second possible interpretation is decidedly more plausible. In other words, as heretofore stated the sole measure of property damages in such a case is the difference between the market value of the prop- - erty before and after the injury. Watson' v. White, supra. But, proof of-the amount paid for repairs is sufficient if such amount is shown to represent the difference -in the market value before and after the injury. Watson v. White, supra; Kane v. Carper-Dover Mercantile Co., supra.- That is, if the repairs place the vehicle in as good condition as it was prior to the acci-. dent, then the cost of repair properly represents the difference in the value before and after the injury. However, it seems that this would be true only if the cost of repair is confined to items, such as labor and parts, which add, actual value to the damaged vehicle and which place it in the condition it was prior to the injury.
■But, regardless of which of the two pos-' sible interpretations is correct, the result in the instant case would be the sáme. The plaintiff, V.F.W., in its brief lists the amounts it 'expended, exclusive of the amount paid for the actual repair of the airplane as follows:
(a) * * *
(b) Telephone Calls $ 61.84
(c) Commanders travel ■ 220.61
(d) Removal of passengers baggage • 6.38
(e) - Rent of- ship to replace damaged airplane 2380.00'
(f) Salary of pilot 418.60
(g) Expenses of pilot 522.75
(h) Endorsement of Insurance policy to rented ship 28.00
If the second possible interpretation is correct, as the Court believes it is, plaintiff would not be entitled to recover for any of the listed items since none of, them were necessary for the repair of the airplane and none of them added any value to the: damaged airplane. In other, -words, none of these items have any connection, with a determination of the differepce between the market value of the airplane before and after the injury.
Should the first possible interpretation-be correct, the plaintiff is in no better position. The only items which could possibly be considered as- even relating to the repair- of the airplane are the amounts
Clearly plaintiffs are entitled to recover the amount actually expended for the repair, $3,532.08, 'of which amount V.F.W. is entitled to $300 and Insurance Company is entitled to $3,232.08. However, with reference to the other'items which might have been'connected with-the repair of the-airplane, the state of the proof renders it impossible-.for the Court to ascertain the amounts'spent for these items. The plain- r tiff,. V.F.W., assuming that the defendant was liable for all telephone calls made concerning the accident and for all the salary and expenses -paid to the pilot during the time the pilot was idle, only attempted to prove the total amounts spent for these items and made no effort to itemize the amounts spent solely with reference to the repair of the airplane. Therefore, even. if. the Arkansas law permitted recovery for all items relating to the repair of a damaged airplane, the plaintiff has failed to prove that any of the items claimed as damages were so related, or the amount thereof.
Conclusions of Law.
1.
The Court ha,s jurisdiction over the parties to and the subject matter of this action.
2.
The' defendant was guilty of negligence which' was the proximate cause of the 'iri-' jury to the plaintiff, V.F.W.’s airplane. '
3. ■
• The plaintiff, V.F.W., is entitled to recover of and from the defendant the sum of $300.
4.
The plaintiff, Insurance Company of' North America, is entitled to recover of and from the defendant the sum of $3,-232.08. - . • . . ‘
-A judgment in accordance with the above should be entered today. -' ,