75 Me. 126 | Me. | 1883
The verdict is for the plaintiffs for the amount claimed in the writ for supplies furnished William O. Kaherl, alias Orrin S. Carle and his alleged wife, Mary O. alias Orraville M. and their children. The defendants present the case upon a
They claim the motion should be sustained for want of proof that the plaintiffs sent the defendants the requisite statute notice that these paupers had fallen into distress and were receiving pauper supplies from the plaintiff town.
Ordinarily if the report of all the evidence failed to show either proof of such notice or an admission at the trial that it had been given, it would be good cause for sustaining the motion. But in the present case any defect of proof in that respect is supplied by other portions of the report ivhich show that at a previous term the defendants had been defaulted, the default to be taken off upon condition among other things that they should file with the clerk on or before a day certain a specification of their defence; and that the specifications filed under that order make no denial of the notice which is duly averred in the writ. The condition was not a mere idle ceremony. Its force and effect must have been well understood by the counsel on both sides. It was one which the presiding judge might well impose, with or without the aid of rule nine, as a condition of taking off the default, and ,its effect if properly regarded, could not be otherwise than salutary for both parties. Looking at the specifications filed under this order, and giving them their due effect, we find that the only points really open to the defendants were the furnishing of the supplies by the plaintiffs as alleged — the validity of the marriage of W. O. and M. 0. Kaherl — the legitimacy of their children and consequently the settlement of the alleged wife and children in the defendant town.
It was not necessary under these specifications that plaintiffs should prove the statute notice to the defendants, nor the necessity of the supplies, nor that they were applied for or received in the manner required by chap. 119, laws of 1873, nor that Kaherl or Carle had his legal settlement in Belgrade. The office of a specification of defense differs from that of a brief statement in this, that the former is in part designed to limit the matters that
The plaintiffs proved the regular performance of the marriage ueremony between Kaherl and the woman who is alleged in the Writ to be his wife, March 19> 1873. All that was necessary to make a legal and valid marriage, if the parties were capable of contracting one, was made to appear. It had been followed by half a dozen years cohabitation and the birth of children. To impeach it the defendants proposed to establish the fact of a previous marriage of Kaherl with Esther Craig, (who was living March 19, 1873, the date of the marriage with Mrs. Ott,) by ■evidence of cohabitation for a considerable number of years, reputation, birth of children and contemporaneous admissions and claims of both the parties to the alleged marriage contract. They did not offer to prove a legal marriage by direct testimony and the presumptive evidence above referred to was rejected by the presiding judge.
Defendants contend that it ought to have been received and if found full and complete enough to satisfy the jury that Kaherl had a legal wife alive at the time the marriage was solemnized between him and Mrs. Ott then that marriage was invalid, and the jury should have been Instructed that she and her children by Kaherl did not acquire thereby a settlement in the defendant town. This result would unquestionably follow if there was evidence upon which it would be competent for the jury to find that there was a valid marriage between Kaherl and Esther Craig. Harrison v. Lincoln, 48 Maine, 205; Howland v. Burlington, 53 Maine, 54; Pittston v. Wiscasset, 4 Maine, 293. The inquiry is as to the admissibility of presumptive evidence to establish the first marriage as against direct proof of the due solemnization of the second, while Esther Craig, the reputed first wife, was living.
The court in this state have explicitly recognized the general rule in Pratt v. Pierce, 36 Maine, 454, and Taylor v. Robinson, 29 Maine, 328, where the court add, "we find no authority for a distinction in cases, where the party to the marriage is a party to the suit, and wishes to prove the marriage, and where the attempt to establish the marriage is by one who is a stranger thereto ;’p citing Fenton v. Reed, 4 Johns. 52, and the text books of Starkie and Greenloaf. The nature of the testimony, and the grounds of its admissibility are dealt with somewhat in extensa in Greenleaf’s Evidence, vol. 2, pp. 443, et seq. § § 461, &c. 2d edition.
The general doctrine unquestionably is, that circumstantial evidence is always competent, and in most eases sufficient proof of marriage in civil cases.
How did this exception (for an exception it is conceded to be, in the cases which most strongly support it) grow up, and upon what reason is it based ?
In the latter class it must be such as shall exclude all reasonable-doubt of guilt, while in the former, where it comes collaterally in question, it suffices if there is a preponderance of evidence, which satisfies the jury of the fact. This court recognizes that ■ distinction in Ellis v. Buzzell, 60 Maine, 209. And, with us, even in criminal prosecutions, while common reputation, and the like, are not competent to prove the marriage, other circumstantial evidence, such as cohabitation, birth of children', and contemporaneous recognition of the fact, by the parties to the marriage-contract is admissible. State v. Libby, 44 Maine, 478-480. Still another element which has served to introduce clashing-dicta into the discussions in the different courts, is the fact that the question most frequently has arisen in cases involving-succession, legitimacy of children, and dower where the judges, all alike animated by the desire to decide according to the legal rights of the parties, have chanced to be very differently impressed by the probative force of the ever varying character and combination of the circumstances, adduced in the different cases to-establish a marriage by presumptive proof.
But shall we lay it down as matter of law that there can never-be, in a civil case, where it comes collaterally in question, an amount of circumstantial evidence, sufficient to establish a legal marriage against the presumption of innocence?
That is precisely what a decision which rejects all circumstantial ' evidence in a case like this, where it comes in collision with
The question is one of too much practical importance to pass "without a strict examination of the decided cases, and a careful ■consideration of the consequences of the decision. It is easy to ■ conceive of cases where we might find om-selves compelled to do an irremediable wrong, if circumstantial evidence of a prior marriage can never be allowed to come in to overcome, if it can, ■ direct proof of a subsequent marriage. Suppose a young couple, of decent character and repute, to have been married many years ago in a town where the records of marriages have since been burnt, or by a minister or magistrate who has failed, as they not infrequently do, to make due return to the records of its solemnization, and that the witnesses to the marriage are dead ; but the parties have lived and cohabited as husband and wife in the immediate vicinity, and among their kindred and friends, and had children born to them, and have been recognized by their neighbors and by each other as lawfully married. Now, suppose the husband after a series of years becomes depraved and reckless, leaves his family, goes to another section of the state, and there is direct proof that there, under an assumed name, he goes through the form of marriage with a woman in low life, with whom he .afterwards cohabits and by whom he has children. Suppose the •question arose in a suit touching dower, or inheritance. Is it a conclusion of law that direct proof of the second marriage must of itself deprive his real wife of dower, and his legitimate children of the right of inheritance, and stigmatize her as a •concubine and them as bastards, because circumstantial evidence of the first marriage, cannot, however strong, be received to ■combat the presumption of innocence, and the validity of the ■second marriage ? To us it seems to be a question, not of the competency, but of the strength and sufficiency of evidence in ■every case, and that the testimony should be received and passed, upon by the jury, subject to the power of the court to set aside any unwarrantable conclusion which they may draw.
How is it practicable for the court, without hearing it, to ascertain the probative force of all the circumstantial evidence,
In a settlement case where the validity of a second marriage was in issue, the presumption of innocence Avas not held to out-Aveigh the presumption of continuance of life in the absence of evidence. Rex v. Harborne, 2 Ad. & E. 540. And see remark of Kent, J., in Harrison v. Lincoln, 48 Maine, top of p. 209. But the decisions relied on to support the ruling must not be overlooked.
The most direct is Poultney v. Fairhaven, Brayton, Vt. 185. The case was an appeal from an order of justices for removal of' paupers from the plaintiff to the defendant town. The male pauper, called by plaintiffs, testified that he was laAvfully married to the female pauper. Defendants then offered to prove by the female, that prior to that marriage she Avas laAvfully married to another man Avho is still alive, but her testimony Avas excluded, as Avas also evidence of the former marriage by cohabitation and. reputation ; and plaintiffs had a verdict. Upon a motion for neAv trial there was a per curia,m opinion, the whole of Avhich is as follows : "Asenath being prima facie the wife of John Slyter, it Avas necessary a previous legal marriage should be proved tc,
The whole basis upon which the exception to the general rule rests is developed. If it be found either that the doctrine of the Maryland decision ought not to be sustained to its full extent, or that the case before us is not within it, on account of some essential difference between the facts presented, or between the • criminal law of this state and that,' we may be saved the necessity of a further detailed review of the authorities on either side. In the outset, it is to be observed that at neither of the trials in Jones v. Jones, does it appear that any evidence, either circumstantial or direct, of the fact of the marriages in controversy was excluded. The questions arose in the first instance upon the withholding of certain requested instructions as to the sufficiency of the evidence, and in the second, upon the giving •of those instructions so that the second decision is simply a reiteration of the first, with a more elaborate review of the authorities. The Maryland court had their whole case before them, ■and it was' in brief as follows : It was. a succession case, to determine whether the claimant, H. J. was the legitimate son of -.the decedent, A. D. J. and whether there was a widow, and if so, who. The parties involved were colored, and some of them at least formerly slaves. On the part of II. J. it was claimed that, although he was the fruit of a meretricious connection, still his father subsequently married his mother, who was a slave, and the ordinary circumstantial evidence was offered to prove it. On the other hand it was claimed that at the date of that alleged marriage,. A. D. J. was the lawful husband of A. S. who died ¡in 1844, after which he married a third woman, F. M. who
Hereupon we remafk, that it would seem that if the legal marriage of A. D. J. with A. S. February 14, 1819, was established the strongest, direct proof of his subsequent marriage to the claimant’s mother, could not have availed the claimant; and that, if by including in the same category, the subsequent marriage with F. M. it is intended to assert that no circumstantial evidence, however strong, of a previous marriage can amount to a preponderance of proof against the presumption of innocence,
This must be so on account of the practical difficulty in conducting a trial where such an issue is involved, to which we have before alluded.
True, the evidence may or may not, when presented, be found sufficient to prevail against the counter evidence and. the presumption of innocence.
But like circumstantial evidence in other cases we cannot say, without hearing it, that it will not be strong enough not only to preponderate against that presumption, but to exclude every reasonable doubt.
We do not find in the cautious action and utterances of the Maryland court, an authority against its admissibility.
In nearly all the cases cited the courts are dealing with the weight and effect of the testimony, and not with its competency.
In Archer v. Haithcock, 6 Jones, Law, N. C. Rep. 421, the admissibility and sufficiency of the circumstantial, against the direct evidence is affirmed, and the court refuse to recognize any exceptions to the general rule, except in prosecutions for bigamy and actions for criminal conversation.
In this country the conditions are far less favorable to the making of direct proof of a marriage, when a contest arises in which it is called in question than they are in England. See the forcible remarks of Campbell, C. J., as to the difficulty of making other than circumstantial proof with us. Herein is a sufficient reason why the English decisions upon this point should
The Upper Canada decisions naturally follow the English.
Looking now at the proof offered in the present case, we find that the defendants took one step toward 'making proof by the record of the marriage of Kaherl with Esther Craig. Their intentions of marriage were duly recorded in the town where Kaherl lived, September 13, 1854. The defendants proved also that the books containing the records of intentions and marriages, between 1852 and 1857, in Augusta, where Esther Craig resided, and where the marriage is supposed to have taken place, were long since burnt up or lost, and that David Wilber, the magistrate, by whom they claimed the marriage was solemnized, is dead. The lack of record proof is thus accounted for. They could not call upon Kaherl to criminate himself. We think it cannot be said as matter of law that the fact that he had, under an assumed name, contracted a second marriage, while Esther Craig was living, raises such a conclusive presumption that he was not previously legally married as to exclude the ordinary circumstantial evidence to show that he was, in a suit where the validity of the two marriages comes in question.
Whether circumstantial evidence will suffice to establish in a civil case of this description, the validity of a prior marriage as against a later one, where there is direct proof of the. performance of the ceremony must depend always upon its character and force, in each case where it is presented. We cannot say, until it has been heard, that it will not outweigh the counter evidence, and any presumption of innocence there may be to overcome..
Exceptions sustained.