Insa v. InsaInsa v. Insa
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HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Michal Folley Insa appeals from the trial court‘s judgment entry overruling her objections to a magistrate‘s decision, vacating an ex parte temporary protection order
{¶ 2} Michal advances four assignments of error. First, she contends the trial court erred in declining to conduct an in camera interview of the parties’ minor child, who was a protected person under the ex parte order. Second, she claims the trial court erred in refusing to reopen the proceedings, after a hearing on her petition, to address newly discovered evidence related to potential abduction of the child. Third, she asserts that the trial court erred in dismissing her petition and vacating the ex parte order because its decision is against the weight of the evidence. Fourth, she maintains that the trial court erred in overruling her objections to its adoption of the magistrate‘s decision based on her non-compliance with
{¶ 3} The record reflects that Michal filed her petition for a domestic violence civil protection order in April 2015, seeking protection for herself and the parties’ minor child, who was four years old. The pro se petition alleged the following acts of domestic violence committed by Mahamadou:
Pushing when pregnant, threatening to hit, pushing when at the [marital] residence[,] refusing to let either receive help for food [or] medicine[.]
Forcing his 2-4 yr old daughter to have sex with him by kissing her and using his finger in his [sic] vagina atil [sic] screaming crying for the pain that was cause. Slapping her at times[.]
Threatening to cause me harm by hotting [sic] me. Spit on me in the pas[t].
(Doc. #1 at 2).
{¶ 4} After granting an ex parte temporary order protecting Michal and the child, a magistrate held a two-day hearing in June and July 2015. The witnesses at the hearing were Michal, psychologist Antoinette Cordell, Detective Elizabeth Alley, and Mahamadou. For her part, Michal testified that she and Mahamadou had married in 2003 but were estranged. She proceeded to recount allegations of sexual abuse committed by Mahamadou against their child. She explained that the allegations came to light in late January 2015 when she observed the child playing with a toy bear and a doll in a sexual manner. (Tr. Vol. I at 12). The activity included the child taking her finger and “strok[ing] between the baby doll‘s legs.” (Id. at 137). According to Michal, the child stated that “Baba” (the child‘s name for Mahamadou) had been doing that to her. (Id. at 138). When questioned further, the child mentioned an incident at a mosque. (Id.).
{¶ 5} Michal testified that she previously had suspected sexual abuse involving the minor child. In particular, she mentioned an incident that occurred around December 2012 when the child was two years old. On that occasion, Mahamadou inadvertently “pocket dialed” Michal‘s phone. When she answered the phone, she heard the child singing in the background. She then heard the child start screaming. According to Michal, the
{¶ 6} With regard to the January 2015 incident involving the toy bear, the doll, and the child‘s related disclosures, Michal contacted the police and Care House of Dayton. She also scheduled a vaginal examination at Children‘s Medical Center in early February, 2015. (Id. at 18, 21, 36). Michal testified that she heard her daughter tell a detective that Mahamadou had touched her “twah,” which was the child‘s name for her “private area.” (Id. at 24-25). On the day of the vaginal exam, Michal spoke with Officer Alley, who, according to Michal, questioned whether she had mental problems that may have triggered the sexual-abuse complaint. (Id. at 40). At that point, Michal feared her unspecified “past” may have been clouding the officer‘s opinion with regard to the truth of the allegations. (Id. at 41). The child underwent a medical examination that neither confirmed nor ruled out the existence of sexual abuse. (Id. at 43-44).
{¶ 7} Michal also testified about an incident that occurred shortly before the hearing when the child accused Mahamadou of having taken nude pictures of her. (Id. at 61-63). According to Michal, the child recalled that the pictures had been taken in her
{¶ 8} Michal additionally testified that Mahamadou, who was from Niger, West Africa, previously had expressed an interest in taking the child to live in Africa because he believed the schools were better there. (Id. at 79). Michal expressed her own fear that Mahamadou might take the child to Africa, continue to engage in sexual abuse, and ultimately kill the child. (Id. at 81-82).
{¶ 9} On cross examination, Michal acknowledged having a prior felony record for aggravated assault. (Id. at 95). She also admitted having reported being kidnapped and saved by a farmer when she was 13 years old. (Id. at 97). When questioned about the assertions in her petition, Michal clarified that her allegation of Mahamadou engaging in “sex” with the child meant “fondling.” (Id. at 98-99).
{¶ 10} With regard to the petition‘s allegations of physical abuse against her, Michal acknowledged that they had occurred relatively long ago. In particular, she stated that the alleged “pushing” was mostly mutual and had occurred at least five years earlier when she was pregnant. (Id. at 118). The threats mentioned in the petition had occurred in 2013 and 2014. (Id. at 120). As for the denial of food or medicine, Michal recalled incidents when Mahamadou had believed the child did not need to go to the doctor and when he had questioned her about her blood-pressure medicine. (Id. at 122-123). Michal also mentioned one incident about a year earlier when Mahamadou had slapped the child. (Id. at 133). She acknowledged that the slap was “not hard.” (Id. at 133). She also recalled one incident the previous year when Mahamadou had spit on her. (Id. at 134).
{¶ 11} The next witness was psychologist Cordell, who was called by Michal‘s counsel. Cordell stated that she had been seeing the child since April 2015. (Tr. Vol. II at 17). The sessions stemmed from Michal‘s concerns about the child‘s emotional behavior, which included crying, screaming, refusing to eat, hitting her head, having nightmares, and other things. (Id. at 18). Cordell testified that Michal had informed her of the child‘s sexual-abuse allegations. But her role was not “to investigate that or to figure out exactly what may or may not have happened.” (Id. at 19). She did not conduct a sexual-abuse investigation. (Id. at 37-38).
{¶ 12} In one of Cordell‘s early sessions, the child reported that she did not want to see her dad or live with him. (Id. at 26). When asked whether her father had hurt her, the child responded “yes” but did not elaborate. (Id.). In a later session, the child reported that her father had taken pictures of her with her clothes off. (Id. at 28). In none of Cordell‘s sessions did the child ever mention Mahamadou inappropriately touching her anywhere. (Id. at 48). Cordell did not get the impression that the child was trying to remember something that she had been coached to say. (Id. at 30). But she also never inquired whether Michal had mentioned anything to her about her father. (Id. at 40). According to Cordell, the child met the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. (Id. at 31).
{¶ 13} The next witness was Detective Alley, who was called by Mahamadou‘s counsel. Alley testified that she worked in the Special Victims Unit at the CARE House. (Id. at 75). As part of her investigation, Alley spoke with Michal and the child about the sexual-abuse allegations. As soon as she began the rapport-building portion of the child‘s interview, the child immediately said without being prompted or questioned that “Baba
{¶ 14} Alley subsequently spoke to Mahamadou, who was cooperative. (Id. at 83). He surrendered his cell phone and agreed to take a polygraph test, although no test ever was administered. (Id. at 84). Alley described Michal as “very aggressive in wanting charges to go forward[.]” (Id. at 85). Alley presented the results of her investigation to the prosecutor‘s office, and “charges were refused.” (Id. at 86, 99).
{¶ 15} On cross examination, Alley testified that she thought Michal‘s behavior during the course of the investigation was out of the ordinary:
* * * [S]he was wanting immediate answers the whole time. Showed up at the CARE House multiple times, was bringing pictures of allegedly her being naked and always calling with other concerns, things that happened being addressed earlier, things that had come up including, oh, I remember a magnifying glass being involved, I remember a magnifying glass in the house.
Things that were just coming up as she thought about them that she was always showing up at the CARE House for. That is unusual.
(Id. at 100).
{¶ 16} With regard to the alleged nude photos, Alley stated:
* * * And actually [Michal] told me that [Mahamadou] had multiple pictures on his phone that were inappropriate and she brought one to the CARE House and said she was not able to get the other ones and when I reviewed his phone, I found the exact same picture that she brought to me and it was not an inappropriate picture. It was a picture of his child.
(Id. at 104).
{¶ 17} Alley stated that Michal identified the picture at issue (Exhibit 9) as one of the objectionable “naked” photos she had found on Mahamadou‘s phone. (Id. at 110). Alley further testified that Montgomery County Children Services (MCCS) had started an investigation as a result of Michal‘s sexual-abuse allegations. That investigation resulted in MCCS finding the allegations “unsubstantiated.” (Id. at 109). According to Alley, she found “lots of inconsistencies in the story along the entire investigation.” (Id. at 114). They included “inconsistencies with Michal‘s story, the inconsistencies in the forensic interview and the inconsistencies in speaking with her children.” (Id. at 114-115).
{¶ 18} For his part, Mahamadou testified and described his marriage to Michal as “troubled.” (Id. at 122). He denied touching his daughter‘s vaginal area or looking at it with a “microscope.” (Id. at 128). He theorized that Michal may have fabricated her allegations against him because she was “angry” at him. (Id.). With regard to the picture admitted into evidence, he testified that he took it while watching television with the child, who was wearing panties and was “not naked.” (Id. at 129). He also denied pushing Michal, threatening her, depriving her of food or medicine, slapping the child, or spitting on Michal. (Id. at 132-133).
{¶ 19} On cross examination, Mahamadou initially denied ever being alone with
{¶ 20} Following the hearing, Michal‘s counsel filed an August 26, 2015 suggestion of death, indicating that Michal had died on August 12, 2015. (Doc. #25). The suggestion of death included a motion under
{¶ 21} One day after counsel filed the suggestion of death and the
The evidence presented by Michal to support the allegations of abuse are statements made by the 4 year old to Michal and others. These statements lack detail and in one instance, related an inability of the child to describe the alleged abuse by Mahamadou. Michal‘s allegations have been investigated by law enforcement and CSB. Despite the allegations, no charges or action has been taken. It is found that Michal has failed to prove by the preponderance of the evidence that Mahamadou has committed domestic violence.
(Id.).
{¶ 22} Thereafter, on September 14, 2015, the trial court filed a judgment entry adopting the magistrate‘s decision. (Doc. #27). Therein, the trial court noted that no objections to the magistrate‘s decision had been filed under
{¶ 23} Fourteen days later, on September 28, 2015, Michal‘s counsel filed objections to the trial court‘s adoption of the magistrate‘s decision. (Doc. #28). In those objections, counsel explained that
{¶ 24} On October 22, 2015, the trial court granted an extension of time until November 7, 2015 for the transcript to be filed. (Doc. #30). But four days later, on October 26, 2015, the trial court overruled the objections to its adoption of the magistrate‘s decision without addressing them, asserting that (1) there had been no request for findings of fact or conclusions of law, (2) a transcript had not been ordered, and (3) the objections were untimely under
{¶ 25} As a means of analysis, we turn first to Michal‘s fourth assignment of error, which challenges the trial court‘s overruling of her objections. We find Michal‘s argument on this issue persuasive. Contrary to the trial court‘s assertions, a transcript of the hearing before the magistrate had been ordered and the trial court itself had just granted an extension of time for it to be filed. With regard to the trial court‘s statement about no findings of fact or conclusions of law being requested, the magistrate‘s decision that the trial court adopted already contained explicit “findings of fact and conclusion of law.” Finally, with regard to the trial court‘s concerns about non-compliance with
{¶ 26} Under
{¶ 27} Ordinarily we would remand a case for the trial court to properly apply the appropriate rule and render a corrected decision. However, in the unique circumstances of this appeal we decline to do so for several reasons.
{¶ 28} In her first assignment of error, Michal contends the trial court erred in declining to conduct an in camera interview of the parties’ child, who was a protected
{¶ 29} Upon review, we find no violation of the statute or due process. We begin with the statute. It provides:
(B)(1) When making the allocation of the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the children under this section in an original proceeding or in any proceeding for modification of a prior order of the court making the allocation, the court shall take into account that which would be in the best interest of the children. In determining the child‘s best interest for purposes of making its allocation of the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the child and for purposes of resolving any issues related to the making of that allocation, the court, in its discretion, may and, upon the request of either party, shall interview in chambers any or all of the involved children regarding their wishes and concerns with respect to the allocation.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 30} Michal cites
(A) In any divorce, legal separation, or annulment proceeding and in any proceeding pertaining to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
for the care of a child, upon hearing the testimony of either or both parents and considering any mediation report filed pursuant to section 3109.052 of the Revised Code and in accordance with sections 3127.01 to 3127.53 of the Revised Code [The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act], the court shall allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the minor children of the marriage. Subject to division (D)(2) of this section, the court may allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the children in either of the following ways: (1) * * * allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the children primarily to one of the parents, designate that parent as the residential parent and the legal custodian of the child, and divide between the parents the other rights and responsibilities for the care of the children, including, but not limited to, the responsibility to provide support for the children and the right of the parent who is not the residential parent to have continuing contact with the children.
(2) * * * allocate the parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the children to both parents and issue a shared parenting order requiring the parents to share all or some of the aspects of the physical and legal care of the children in accordance with the approved plan for shared parenting.
* * *.
{¶ 31} Michal argues that, under
{¶ 32} We find Michal‘s argument to be unpersuasive. As a threshold matter, “we must review all of
{¶ 33} On the surface,
{¶ 34} Second,
{¶ 35} Third, this court and others have recognized that a temporary allocation of parental rights in the context of a protection order does not constitute a “prior decree allocating parental rights and responsibilities” under
{¶ 36} Fourth, the Ohio Supreme Court in Spon, supra, expressly rejected an
{¶ 37} We are equally unpersuaded by Michal‘s due-process argument. The simplest response to it is that the trial court never deprived her child of an opportunity to be heard. Based on the reasoning set forth above, the trial court had no statutory obligation, under
{¶ 38} In her second assignment of error, Michal claims the trial court erred in refusing to reopen the proceedings to address newly discovered evidence of “imminent harm.” This argument concerns the motion filed one day before the magistrate‘s ruling. Therein, Michal invoked
{¶ 39} The magistrate implicitly overruled the
{¶ 40} We see no abuse of discretion here for at least two reasons. First, we are unconvinced that a fear of “abduction,” at least under the circumstances of this case, is grounds for a domestic violence civil protection order. The pertinent statute defines “domestic violence,” for purposes of a protection order, as committing one or more of the following acts against a family or household member:
(a) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;
(b) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent serious physical harm or committing a violation of section 2903.211 [menacing by stalking] or 2911.211 [aggravated trespass] of the Revised Code;
(c) Committing any act with respect to a child that would result in the child being an abused child, as defined in section 2151.031 of the Revised Code;
(d) Committing a sexually oriented offense.
{¶ 41} A fear that Mahamadou might accompany his own daughter to Africa following his wife‘s death does not appear to fit within any of the foregoing grounds. This is particularly true if the allegations of abuse are discounted based on the trial court‘s finding that they were not proven by the preponderance of the evidence (an issue we will address infra). In opposition to this conclusion, Michal cites Reynolds v. Reynolds, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18436, 2001 WL 62552 (Jan. 26, 2001). In that case, the trial court cited evidence of physical abuse and threats, a threat of abduction, and menacing by stalking as grounds to issue a domestic violence protection order. Id. at *1-*3 (quoting the trial court‘s opinion). On review, however, this court focused on the defendant‘s physical
{¶ 42} Second, even if abduction fears can justify a domestic violence civil protection order, it was not an abuse of discretion to refuse to reopen the proceedings in this case. Michal‘s protection-order petition contained no allegations concerning a fear of abduction. At the subsequent hearing, she briefly mentioned Mahamadou wanting to have the parties’ child educated in Africa. (Tr. Vol. I at 79). Michal also expressed her own interest in taking a trip to Africa. (Id.). She then theorized that Mahamadou might take the child to Africa, engage in sexual abuse there, and then kill the child. (Id. at 81-82). Michal‘s hearing testimony provides little, if any, objective support for these concerns, particularly considering that the trial court found her sexual abuse concerns not proven. Nor does the fact that, after the hearing and after his wife‘s death, Mahamadou, the child‘s father, requested his own daughter‘s passport.
{¶ 43} With proper supporting evidence, fears of abduction might be relevant to the issuance of a domestic violence civil protection order, especially in conjunction with a finding that a defendant is engaging in acts of physical or sexual abuse that are likely to continue in the new location. On the record before us, however, we are unconvinced that the newly discovered evidence at issue—Mahamadou‘s request for his own daughter‘s passport after his wife‘s death—probably would have changed the result with regard to the dismissal of the petition for a protection order. Absent that showing, denial of the
{¶ 44} In her last remaining assignment of error, Michal challenges the trial court‘s dismissal of her petition and vacation of the ex parte order as being against the weight of the evidence. She advances two arguments in support. First, she contends she proved sexual abuse by the preponderance of the evidence. Second, she claims the magistrate and the trial court failed to address the abduction issue.
{¶ 45} “When assessing whether a protection order should have been issued, the reviewing court must determine whether there was sufficient credible evidence to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner was entitled to relief.” Weismuller v. Polston, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2011-06-014, 2012-Ohio-1476, ¶ 19. “Under the civil manifest-weight standard, ‘[i]f competent, credible evidence exists to support the trial court‘s decision, it must be affirmed.’ ” Wise v. Wise, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23424, 2010-Ohio-1116, ¶ 9, quoting Gevedon v. Ivey, 172 Ohio App.3d 567, 2007–Ohio–2970, 876 N.E.2d 604, ¶ 60 (2d Dist.). “In a civil manifest-weight analysis, ‘the court reviews the trial court‘s rationale and the evidence the trial court has cited in support of its decision.’ ” Id. In so doing, a reviewing court must remain mindful that evaluating evidence and assessing witness credibility are primarily functions of the trier of fact. Weismuller at ¶ 19.
{¶ 46} Having examined the record, we do not find that the trial court‘s dismissal of Michal‘s petition is against the weight of the evidence. The record supports a finding that Michal failed to prove her domestic-violence allegations by the preponderance of the evidence.
{¶ 47} With regard to the sexual-abuse allegations, Michal contends the magistrate and the trial court “gave undue deference” to (1) the absence of criminal
{¶ 48} Michal also argues that the trial court‘s reliance on a lack of medical evidence substantiating sexual abuse was misplaced. Once again, however, that fact, while not dispositive, remained a relevant consideration. The fact that the child‘s medical examination was essentially normal certainly did not rule out the possibility of sexual abuse. But the trial court was entitled to take into account the lack of corroborating medical evidence when assessing whether Michal had proven her allegations by the preponderance of the evidence. As Michal correctly points out on appeal, the fact that Cordell saw no indication of the child being “coached” also was a relevant consideration. But that fact was not dispositive either with regard to the veracity of the child‘s allegations or Michal‘s ability to prove them. Finally, Michal claims Mahamadou‘s contradictory and extreme statements about being, or not being, alone with the child undermined his
{¶ 49} The only remaining issue is whether the trial court‘s ruling is against the weight of the evidence because it failed to address the abduction issue. We conclude that it is not. In our view, on this record, use of the term abduction is unnecessarily strong and unsupported. As noted above, Michal‘s petition for a protection order did not contain any allegations regarding threats of abduction. The issue arose during the hearing only tangentially in the context of Michal mentioning Mahamadou wanting to have the child educated in Africa, expressing her own interest in taking a trip to Africa, and speculating that Mahamadou might take the child to Africa, engage in sexual abuse there, and then kill the child. (Tr. Vol. I at 79-82). Particularly in light of Michal‘s failure to allege abduction concerns in her petition, we are unconvinced that this foray into abduction compelled the magistrate or the trial court to make an explicit ruling as to whether abduction concerns warranted a protection order. Mahamadou‘s request for his child‘s passport at a time when he is the child‘s only parent because of Michal‘s death is completely unlike Reynolds v. Reynolds, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18436, 2001 WL 62552, cited as support by appellant. In Reynolds, the petitioner‘s former spouse “stated that he would abduct her
{¶ 50} The judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relations Division, is affirmed.
WELBAUM, J., concurs.
FROELICH, J., dissenting:
{¶ 51} I agree with the majority that the procedural circumstances of this case are unique; however, the Civil Rules provide for the trial court to rule on objections to its judgment entry adopting a magistrate‘s decision, and I would not find such error in this case to be harmless.
{¶ 52} How the trial court would have weighed the alleged inconsistencies in Mahamadou‘s testimony, the absence of criminal charges, Dr. Cordell‘s testimony, the child‘s lack of specificity, or other parts of the transcript which it never saw are unknown to us.
{¶ 53} The trial court may well have held exactly as we now have (that the temporary protection order was appropriately denied) or it may have held otherwise (finding that the temporary protection order should not have been dismissed). But our
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