SUMMARY
This is an eminent domain case involving the Inglewood Redevelopment Agency (the Agency) and Elias Aklilu doing business as Auto Inn Lube and Oil (Auto Inn). Commencing in 1997, Aklilu operated Auto Inn on the real property at 3300 West Century Boulevard, which he leased from the Nix Family Trust (the Nixes). Auto Inn was profitable in 1998 but lost money each of the succeeding four years. Aklilu attributed this downturn to the construction of the Marketplace at Hollywood Park across the street from Auto Inn. When completed in 2003, the Marketplace at Hollywood Park featured a Home Depot and a Target. Auto Inn returned to profitability and its future looked bright.
In October of 2004, the Agency filed a complaint in condemnation with respect to the property at 3300 West Century Boulevard in furtherance of a redevelopment plan. The Agency was unable to relocate Auto Inn within the redevelopment area. Consequently, Aklilu suffered a total loss of goodwill, which is defined by Code of Civil Procedure, section 1263.510, subdivision (b), as “the benefits that accrue to a business as a result of its location, reputation for dependability, skill or quality, and any other circumstances resulting in probable retention of old or acquisition of new patronage.” 1
The Agency settled with the Nixes and Aklilu’s subtenant who operated a smog inspection shop on the premises. However, the Agency was unable to settle with Aklilu. The Agency’s expert took the position Auto Inn had no goodwill at the time of the condemnation because it had never generated excess profits. The Agency offered Aklilu $35,000 for his lost goodwill.
Aklilu’s expert, Chris Pedersen, conceded Auto Inn had no goodwill under the excess profit test. However, Pedersen’s investigation of Auto Inn revealed it clearly had great potential for increased patronage and profit. Pedersen found the business could have been sold for $410,271, and Pedersen attributed $238,716 of this value to Auto Inn’s goodwill. Over the Agency’s objection, Pedersen testified that he valued the goodwill based on Aklilu’s “cost to create” it. Pedersen found Aklilu reasonably had expended $238,716 to put Auto Inn in the enviable position it enjoyed upon completion of the Marketplace at Hollywood Park.
A jury found Aklilu suffered lost goodwill attributable to the condemnation of the property in the amount of $200,000. The trial court denied Aklilu’s motion for litigation expenses (§ 1250.410, subd. (b)) and granted the Agency a setoff against the interest due on the judgment in the amount of the rent Aklilu owed the Agency after the date on which the Agency was entitled to possession of the property (§ 1268.330).
Both sides appealed. The Agency contends the trial court should have excluded Pedersen’s testimony on the value of Auto Inn’s lost goodwill because the opinion improperly was based on a “cost to create” approach, which no previous case had recognized as an acceptable method of valuing goodwill.
Aklilu contends the trial court erroneously refused to permit Aklilu to litigate the propriety of the resolution of necessity
We conclude a “cost to create” approach is a permissible means by which to value goodwill under section 1263.510 where, as here, a nascent business has not yet experienced excess profits but clearly has goodwill within the meaning of the statute and experiences a total loss of goodwill due to condemnation of the property on which the business is operated. Consequently, the trial court did not err in admitting Pedersen’s testimony. In the balance of the opinion, we reject the contentions raised by Aklilu.
In sum, we affirm the judgment and award Aklilu costs on appeal.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. The redevelopment plan and the condemnation proceedings.
In 1981, the City of Inglewood (the City) adopted a redevelopment plan for the Century Redevelopment Project, which merged in 1996 with other redevelopment plans operated by the Agency. The real property at 3300 West Century Boulevard (the property) is located in the Merged Century Redevelopment Project Area. In 1998 the City created the “Village Specific Plan” to revitalize the area previously known as Darby Dixon. The area was blighted and had the highest crime rate in the City.
On June 10, 2003, the city council, sitting as board of directors for the Agency, adopted a resolution of necessity authorizing the condemnation of the property. On October 22, 2003, the Agency filed a complaint in eminent domain against the Nixes, Aklilu and Aklilu’s subtenant, Ha Nguyen, who operated VN Smog Test Only on the premises. Nguyen cross-complained against Aklilu for damages based on Aklilu’s asserted failure to disclose to Nguyen the impending condemnation proceedings when Nguyen entered into the sublease with Aklilu.
Prior to trial, the Agency settled with the Nixes in the amount of $665,475 for the real property, plus $34,525 for the improvements. The Agency settled with Nguyen in the amount of $35,000 for lost goodwill. As part of this settlement, Aklilu paid Nguyen $2,000 and Nguyen dismissed his cross-complaint against Aklilu and waived discovery sanctions in the amount of $2,281.60, which the trial court had awarded in favor of Nguyen against Aklilu’s attorney.
Prior to trial, Aklilu demanded $355,668 consisting of $239,000 for lost goodwill, $31,095 for improvements to the real property, and $85,573 for “moveable equipment.” The Agency offered Aklilu $35,000 for lost goodwill.
2. Trial.
a. Aklilu’s testimony.
Aklilu came to this country in 1974, received a degree in automotive technology in 1976 and worked for two different BMW dealerships from 1976 until 1985 when he opened an automotive repair business in Beverly Hills. In 1997, Aklilu leased the property from the Nixes. Aklilu testified the location was excellent and large retailers were interested in the area. Aklilu thought it would take three to five years for the business to become successful. The lease had an option to renew for five years that included a right of first refusal if the Nixes decided to sell. Aklilu was aware the leased property was in a redevelopment area. However, he was led to
Construction of the Marketplace at Hollywood Park, across the street from Auto Inn, caused disruption of Aklilu’s business in 1999 through 2002. The Nixes excused some of Aklilu’s lease payments because construction resulted in lack of access to the property and airborne debris. Toward the end of 2002, Aklilu exercised the option to renew the lease at a rent of $2,200 per month.
In 2003, a major portion of the Marketplace at Hollywood Park was completed and traffic flow returned to normal. The development included a Home Depot and a Target. Aklilu testified that, as a result of these improvements, “my location became fantastic, which I was waiting, praying for.” Auto Inn became profitable in 2003.
b. Aklilu’s expert.
Chris Pedersen, a certified business appraiser and a former business broker who has qualified as a business valuation expert approximately 100 times, became involved in this case when Aklilu was close to eviction and was in the process of trying to relocate his business within the project area. Pedersen’s investigation revealed Auto Inn was in “as fine a location as I’ve ever seen for this type of a business.” The business had “outstanding exposure to the street, as well as the [destination] shopping centers across the street.” Access and parking were excellent and there was no competition from any similar business. A smaller development might include two businesses similar to Aklilu’s. Here, there was only one for the entire development.
Pedersen opined the business had a “very, very promising future” with “lease, location, product, no competition, new area. ... I don’t even think a fluctuation in the economy would have had any impact on it over the next four or five years.”
In appraising the value of Auto Inn’s goodwill, Pedersen used a “cost to create” approach. Pedersen testified cost frequently is the only provable value for a product or a business. “And that tends to be a minimal value, but it is an identifiable value.” When asked about the lack of profits from 1999 through 2002, Pedersen testified the “business is obviously going to do very well and sales and profit had jumped up dramatically when they stopped all the construction. And ... the business obviously is a good concern.”
Pedersen appraised Auto Inn’s goodwill based on Aklilu’s income tax returns for the years 1998 through 2003. Pedersen made adjustments to these figures to reflect an owner’s annual salary of $24,000, plus a 12 percent return on tangible assets, and concluded Auto Inn had adjusted annual losses of $35,000, $37,000, $49,000, $53,000, $52,000 and $12,000 in the years 1998 through 2003, for a total loss of $238,716. By combining the value of the goodwill and the value of the fixtures and equipment ($171,510), Pedersen opined Auto Inn, which consisted of the location and the lease, including the right of first refusal, had a total value of $410,271. Pedersen testified that, within a matter of days, Auto Inn could have been sold for the value Pedersen placed on it. Pedersen believed a prospective buyer would accept a valuation of the business based on the cost Aklilu had expended over the five previous difficult years to place the business in the enviable position it enjoyed upon completion of the Marketplace.
Pedersen did not use the income approach to appraise Auto Inn’s goodwill because it was not yet applicable to Aklilu’s business and he did not use the market approach because it is rarely used for a small business due to a lack of comparables. Pedersen previously used the “cost
c. The Agency’s expert.
Madeleine Mamaux, a chartered financial analyst and business appraiser employed by Desmond, Marcello & Amster, testified goodwill is an intangible asset that manifests itself in the profitability of a business. Mamaux used three methods of valuation to appraise Auto Inn’s goodwill, namely, capitalization of the excess operating profit, the discretionary cash flow multiplier method and the revenue multiplier method. Mamaux concluded Auto Inn had no goodwill as of October 22, 2003, under any of the three methods because the business was not profitable. In the capitalization of excess operating profit and discretionary cash flow methods, Mamaux subtracted from profit the fair market rent of the property, which Mamaux referred to as the economic rent, in the amount of $4,898 per month, as opposed to the $2,200 per month Aklilu actually paid under his lease. Mamaux did this to eliminate the value of AHilu’s advantageous lease from her computation of the goodwill. However, even if Mamaux did not adjust Auto Inn’s expenses to reflect economic rent, she still would have concluded the business had no goodwill. Mamaux has never valued goodwill using the “cost to create” approach, which typically is used to value intangible assets like patents and trademarks.
On cross-examination, Mamaux conceded she worked under the supervision of Glenn M. Desmond, the founder of her firm, in two of the three trials at which she had qualified as an expert. Mamaux also conceded there may be “some unusual exceptions” to the rule that goodwill must manifest itself in profits. Finally, Mamaux conceded Auto Inn had the “potential for the acquisition of new patronage” at its Century Boulevard location.
d. Instructions on goodwill.
The trial court instructed the jury that Aklilu was entitled to just compensation, including the fair market value of the property as of October 22, 2003. The trial court defined “fair market value” as “the highest price for the property that a willing buyer would have paid to a willing seller assuming that, one, there is no pressure on either one to buy or sell; and two, the buyer and seller know all the uses and purposes for which the property is reasonably capable of being used. ... [ft] ... In this case Elias Aklilu, dba Auto Inn Lube and Oil, is entitled to compensation for any loss of goodwill as part of just compensation, [ft] Goodwill is the benefit that a person gains as a result of its location, reputation for dependability, skill or quality, and any other circumstance that causes a business to keep old customers or gain new customers.”
e. Verdict and allocation of the recovery for fixtures and equipment.
The jury awarded Aklilu $200,000 for Auto Inn’s lost goodwill.
In a separate trial, the trial court apportioned the amount paid by the Agency for fixtures and equipment, $34,525, between Aklilu and the Nixes, awarding Aklilu $4,265 of that amount.
3. Postverdict proceedings.
Following trial, Aklilu sought litigation expenses under section 1250.410, subdivision (b). The trial court denied the request, finding the Agency’s offer was not unreasonable and neither side had negotiated in bad faith.
CONTENTIONS
The Agency contends admission of Pedersen’s valuation of Auto Inn’s goodwill based on a “cost to create” approach requires reversal.
Aklilu contends there was no substantial evidence to support the resolution of necessity pursuant to which the property was condemned, the trial court erroneously denied Aklilu’s motion for litigation expenses and the trial court improperly awarded interest and permitted the Agency a setoff against the interest without conducting a hearing.
DISCUSSION
1. Pedersen’s valuation of Aklilu’s lost goodwill properly admitted.
a. Overview of the Agency’s arguments.
The Agency contends Pedersen’s opinion testimony was inadmissible because (1) California law requires goodwill be measured by the present value of anticipated future profits, not past losses
(People ex rel. Dept. of Transportation
v.
Muller
(1984)
Further, because the opinions of the experts in an eminent domain case set the upper and lower limits for the jury’s verdict
(San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Bd. v. Cushman,
supra,
b. General principles.
Historically, business goodwill was not an element of damages under eminent domain law. However, in 1975, “in response to widespread criticism of the injustice wrought by the Legislature’s historic refusal to compensate condemnees whose ongoing
Under section 1263.510, subdivision (a), the business owner has the initial burden of showing entitlement to compensation for lost goodwill. This entails proof the condemnation caused the loss, the loss cannot reasonably be prevented by relocating the business or otherwise mitigating damages, and compensation for the loss will not be included in relocation benefits allowed under the Government Code or otherwise duplicated in the condemnation award. (§ 1263.510, subd. (a).) None of these points is in issue here.
“Once these foundational conditions are proven, the trier of fact must determine the amount of compensation ... for loss of goodwill, based on whatever evidence is before it.”
(People ex rel. Dept. of Transportation v. Salami
(1991)
Section 1263.510, subdivision (b) defines goodwill as “the benefits that accrue to a business as a result of its location, reputation for dependability, skill or quality, and any other circumstances resulting in probable retention of old or acquisition of new patronage.” (§ 1263.510, subd. (b).)
“ ‘ “ ‘In condemnation proceedings, the trial court is vested with considerable judicial discretion in admitting or rejecting evidence of value.’ ” ’ [Citation.] Where ... ‘an expert in a condemnation action employs a methodology not sanctioned by California law, his opinion may be excluded.’ ”
(Sobke, supra,
c. Resolution.
Our resolution of the question whether Pedersen’s testimony properly was admitted is guided by
Muller, supra,
Muller
found it appropriate to characterize lost profitability caused by increased rent as lost goodwill.
Muller
stated, “Courts have long accepted that goodwill may be measured by the capitalized value of the net income or profits of a business or by some similar method of calculating the present value of anticipated profits. [Citations.]”
(Muller, supra,
Further, and of significance to our discussion,
Muller
held the “remedial purpose of the statute ... is evident”
(Muller, supra,
Here, Pedersen testified Auto Inn had value in excess of the value attributable to its tangible assets. Indeed, Pedersen testified he had never seen a superior location for an auto lube operation and opined that even a general business recession would not have diminished Auto Inn’s prospects. Pedersen’s valuation of Auto Inn’s goodwill comports with the statutory definition found in section 1263.510, subdivision (b), which defines goodwill as “the benefits that accrue to a business as a result of its location ... and any other circumstances resulting in probable . . . acquisition of new patronage.” (§ 1263.510, subd. (b).)
Pedersen’s valuation also satisfied the definition of goodwill found in case law. For example, it has been held that: “ ‘Goodwill value is a transferable property right which is generally defined as the amount a willing buyer would pay for a. going concern above the book value of the assets.’ [Citation.]”
(Redevelopment Agency of San Diego
v.
Attisha
(2005)
Pedersen testified a willing buyer would pay $238,716 for Auto Inn’s goodwill. The fact Pedersen appraised the value of this goodwill using a “cost to create” approach does not render Pedersen’s valuation inadmissible. Rather, admission of Pedersen’s testimony was consistent with Muller’s interpretation of section 1263.510 as “a remedial statute to be construed liberally.”
(People ex rel. Dept. of Transportation
v.
Leslie
(1997)
Pedersen’s method of evaluating Auto Inn’s goodwill also finds support in the literature. The “cost to create” approach was endorsed by Glenn M. Desmond, the founder of Mamaux’s firm and the co-author of Business Valuation Handbook. The Business Valuation Handbook states that, where the appraiser concludes a business has lost patronage but the value of the goodwill is zero under an excess profits test, a “cost to create” approach is an acceptable means by which to value goodwill. 2
For all the foregoing reasons, we conclude Pedersen’s testimony properly was admitted at trial.
The Agency argues Pedersen’s valuation method improperly included a return on tangible assets in what he identified as goodwill. The Agency bases this assertion on Pedersen’s deposition testimony that, if Auto Inn’s tangible assets had a lower value, Pedersen would have made a smaller adjustment for return on tangible assets and Auto Inn would have had less goodwill, rather than more. The Agency concludes Pedersen’s valuation thus contravened footnote 7 of Muller, which indicated any valuation of goodwill must exclude a return on tangible assets.
However, merely because Pedersen took tangible assets into account in determining the cost to create Auto Inn’s goodwill does not mean Pedersen measured the goodwill by a method that included the value of tangible assets or the normal return on those assets. Footnote 7 in Muller addressed methods of goodwill valuation that include a return on tangible assets. Clearly, Pedersen based his evaluation of Auto Inn’s goodwill on the cost Aklilu expended to create the goodwill, not on a return on tangible assets. Thus, Pedersen’s valuation method did not violate footnote 7 of Muller.
The Agency also asserts Pedersen assumed, rather than proved, that Auto Inn had goodwill. However, Pedersen’s testimony reveals that, at some point in his evaluation of Auto Inn, he reached the conclusion that Auto Inn had goodwill. After he concluded the business had goodwill based on its lease, location and prospects, Pedersen set about determining the value of that goodwill. Pedersen did not, as the Agency asserts, assume goodwill existed.
The Agency next asserts the book co-authored by Desmond states that if there is no expectation of excess profit, there is probably no marketable goodwill. However, “there may be going concern value expressed and measured in a matter other than excess profit, usually by cost to assemble or unrealized return on investment.” (Desmond & Kelley, Business Valuation Handbook, supra, at p. 168.) The Agency asserts Pedersen calculated going concern value, not goodwill. However, California law permits recovery for loss of goodwill, not loss of going concern value.
The distinction between going concern value and goodwill is not clear and both refer to intangible assets. Moreover, regardless of how one characterizes it, the intangible asset Pedersen appraised falls within the statutory definition of goodwill, namely, “the benefits that accrue to a business as a result of its location . . . and any other circumstances resulting in probable . . . acquisition of new patronage.” (§ 1263.510, subd. (b).) Thus, the distinction between the two concepts is not an adequate basis upon which to overturn the award in Aklilu’s favor.
Finally,
Sobke, supra,
Sobke
noted, “Brinig never compared the value of goodwill before condemnation with its value after condemnation. . . . Brinig focused only on increased isolated costs after condemnation while disregarding
We find Sobke to be distinguishable in that Baja-Mex No. 4 had increased profit at its new location. Thus, it was questionable whether Baja-Mex No. 4, in fact, had lost goodwill. Consequently, the attempt to value the assertedly lost goodwill based on increased expenses was seen as suspect and creative. (Sobke, supra, 65 CaL.App.4th at p. 399.) Here, Aklilu suffered a total loss of goodwill. Given that circumstance, and Pedersen’s opinion that Aklilu’s business clearly had goodwill given its lease, location and prospects, the “cost to create” approach was a permissible method by which to value the lost goodwill in this case.
2. Aklilu’s challenge to the resolution of necessity fails.
a. Background.
On June 10, 2003, the Inglewood City Council, sitting as board of directors for the Agency, adopted a resolution of necessity authorizing the Agency to condemn the property. Mayor Roosevelt F. Dorn presided over the hearing. Aklilu attended the hearing and spoke in favor of adoption of the resolution of necessity. Councilwoman Judy Dunlap voted against the resolution.
In his first amended answer, Aklilu objected to the resolution of necessity on the grounds the property was not necessary for the redevelopment plan, the proposed project was not planned so as to achieve the greatest public good and the least private injury, and the Agency failed to relocate Auto Inn within the redevelopment in violation of its own rules for owner participation. Aklilu subpoenaed Mayor Dorn and Councilwoman Dunlap. However, the trial court quashed the subpoenas.
Before trial commenced, the trial court found Aklilu lacked standing to attack the resolution of necessity because he failed to object to the resolution at the hearing. The trial court further found there was substantial evidence supporting the resolution of necessity and the Agency’s failure to relocate Auto Inn in the redevelopment did not defeat the resolution of necessity, even if Auto Inn was excluded from the redevelopment in violation of the City’s rules on owner participation.
b. Aklilu’s contentions.
Aklilu contends the City acted arbitrarily in adopting the resolution of necessity, thereby indicating a gross abuse of discretion that eliminates the presumption in favor of the validity of the resolution of necessity.
(Redevelopment Agency v. Norm’s Slauson
(1985)
Aklilu contends the trial court improperly quashed the subpoenas he served on Mayor Dorn and Councilwoman Dunlap and approved the actions of the City without permitting Aklilu to present evidence beyond the administrative record.
Aklilu further claims the removal of blight under Health and Safety Code section 33031 is an insufficient basis for the adoption of the resolution and the Agency failed to show the development of the blighted area could not be accomplished privately. Aklilu argues the Agency failed to rebut his claim the project constituted a naked transfer of property from one private owner to another, the Agency failed to show the private benefit to the developer was incidental to the public benefit and the Agency failed to show the taking was necessary to the project.
Aklilu next contends the Agency failed to comply with the provisions of the Health & Safety Code that require the City to provide for owner participation in a redevelopment. 3 Although the City drafted rules for owner participation, Aklilu claims neither the City nor the Agency made a good faith effort to implement the rules and Aklilu was not provided preference in the project area.
Aklilu asserts he spoke in favor of the project at the hearing on the resolution of necessity based on his belief the Agency would relocate Auto Inn in the redevelopment project. Aklilu previously had discussed this issue with several city agents including an employee of the acquisition department. Aklilu notes Mr. Rhoad, the Agency’s relocation consultant, testified at his deposition the Agency did not provide him a copy of the rules or discuss his responsibility to implement them.
c. General principles.
A resolution of necessity is a prerequisite to the filing of a complaint in eminent domain. (§§ 1240.040, 1245.220.) Adoption of a resolution of necessity is a quasi-legislative decision.
(Anaheim Redevelopment Agency
v.
Dusek
(1987)
A
A challenge to a resolution of. necessity raised as a defense in an eminent domain action is reviewed under the same standard as a challenge by way of a writ of mandate. In either case, the trial court applies a section 1085 deferential standard of review.
(Redevelopment Agency v. Rados Bros., supra,
d. Resolution.
Initially, as the trial court observed, Aklilu appeared at the hearing on the resolution of necessity and failed to object to its adoption. Consequently, he has waived the objections to the resolution of necessity that he now seeks to raise.
(People ex rel. Dept. of Transportation v. Cole
(1992)
Aklilu objects that he spoke in support of the resolution of necessity only because the Agency convinced him Auto Inn would be relocated within the redevelopment. Aklilu asserts the Agency failed to comply with the City’s rules for owner participation in the redevelopment. However, the Agency concedes Aklilu suffered a complete loss of goodwill in this case. Thus, the Agency’s compliance with owner participation rules is not an issue in this appeal. In any event, compliance with the rules for owner participation in a
redevelopment is not a prerequisite to adoption of a resolution of necessity. Although the two concepts may be related in a given case (see
Redevelopment Agency
v.
Arvey Corp.
(1992)
With respect to Aklilu’s attack on the Agency’s finding the area was blighted and it was not reasonably likely that private enterprise, acting alone, would alleviate the blight, these findings were not made at the time the resolution of necessity was adopted but were made at the time the redevelopment plan was adopted. In this case, the City adopted the redevelopment plan in 1981 and merged the plan in 1996 with other plans operated by the Agency. Aklilu had 60 days following adoption of the redevelopment plan to challenge the designation of blighted areas.
(Anaheim Redevelopment Agency
v.
Dusek, supra,
With respect to Aklilu’s claim the hearing on the adoption of the resolution of necessity was a sham because the City entered into a binding agreement with a developer before the hearing on the resolution, Aklilu relies upon
Norm’s Slauson, supra,
However, Norm’s Slauson clearly is distinguishable. There is no evidence in the record to suggest the Agency had a binding agreement with a developer prior to the adoption of the resolution of necessity. There are references in the administrative record of the hearing on the resolution of necessity that describe the developer’s ongoing efforts to determine the feasibility of the development. However, at the time of the hearing, the City had only an exclusive negotiating agreement with the developer. The Agency did not enter into a development agreement until June of 2004, when the Agency accepted Alexander Haagen’s plan to develop 16.07 acres of the Merged Inglewood Redevelopment Project, including the property at issue in this case. Accordingly, Norm’s Slauson has no application here.
AHilu next claims the trial court erred in quashing the subpoenas Aklilu served on Mayor Dorn and Councilwoman Dunlap. However, the trial court must resolve a challenge to the resolution of necessity based on the administrative record. No additional evidence may be admitted.
(Santa Cruz County Redevelopment Agency
v.
Izant, supra,
In sum, Aklilu’s attacks on the resolution of necessity uniformly fail.
3. No abuse of discretion in the denial of Aklilu’s request for litigation expenses.
a. Background.
Following the jury verdict in his favor, Aklilu sought litigation expenses under section 1250.410, subdivision (b) which provides: “If the court . . . finds that the [pretrial] offer of the plaintiff was unreasonable and that the [pretrial] demand of the defendant was reasonable viewed in the light of the evidence admitted and the compensation awarded in the proceeding, the costs allowed . . . shall include the defendant’s litigation expenses.”
The trial court found Aklilu’s demand in this case was $355,668 consisting of $239,000 for lost goodwill, $31,095 for improvements to the real property, and $85,573 for “moveable equipment.” The trial court found the Agency had offered the Nixes and Aklilu a total of $665,475 for the real property, $34,525 for the improvements and $35,000 for goodwill. The trial court concluded the award of $204,265 in
After a contentious hearing, the trial court found the Agency’s offer of $35,000 for goodwill was not unreasonable because the Agency properly had discounted Pedersen’s appraisal given that “there was absolutely no case . . . that supports the position [Pedersen took] in this case.” The trial court also found the Agency reasonably had doubted whether Aklilu’s business was properly licensed. 5 The trial court noted the photographs of Auto Inn offered into evidence at trial suggested Aklilu was performing automotive repairs without a license.
The trial court ruled that, based on all the circumstances of this case, the Agency’s offer was not unreasonable and neither side had negotiated in bad faith.
b. General principles.
Section 1250.410 awards all litigation expenses, including attorney fees and expert witness fees, to a condemnee who is unnecessarily compelled to litigate due to the condemnor’s intransigence.
(Emeryville Redevelopment Agency v. Harcros Pigments, Inc.
(2002)
c. Aklilu’s contentions.
Aklilu contends the trial court impermissibly reconsidered its ruling to admit Pedersen’s testimony in the context of the motion for litigation expenses. Also, the Agency should not be heard to complain about Pedersen’s valuation method when the founder of the Mamaux’s firm, Desmond, has recommended use of a “cost to create” approach in situations like the one presented here.
Aklilu further contends the trial court improperly compared Aklilu’s total demand
Aklilu notes the Agency settled with Aklilu’s subtenant, Nguyen, in the amount of $35,000 even though the Agency claimed Nguyen’s sublease was illegal and it expired prior to the effective date of the condemnation. Nonetheless, the Agency offered Aklilu the same amount it offered Nguyen.
Aklilu argues the Agency did not act diligently in that it waited until the mandatory settlement conference before it asserted, for the first time, that Aklilu was not entitled to compensation because he lacked an auto repair license. Aklilu claims the Agency raised this issue without any investigation or verification from state inspectors. Further, neither the Agency nor its expert was aware of the statutory exemption for lube shops.
Aklilu asserts this court must rule de novo on the motion for litigation expenses because the trial court failed to decide the motion under the standard set forth in section 1250.410, subdivision (b).
(Emeryville Redevelopment Agency v. Harcros Pigments, Inc., supra,
d. Resolution.
Turning first to Aklilu’s assertion the trial court should have considered only Aklilu’s demand for goodwill and not the entirety of Aklilu’s demand, we find no impropriety. In assessing the reasonableness of Aklilu’s demand, the trial court properly could consider the reasonableness of all aspects of the bargaining posture Aklilu assumed prior to trial. Aklilu demanded $355,668 consisting of $239,000 in lost goodwill, $31,095 in fixtures and equipment and $85,573 in moveable equipment. However, Aklilu was not entitled to compensation for “movable” equipment.
(Redevelopment Agency of San Diego v. Attisha, supra,
Moreover, even if we focus solely on the $35,000 offer and the $239,000 demand for lost goodwill, the trial court’s denial of Aklilu’s request for litigation expenses is supported by substantial evidence. We reach this conclusion because the trial court properly could find the Agency’s offer of $35,000 for Auto Inn’s
The fact the Agency paid Aklilu’s subtenant, Nguyen, the same amount for lost goodwill that it offered Aklilu does not reveal the offer to Aklilu to have been unreasonable. As the trial court noted, the settlement disposed of Nguyen’s claim, including his cross-complaint against Aklilu, which alleged Aklilu knew of the impending condemnation but failed to disclose this information to Nguyen. As part of the settlement, Aklilu paid Nguyen $2,000 and Nguyen dismissed its complaint against Aklilu and waived discovery sanctions in the amount of $2,281.60, which the trial court had awarded in favor of Nguyen against Aklilu’s attorney. Because the Agency’s payment of $35,000 to Nguyen relieved Aklilu of Nguyen’s cross-complaint, the trial court reasonably could conclude the Agency, in effect, had offered $70,000 for Aklilu’s loss of goodwill.
Finally, the trial court’s misgivings about the admissibility of Pedersen’s testimony reveal the question whether to permit the jury to hear Pedersen’s testimony was a close one. Indeed, as the trial court noted, no prior case had expressly approved the “cost to create” approach used by Pedersen here.
In sum, we cannot say the trial court’s denial of Aklilu’s motion for litigation expenses was unsupported by substantial evidence. Indeed, “the mathematical relation between the condemner’s highest offer and the award is only one factor that should enter into the trial court’s determination. [Citations.]”
(Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
v.
Continental Development Corp.
(1997)
4. Issues related to the final judgment of condemnation.
a. Background.
The Agency submitted a proposed final judgment of condemnation which provided for interest on the amount the Agency owed Aklilu at the rate of 1.59 percent from the date of the order for possession through June 30, 2004, 1.454 percent from July 1, 2004, through December 31, 2004, and of 1.83 percent from January 1, 2005. The proposed final judgment also provided for an offset against the interest the Agency owed Aklilu in the amount of the value of Aklilu’s holdover possession after the Agency obtained an order of possession but before Auto Inn was evicted from the premises. The Agency’s proposed judgment valued the offset at the rent Aklilu paid under his lease with the Nixes, $83.33 per day, from March 15, 2004, until September 29, 2004, or 199 days, for a total of $16,582.67.
Aklilu objected to the offset against the interest and submitted his own proposed judgment. Without conducting a hearing, the trial court overruled Aklilu’s objections and signed the Agency’s proposed final judgment.
b. The interest rate.
Aklilu contends the interest rate proposed by the Agency should have been the starting point for the determination of the applicable
The rate of interest generally applicable to judgments does not apply in an eminent domain case. Rather, the interest awarded on judgments in eminent domain cases is tied to the rate of interest earned by the State of California on its Surplus Money Investment Fund. (§ 1268.350, subd. (a).) The range of the rates of return to be expected upon investment of tangible assets mentioned in testimony at trial is not relevant to this discussion. Consequently, the trial court properly awarded Aklilu interest at the rate earned by the state on the Surplus Money Investment Fund.
c. The offset against the interest.
Aklilu contends the trial court should have disallowed the Agency’s requested offset against the interest because the Agency gave no prior notice of its claim for an offset (§ 1260.040) and did not request a hearing on the offset. Further, the only evidence offered in support of the offset was the declaration of the Agency’s counsel. Aklilu complains the rent used in the context of a setoff must reflect the tentative nature of occupying land subject to condemnation. Further, the Agency is charged with proving the value of the defendant’s hold over tenancy.
(City of Stockton v. Albert Brocchini Farms, Inc.
(2001)
Aklilu’s contentions with respect to the offset are not persuasive. Section 1268.330 provides that if the condemnee continues in actual possession after interest begins to accrue, “the value of that possession shall be offset against the interest.” Thus, as a matter of law, the Agency was entitled to an offset against the interest due on the judgment in the amount of the rent applicable to the period of time Aklilu remained in possession after the effective date of the order for possession. No hearing was required because the offset was mandatory and the trial court already had received evidence related to the fair market rent of the property. (See
People ex rel. Dept. Pub. Wks. v. McCoy
(1967)
Regarding the failure of the trial court to hold a hearing, Aklilu’s declaration in opposition to the Agency’s proposed final judgment did not suggest the fair market rent should be less than the rent Aklilu had been paying. Thus, there was no factual dispute presented to the trial court that required a hearing. Accordingly, the trial court committed no error in resolving the issues presented relative to the final judgment in condemnation based on the
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Aklilu is awarded costs on appeal.
Kitching, J., and Aldrich, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied August 20, 2007, and the opinion was modified to read as printed above.
Notes
Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
Specifically, a chapter entitled, “Valuing goodwill in eminent domain cases,” states: “Assume there is no useful market data indicating a set formula or given amount is typically paid for goodwill. Assume further that the excess profit test results in a zero goodwill answer. Since the business is being forced to terminate, there can be no question about the loss of patronage. Here, the appraiser is forced back to the Question and Answer test for goodwill cited [supra]. If he finds goodwill does exist, he may use a cost approach to establish the amount of goodwill loss much as was suggested [previously]. He must hypothesize as to the reasonable costs involved in generating new patronage, assuming the business were to be started again in a similar market area.” (Desmond & Kelley, Business Valuation Handbook (1988) p. 220.)
Health and Safety Code section 33339 provides: “Every redevelopment plan shall provide for participation in the redevelopment of property in the project area by the owners of all or part of such property if the owners agree to participate in the redevelopment in conformity with the redevelopment plan adopted by the legislative body for the area.”
Health and Safety Code section 33339.5 provides: “Every redevelopment agency shall extend reasonable preference to persons who are engaged in business in the project area to reenter in business within the redeveloped area if they otherwise meet the requirements prescribed by the redevelopment plan, [f] With respect to each redevelopment project, each agency shall, within a reasonable time before its approval of the redevelopment plan adopt and make available for public inspection rules to implement the operation of this section in connection with the plan.”
Health and Safety Code section 33500 was amended in 2006 to provide for a 90-day statute of limitations for actions brought to review the validity of the adoption or amendment of a redevelopment plan. (Stats. 2006, ch. 595.)
The trial court ruled prior to trial that Auto Inn’s licensing status was an administrative matter that was not relevant to Aklilu’s entitlement to compensation for goodwill. The Agency thereafter withdrew its challenge to Aklilu’s entitlement to compensation. Nonetheless, on cross-examination by the Agency’s counsel, Aklilu testified he discussed his license situation with a state inspector and was informed he did not need an auto repair license. Aklilu indicated he operated under the auto lube exception. However, Aklilu conceded he performed some automotive repairs at the shop in order to keep his customers happy. Aklilu had a smog license related to Nguyen’s operation of a smog station on the premises.