INSIGNIA RESIDENTIAL CORPORATION v. Ruejahlyn ASHTON.
No. 151, Sept. Term, 1999.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
July 21, 2000.
755 A.2d 1080
Matt P. Lavine, Silver Springs, for appellee.
Argued before BELL, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, RODOWSKY, RAKER, WILNER, CATHELL and HARRELL, JJ.
WILNER, Judge.
In Adler v. American Standard Corp., 291 Md. 31, 35, 432 A.2d 464, 467 (1981), we confirmed the long-standing common law rule that “an employment contract of indefinite duration, that is, at will, can be legally terminated at the pleasure of either party at any time.” We also held, however, that that common law rule is subject to modification both by statute and by judicial decision, and we recognized in Adler that a cause of action in tort may lie for the “abusive discharge” of an at-will employee “when the motivation for the discharge contravenes some clear mandate of public policy.” Id. at 47, 432 A.2d at 473. In Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 316 Md. 603, 561 A.2d 179 (1989), we added the caveat that an action for abusive discharge will not lie when the public policy violated by the discharge arises from a statute that provides its own remedy
Appellee, Ruejahlyn Ashton, contends, and a jury in the Circuit Court for Prince George‘s County found, that she was discharged from her employment by appellant, Insignia Residential Corporation, because she refused to engage in sexual intercourse with one of Insignia‘s officials, Michael Coleman. A discharge for such a reason constitutes a violation of Federal and State employment discrimination laws that provide one or more remedies for the violation. Accordingly, in Insignia‘s view, Makovi controls, and an action for tortious abusive discharge is precluded. Ms. Ashton responds that a discharge in retaliation for her refusal to acquiesce in what she regards as a form of quid pro quo sexual harassment also violates an independent mandate of public policy.
The Circuit Court for Prince George‘s County held that such a
BACKGROUND
Ms. Ashton‘s employment relationship with Insignia lasted only three months—from December 2, 1996 to March 1, 1997. Much of the evidence regarding that relationship was in dispute, but, as Ms. Ashton prevailed on the wrongful discharge claim, we shall view the evidence in the light most favorable to her.
Insignia owns and operates a number of apartment developments along the East Coast. Ms. Ashton lived in one of those developments, known as Glenarden Two. In November, 1996, she applied for a job with Insignia at the Insignia office located in the apartment development. She was interviewed by Michael Coleman, Insignia‘s on-site Property Manager, and Michael Peeples, its Regional Property Manager. Soon after her interview, Mr. Peeples called her and offered her a job. When Ms. Ashton reported for work on December 2, 1996, Mr. Coleman was on vacation, and she was assigned to work as an office assistant. Upon Coleman‘s return, he promoted her to the position of assistant property manager.
Ms. Ashton alleged that a pattern of sexual harassment commenced about two weeks after she began work. It first involved Mr. Peeples, who, in contravention of company policy,
Despite Cervilla‘s assurance, Peeples continued to visit the property for a time—until the end of December. Ms. Ashton said that she wrote to Mr. Cervilla about Peeples‘s continued presence, which she found discomforting, even though there were no further incidents of harassment on his part. The next upsetting event was at an office Christmas party, when Michael Coleman asked Ms. Ashton “when was I going to go out with him, when I was going to sleep with him.” He added that, if she slept with him, “he could help me out” and that she “could go places.” She declined, whereupon, somewhat inconsistently, he apologized but grabbed her chest area. She made no complaint about the episode. Coleman made no further sexual comments after the party although, according to Ms. Ashton, he did other things such as “rubbing up against me if I‘m trying to make copies or stuff like that.”
At the end of January, an incident, which later served as the asserted basis for her termination, occurred in the building in which Ms. Ashton lived. A downstairs neighbor, Ms. Wichard, was allegedly playing music too loudly late at night. Ms. Ashton asked another neighbor, Ms. Potts, who worked with Ms. Ashton for Insignia, to accompany her to Ms. Wichard‘s apartment in order to quell the disturbance. According to Ms. Potts, Ms. Ashton cursed Ms. Wichard, although Ms. Ashton said that she merely asked the woman to lower the noise. The incident was reported, however, to Mr. Coleman, who informed Ms. Ashton that he intended to investigate the
The next significant contact with Mr. Coleman came on February 14. In the course of another conversation, he told Ms. Ashton that she was being discharged because of the incident with Ms. Wichard. When Ms. Ashton began to cry, Mr. Coleman relented but then asked her to sleep with him and advised that “[i]f I go out with him everything would be all right.” She declined, announced that she was quitting and intended to sue, and turned to leave the office, whereupon Coleman hugged her and squeezed her breasts. Ashton left the office, followed by Coleman, who apologized and asked her not to quit. She agreed, apparently on the condition that he would not touch her again or ask “any questions about being in relations with him.” Two days later, she wrote to him, again advising of her policy not to date co-workers or supervisors and of her discomfort in being hugged and squeezed.
On March 1, 1997, Mr. Coleman informed Ms. Ashton in writing that she was being discharged due to the confrontation she had with Ms. Wichard. Coleman indicated that Ms. Wichard had complained that Ms. Ashton verbally abused her by calling her several degrading names and that Ms. Potts and another resident had confirmed her inappropriate behavior. In February, 1998, Ms. Ashton filed this lawsuit. Although several causes of action were initially pled against Insignia, Coleman, and Peeples, the case proceeded to trial on only two counts—a claim of battery against Coleman for the offensive touching that allegedly occurred on February 14, 1997, and a wrongful discharge claim against Insignia. The latter count
After listening to all of the evidence, including Mr. Coleman‘s denials of much of what Ms. Ashton had to say, the jury found that Coleman had not intentionally and offensively touched Ms. Ashton, and thus returned a verdict for him on the battery claim. The jury did find, however, that Ms. Ashton was terminated from her employment because she refused to engage in a sexual relationship with Coleman. Upon that verdict, it awarded her damages of $22,240. This appeal ensued when the court denied Insignia‘s motion for judgment N.O.V. with respect to the wrongful termination claim.
DISCUSSION
We have set forth above, in summary fashion, the holdings in Adler, Makovi, and Watson that frame the issue. We need now to consider Makovi and Watson in greater detail and to bring in some other cases.
Ms. Makovi was employed, on an at-will basis, as a chemist in a Sherwin-Williams paint factory. In October, 1983, upon its discovery that Ms. Makovi was pregnant, the employer informed her that she could not work at her job while pregnant and that her pay and medical benefits would cease until she became “disabled” because of the pregnancy. Makovi filed an employment discrimination complaint with the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which determined that there was not “reasonable cause to believe” that she had been the victim of sex discrimination but notified her of her right under
Although at the beginning of the Opinion we announced the principle that an action for abusive discharge was “inherently limited to remedying only those discharges in violation of a clear mandate of public policy which otherwise would not be vindicated by a civil remedy,” Makovi, 316 Md. at 605, 561 A.2d at 180, our holding in the case was more limited. The only asserted basis for the public policy mandate allegedly violated by Sherwin-Williams was that arising from
“the statutes create both the right, by way of an exception to the terminable at-will doctrine, and remedies for enforcing that exception. Thus, the generally accepted reason for recognizing the tort, that of vindicating an otherwise civilly unremedied public policy violation, does not apply. Further, allowing full tort damages to be claimed in the name of
vindicating the statutory public policy goals upsets the balance between right and remedy struck by the Legislature in establishing the very policy relied upon.”
Id. at 626, 561 A.2d at 190. See also Chappell v. Southern Maryland Hosp., Inc., 320 Md. 483, 578 A.2d 766 (1990).
Insignia reads Makovi as barring a tort action for abusive discharge whenever the discharge might be found to be an act of sexual harassment for which a remedy exists under the employment discrimination laws. That is not the case. Ms. Makovi‘s action was barred because it was based exclusively on those employment discrimination laws. The only right allegedly transgressed was that arising from those laws, for which a statutory remedy was provided. We expressly left open the prospect of an action for abusive discharge lying when the discharge violated a mandate of public policy independent of the employment discrimination laws. Presaging this very case, we noted:
“Sometimes the facts underlying a discharge constitute both a violation of an anti-discrimination statute and of another, more narrowly focused, statute reflecting clear public policy but providing no civil remedy. Lucas v. Brown & Root, Inc., 736 F.2d 1202 (8th Cir.1984) illustrates an analysis which utilizes the narrower ground. There the plaintiff alleged that she had been fired because she refused to sleep with her foreman. The court reasoned that ‘[a] woman invited to trade herself for a job is in effect being asked to become a prostitute.’ Id. at 1205. Prostitution was a crime denounced by Arkansas statute. The Eighth Circuit predicted the Supreme Court of Arkansas would find an abusive discharge because the plaintiff ‘should not be penalized for refusing to do what the law forbids.’ ”
Makovi, 316 Md. at 620, 561 A.2d at 187.
The prospect that we left open in Makovi became confirmed in Watson. Ms. Watson, an at-will insurance sales agent, was subjected to sexual harassment on three occasions by a fellow employee. The first occasion involved offensive verbal invitations to engage in sexual activity. Ms. Watson complained to
When the employer learned of the suit, a regional vice-president called a meeting in order to investigate the matter. Ms. Watson refused to meet with the official unless her lawyer was present, a condition rejected by the vice-president. She also refused to attend the regular weekly meeting of sales agents set for March 21, after being warned that she would be discharged if she did not appear. By letter dated March 20, Ms. Watson was discharged, allegedly for failing to appear at the March 14 meeting and for failing to report to work on March 20. Following her discharge, Ms. Watson amended her complaint to add another count, for abusive discharge, claiming that her discharge was in retaliation for her having filed the lawsuit against the employer and the co-worker, in contravention of her Federal and State Constitutional rights of free speech and to petition the court for redress. At trial, all claims but two were dismissed. The jury found that the co-worker had assaulted Ms. Watson and returned a judgment in her favor against him. It also found that Ms. Watson had been wrongfully discharged and awarded damages of $35,000. The Court of Special Appeals reversed the judgment against the employer, effectively holding that the tort of abusive discharge would not lie when the motivation for the discharge was to remove an employee who was actively suing the employer.
We, in turn, vacated the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals, but on a very limited and focused basis. The trial
We also concluded that an action for abusive discharge could not be founded upon a lawsuit against the employer based on its toleration of a “hostile environment” form of sexual discrimination. Hostile environment sexual discrimination is actionable under
The saving feature for Ms. Watson was the prospect that the jury may have found that her discharge was motivated by her suit against the co-worker for assault and battery. Based on this possibility, we held that “it is contrary to a clear mandate of public policy to discharge an employee for seeking legal redress against a co-worker for workplace sexual harassment culminating in assault and battery.” Id. at 480-81, 588 A.2d at 766. We explained that the public policy that may have been violated “was the individual‘s interest in preserving bodily integrity and personality, reinforced by the state‘s interest in preventing breaches of the peace, and reinforced by
In finding the prospect of liability on that basis, we rejected the employer‘s argument, made here as well, that the case was controlled by Makovi. Preclusion under Makovi, we iterated, applies only when the public policy sought to be vindicated “is expressed in a statute which carries its own remedy for vindicating that public policy.” Id. at 485, 588 A.2d at 768 (quoting Chappell v. Southern Maryland Hosp., Inc., supra, 320 Md. at 490, 578 A.2d at 770). Preclusion was not mandated, however, simply because the assault and battery arose out of workplace sexual harassment. We explained that public policy, manifested in both the civil and criminal law, provided sanctions against the harmful and offensive touching of the person, whether or not sexually motivated, long before either
Lucas is close in point. Ms. Lucas was an at-will employee who claimed that she was discharged because she refused to sleep with her foreman. She sued in Federal court under
Lucas does not stand alone. A similar result was reached in Harrison v. Edison Bros. Apparel Stores, Inc., 924 F.2d 530 (4th Cir.1991). There, too, an at-will employee sued for abusive discharge, claiming that she was discharged for refusing to accede to the sexual demands of the employer. Applying North Carolina law, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals determined that North Carolina recognized a breach of contract action when an at-will employee is discharged for refusing to violate the law, that North Carolina, by statute, prohibits prostitution, that “the exchange of sexual intercourse for the valuable economic benefit of a job fits within North Carolina‘s criminal prohibition,” that the plaintiff was asked to commit a criminal act and was fired for refusing, and that her complaint therefore “states a claim for wrongful discharge.” Id. at 534.
In Collins v. Rizkana, 73 Ohio St.3d 65, 652 N.E.2d 653 (1995), an at-will employee was subjected to repeated sexual harassment in the form of offensive touchings and inappropriate language, and, when she refused to sign a paper attesting that that conduct had not occurred, she was fired. An Ohio statute precluded a person from having sexual contact with another, not the person‘s spouse, when the offender knows that the sexual contact is offensive. Both that statute and the employment discrimination laws established a clear public
In McNeil v. State, 356 Md. 396, 739 A.2d 80 (1999), we traced the history of the efforts in Maryland and elsewhere to control prostitution and the social problems generated by the commercialization of that activity. The statute precluding prostitution and attempts to induce or coerce women and men into engaging in prostitution represents a clear mandate of public policy that is violated when an at-will employee is discharged for refusing to engage in conduct that would constitute prostitution (or lewdness or assignation, which is also prohibited by
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED, WITH COSTS.
Dissenting opinion by CATHELL, J., in which HARRELL, J., joins.
ELDRIDGE, J., concurring.
I concur in the judgment for the reasons set forth in my concurring and dissenting opinion in Watson v. Peoples Security Life Ins. Co., 322 Md. 467, 487, 588 A.2d 760, 770 (1991); in Judge Adkins‘s dissenting opinion, joined by Judges Eldridge and Cole, in Chappell v. Southern Maryland Hosp., Inc., 320 Md. 483, 498-503, 578 A.2d 766, 774-776 (1990); and in Judge Adkins‘s dissenting opinion, joined by Judges Eldridge and Cole, in Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 316 Md. 603, 627-646, 561 A.2d 179, 190-200 (1989). See also Caldor v. Bowden, 330 Md. 632, 677, 625 A.2d 959, 980-981 (1993) (Eldridge, J., joined by Bell, J., dissenting).
An employee such as the plaintiff Ashton, who is discharged from her employment because she refuses to engage in sexual intercourse with one of her employer‘s officials, clearly has a common law cause of action in tort for abusive discharge under the principles set forth in Adler v. American Standard Corp., 291 Md. 31, 432 A.2d 464 (1981). That common law cause of action under Adler should not be precluded simply because there may exist limited statutory remedies under the Human Relations Article of the Maryland Code (
The majority today circumvents this Court‘s ill-advised opinion in Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., supra, by stating
CATHELL, J., dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. Judge Eldridge writes separately in concurrence because the majority declines to overrule Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 316 Md. 603, 561 A.2d 179 (1989), and its progeny. I write in dissent because the majority fails to apply the holding of Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., supra.
I do agree with most of Judge Eldridge‘s statement that [t]he majority today circumvents this Court‘s ... opinion in Makovi v. Sherwin-Williams Co., supra, by stating that the holding in that case was more limited than the language of the opinion, and by the strained route of relying on the criminal statute making it unlawful “[t]o engage in prostitution....”
Normally, I might be inclined to defer to the majority‘s apparently superior academic knowledge of the subject matter, but, under its reasoning, a person declining a sexual entreaty “until the ring is on my finger,” is a prostitute or a person requesting sexual activity, promising marriage, or any number of other things in return, is soliciting prostitution. With its opinion, the majority, by logical inferential extension, has, I fear, turned millions of Marylanders into prostitutes or those who solicit prostitution.
Whatever the majority and others think prostitution is, this, in vernacular language, “ain‘t it.”
I would reverse.
Judge HARRELL has authorized me to state that he joins in the views expressed herein.