41 Ind. App. 520 | Ind. Ct. App. | 1907
Lead Opinion
The appellee was in the employ of the appellant as a conductor on a street-car running over the West Michigan street line in the city of Indianapolis. His employment began some time in the month of June, 1903, and continued • until August 3 of that year. Appellant’s West Michigan street line, over which the appellee’s car operated, extended from Blake street, in said city, to Haughville, a distance of perhaps two miles, and crossed White river. The street-car track approaching the bridge over White river is laid for a considerable distance upon a high embankment sixty feet wide. Over this embankment, prior to the construction of the appellant’s road, the Central Union Telephone Company had erected a line of poles. These poles were thirty feet high and fourteen inches in diameter, and supported the telephone wires. Appellant’s street-car, on this line, in charge of the appellee, was a large, open car, with the seats extending crosswise the full width of the car, and no means provided for the passage of persons up and down the length of the car inside of the body of the car. A running-board extended along the outside of the car its full length. This running-board was about six inches wide, was
The complaint was in two paragraphs. In the first he charged the telephone company with negligence in erecting their poles in such proximity to the street-car tracks as to endanger the employes of the appellant company in the performance of their work on the cars, and charged both defendants with negligence in maintaining the pole in such dangerous proximity to the street-car line. The second paragraph of the complaint was precisely the same in this respect, except that it charged the appellant with constructing its car lines in dangerous proximity to the telephone pole. Appellant’s demurrer for want of facts to the first paragraph of the complaint 'was overruled. No demurrer was filed to the second. The case was put at issue, a jury trial had, resulting in a general verdict in favor of the telephone company against appellee, and a general verdict in favor of appellee against the appellant, and with the general verdict answers to certain interrogatories propounded were returned by the jury. Motion was made in the court below by appellant for a judgment in its favor on the answers to the interrogatories, which was overruled, as was also appellant’s motion for a new trial. The rulings of the court on the demurrer to the first paragraph of the complaint, on the motion for a judgment in favor of appellant on the answers to the interrogatories, and on appellant’s motion for a new trial, are assigned as error here. The sufficiency of the second paragraph of the complaint is also tested by an assignment of error.
The answers to interrogatories returned by the jury with their verdict show that appellee continuously served as conductor on appellant’s street-car running over West Michigan street during the month of July, and up to August 3, 1902; that during that time he made 205 trips over said line, 137 of them on car No. 525, and that the trips were generally made in the daytime; that on August 3 he suffered the injuries described in his complaint by coming in contact with pole number 38 of the Central Union Telephone Company, which stood on the north side of the street-car track, while he was engaged in his duties as conductor in charge of car No. 525; that the appellee was possessed of good eyesight during all of said time, and that the pole with which he collided stood in the same position all the time appellee was passing over the road, and was visible to him in a general way as he passed; that appellee did not know and could not, by the exercise of ordinary care, have known of the position of the telephone pole with reference to the running-board of the car. It is earnestly insisted by appellant that these answers show a state of facts that are antagonistic to the general verdict, and that are in irreconcilable conflict
Recognizing these rules, the appellant still insists that the finding by the jury of the facts that the telephone pole with which appellee collided was plainly visible in daylight, that the appellee had good eyesight, and that he had passed the pole over two hundred times, conclusively show that the appellee, by the exercise of ordinary care, could have discovered the danger of collision with the pole, and that the further finding by the jury that the appellee could not, by the exercise of ordinary care, have discovered the proximity of the pole to the running-board of the car is not the finding of a fact, but a conclusion made by the jury, which must be ignored in considering the question. If the appellant is correct in its theory that the existence of the facts that the telephone pole was an object plainly to be seen from the car, and the opportunities the appellee had to observe its prox
There is no difficulty whatever about the rules of law that govern the rights and duties of master and servant. tThe difficulty arises in the application of the rules to the facts. In this case the telephone pole with which the appellee collided was plainly visible. The means and opportunities the appellee had for discovering its proximity to the appellant’s track, and the danger to be apprehended from collision with the pole while thus passing along the running-board of the car in passing the pole, were such as came to him in riding upon his car, passing over the line at this point, and none other. And the question is, was he bound to know, from observation thus obtained, of the danger ?
Two cases are called to the attention of the court by appellant that in some measure tend to sustain its contention. In one of them (New York, etc., R. Co. v. Ostman [1896], 146 Ind. 452) the appellee’s intestate, a fireman upon the appellant’s road, while in the discharge of his duties and looking for signals, was killed by being struck in the head as he came in collision with a cattle chute placed within thirteen inches of the cab. There was a special verdict in the case. The special verdict disclosed that the fireman had been in the employ of the defendant for eighteen months prior to his death, and that during that period, in the discharge of his duties, passed twice each week the station where the accident occurred, and did switching work at the station. The jury found that the appellee’s intestate did not know, and could not know, of the hazard to which he would be subjected in passing the chute in the manner he did at the time of his fatal injury. The case was decided by a divided court, and it was there held that the special verdict failed to support the judgment of the court. The court, in passing upon the case, say: ‘ ‘ The fact that the jury found that he [the fireman] did not know, and could not know, of the hazard to which he would be subjected in passing the chute in the manner he did, at the time of his fatal injury, has no bearing upon the question of care upon his part. It is a finding which is antagonized by the specific facts disclosed by the verdict, and we must accept them as controlling under such circumstances. * * * It is urged by appellee that the facts show that her decedent did not know what distance the part of the chute which struck him was from the passing engine. In answer to this it may be said that the means of knowing by ordinary care is evidence of knowledge. * * * We are of the opinion that, under the facts as they are disclosed by the finding in this case, knowledge of the hazard or danger to which it is claimed by
Another case cited by counsel is that of Pennsylvania Co. v. Finney (1896), 145 Ind. 551. In that case the appellee, a brakeman, was knocked from the ladder of a freight-car that came in collision with a water-plug along the defendant’s track, and killed. It was held by the court that the evidence was not sufficient to sustain a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, the point decided being that the evidence failed to .show that the brakeman was free from negligence contributing to his injury. The evidence disclosed that at about 11 o’clock on April 5, 1890, the brakeman was. engaged in the discharge of his duties on top of the train, while passing the station of Columbia City; that the train was running at the rate of about fifteen miles an hour; that, under the rules of the company, after the appellee had passed a station he was at liberty to return to the caboose; that the plug with which the deceased collided was erected and maintained at the Co
Since that, case was decided the rule of evidence on the question of contributory negligence has been changed by the statute, and since those cases were decided the Supreme Court of this State has decided the case of Baltimore, etc., R. Co. v. Roberts (1903), 161 Ind. 1, in which the appellee was injured by coming in collision with a car upon an adjacent side-track in appellant’s yard, while in the performance of his duties as a switchman in said yards, and while standing in the stirrup at the side of one of appellant’s freight-cars and holding to a handhold, which was the necessary and proper way for him to ride and to be while performing his work. Appellee had been in appellant’s employ about six weeks, and had passed through the switch yard a number of times, but had never seen cars standing opposite each other upon the two side-tracks at the point where he was injured. The ground of the action was the , negligence of appellant in constructing its sidetracks in the switch yard so close together that danger of injury to employes riding, as the appellee was doing, by
In the case of Charlton v. St. Louis, etc., R. Co. (1906), 200 Mo. 413, 98 S. W. 529, a fireman was killed in a collision with a water-crane, which he had passed and had opportunity to observe many times. The court say, on page 435, in holding that the questions of assumed risk and of contributory
In the ease of Hoffmeier v. Kansas City, etc., R. Co. (1904), 68 Kan. 831, 75 Pac. 1117, the appellant, a conductor on appellee’s street-car, constructed precisely as the street-car upon which the appellee in this case was acting as conductor, was knocked from the running-board of the car, as was the appellee in this case, by colliding with a pole erected by the company alongside of the road for the purpose of conducting-the electric current by which the car was operated. A demurrer was sustained by the trial court to the plaintiff’s evidence. The court say in reversing the ease: “The plaintiff, upon entering the defendant’s service, accepted no risk arising from its negligence. He had the right to assume that the company had not set him to toil in the midst of danger. He had the right to assume that the road was built with ordinary care and consideration for the safety of the men who were to operate it, and he was not obliged to make any independent investigation for hazards resulting from the disregard of such care. Without actual knowledge of his peril, o:r a patency so ample as to exclude ignorance, the plaintiff assumed no risk in continuing to work under the conditions surrounding him. * * * The evidence on behalf of the plaintiff is such that the jury might say he stood acquitted of any knowledge of the jeop
In the case of Galveston, etc., R. Co. v. Mortson (1903), 31 Tex. Civ. App. 142, 71 S. W. 770, the plaintiff, a brakeman on appellant’s line, was injured by being knocked from a ladder on .the side of a freight-car by coming in collision with a warehouse alongside one of appellant’s side-tracks. The accident happened in the daytime, and the plaintiff testified that he had seen the warehouse, but did not know its position and had not been warned about its nearness to the track. Judgment in favor of the plaintiff was affirmed by the higher court, the court holding that it was the duty of the appellant to warn appellee of the proximity of the warehouse to the track; that the employe was under no obligation to make any investigation to ascertain for himself its degree of proximity ; that he had a right to rely upon the appellant’s doing its duty in respect to informing him about objects that were dangerously near the track, of which he would not know.
In the case of Galveston, etc., R. Co. v. Brown (1903), 33 Tex. Civ. App. 589, 77 S. W. 832, a brakeman was injured by striking a post, in dangerous proximity to the track, while he was riding on the side of a freight-car in the course of his employment. It was held by the court that it was not the duty of the brakeman to inspect the premises.
In the case of Texas, etc., R. Co. v. Swearingen (1904), 196 U. S. 51, 25 Sup. Ct. 164, 49 L. Ed. 382, the appellee was a switchman in the employ of the appellant. While performing his duties as switchman, and riding on the side of a ear, his body collided with a scale box in proximity to the car, and he was knocked from the ladder and injured.
A great many more adjudicated cases might be cited of the same general character, involving facts of similar nature, and holding to the same view, and not a few cases may be found supporting the contention of appellee. 'The cases are not altogether harmonious upon the question, and we
We hold that the question as to whether the danger of collision with this telephone pole was a danger that was so open and apparent that the appellee was bound to know of it, and therefore to assume the risk, was properly submitted to the jury,' and that it was not, under the circumstances shown in the evidence, a question of law. For the same reason that the danger was not an assumed risk, the question of whether the appellee was guilty of contributory negligence in failing to observe the pole, and the danger that was to be apprehended from it, was a question for the jury. If the circumstances were such that the appellee was bound to observe the pole and its dangerous proximity to the track, then it was an assumed risk. While there is an essential difference between the doctrine of assumed risk and the question of contributory negligence, yet, in this case, the 'evidence that would show an assumption of risk would also show contributory negligence, and evidence that would exonerate the appellee from contributory negligence would exclude the assumption by him of the risk. The evidence in the ease was sufficient to support the verdict of the jury, and there is no conflict between the general verdict and the answers to the interrogatories.
Appellant’s motion for a new trial also raises the question as to the correctness of numerous instructions given by the court to the jury. We have examined the instructions
A point is made over the alleged sustaining of an objection to a question claimed to have been propounded to the appellee upon his cross-examination. We find no such question in the record, nor do we find any error in the record that would justify a reversal of this cause.
The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
Concurring Opinion.
I concur in the result and in most of the reasoning of the majority opinion, but do not understand that assumed risk and contributory negligence depend on the same facts. I do not think that the defect complained of was, in any view of the case, a risk incident to the employment, negligence upon the part of the master not being a legitimate part of any business.
If the risk was assumed, it was because it was an obvious and open one. The subject has been fully and recently considered by both the Supreme Court and the Appellate Court. The following cases cover the question: Avery v. Nordyke & Marmon Co. (1905), 34 Ind. App. 541; Wright v. Chicago, etc., R. Co. (1903), 160 Ind. 583; Davis Coal Co. v. Polland (1902), 158 Ind. 607, 92 Am. St. 319, and authorities cited.