Jacob IND; Jeffrey Pfleger, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Rick WRIGHT; Dan Foster; Larry Reid; Steve Shuh; Lee Hendrix; Colorado Department Of Corrections, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 01-1338.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Nov. 25, 2002.
434
James X. Quinn, Denver, CO, for Defendants-Appellees.
Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
ORDER
BRISCOE, Circuit Judge.
This matter is before us on plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing and suggestion for rehearing en banc. For the following reasons, we grant the rehearing petition in part and deny in part.
Plaintiffs brought this civil rights action against the Colorado Department of Corrections (DOC) and its employees, alleging that the DOC‘s policies and practices infringed on their First Amendment rights. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on all claims. As part of its judgment, the district court dismissed the claims against defendant Shuh for lack of personal participation.
In our order and judgment, issued August 14, 2002, we affirmed the district court‘s judgment in part and reversed in part. Because the district court failed to consider plaintiffs’ due process claim regarding the reading materials screening process, we remanded this claim for further action. In their petition for rehearing, plaintiffs argue that DOC employee Shuh should be reinstated as a defendant regarding the due process claim because he was a member of the prison‘s reading committee. As the record contains evidence to support a finding that Shuh personally participated in the reading materials screening process, we grant plaintiffs’ rehearing petition in part, and order that Shuh be reinstated as a defendant with regard to the due process claim only. In all other respects we deny the rehearing petition. A copy of the amended order and judgment is attached to this order.
Plaintiffs’ suggestion for rehearing en banc has been transmitted to all the judges of the court in regular active service in accordance with
AMENDED ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See
Plaintiffs Jacob Ind and Jeffrey Pfleger appeal the district court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on their civil rights lawsuit brought pursuant to
Plaintiffs are members of the “Christian Identity Faith” who are currently incarcerated at the Colorado State Penitentiary. The Christian Identity Faith rests upon White Supremacy principles, teaching that all other races and religions are inferior. Plaintiffs brought this action against the DOC and its employees, alleging that DOC policies and practices deprived them of the right to practice their religion and discriminated against their religion.
In particular, plaintiffs complained about DOC administrative regulation 300-26, which describes the types of reading material an inmate may receive or possess consistent with the DOC‘s goals of maintaining security, good order, and public safety, as well as its goal of encouraging rehabilitation. See R. I, doc. 23, Ex. A. Pursuant to this regulation, the DOC prohibits materials that an objective person could reasonably believe “encourage or endorse: violence or disorder; ... hatred or contempt of other persons; [or] vengeance against other persons.” Id. at 2. The regulation specifically identifies as excludable “[a]ny publication advocating hatred or contempt of other persons,” and “[a]ny material produced or distributed by Security Threat Groups (STGs) or ... material advocating or depicting association or membership in a STG which is contrary to the security interests of the facility.” Id. Many of plaintiffs’ Christian Identity reading materials have been prohibited under these standards.
Plaintiffs alleged that DOC administrative regulation 300-26 was unconstitutionally overbroad and that it had been applied in a discriminatory fashion. They also alleged that the regulation, both on its face and as applied, violated due process based on inadequate notice, no time limit for making the censorship decisions, and no opportunity to appeal the decisions.
Plaintiffs also complained that DOC administrative regulation 800-1 used an unconstitutional standard to exclude them from the category of a “legitimate” faith group and that their constitutional rights were violated by the prison‘s refusal to provide them with a Passover meal, a communion packet, and leaven-free foods during the Passover week. Finally, plaintiffs alleged that they were constitutionally entitled to Christian Identity taped religious programming.
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard used by the district court. McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d 1125, 1128 (10th Cir.1998). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
We examine first the constitutionality of DOC administrative regulation 300-26, using the standards adopted by the Supreme Court in Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 109 S.Ct. 1874, 104 L.Ed.2d 459 (1989). There, the Court held that regulations governing the receipt of reading materials by inmates must be analyzed under a reasonableness standard, and that such regulations are valid if they are reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest. Id.. These determinations should be made using the four-prong inquiry established in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89-91, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987). Thornburgh, 490 U.S. at 413, 109 S.Ct. 1874. Under this standard, courts must consider (1) whether there is a rational connection between the prison policy and a legitimate governmental interest; (2) whether there are alternative means for inmates to exercise their constitutional rights; (3) the effect that accommodating the exercise of the disputed rights would have on guards, other inmates, and prison resources; and (4) whether there are ready, easy-to-imple-ment alternatives that would accommodate the inmates’ rights.
In examining the particular prison regulation before it, the Thornburgh Court first held that the interest in protecting prison security is legitimate “beyond question.” 490 U.S. at 415, 109 S.Ct. 1874. The Court then held that “[w[here, as here, prison administrators draw distinctions between publications solely on the basis of their potential implications for prison security, the regulations are neutral.” Id. at 415-16, 109 S.Ct. 1874 (quotation omitted). The Court concluded that regulations allowing prison authorities discretion to determine that particular reading material creates an intolerable risk of disorder under the conditions of their particular institution are rationally related to the legitimate interest of maintaining prison security. Id. at 416-17, 109 S.Ct. 1874. Because this analysis applies with equal validity to DOC administrative regulation 300-26, we conclude that the regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives.
Regarding the second, third, and fourth prongs of the Turner analysis, we agree with the district court that plaintiffs have not raised triable issues of fact. The Supreme Court itself, in Thornburgh, held that so long as prison regulations permit a broad range of publications to be sent, received, and read, prison inmates have adequate alternative means for exercising their religion. Id. at 418, 109 S.Ct. 1874. We note that plaintiffs have not alleged they have been denied the main texts of their religion, including the King James Bible, Strong‘s Exhaustive Concordance, and Young‘s Analytical Concordance. See R. I, doc.23, ex. C.
Further, to allow plaintiffs to receive and possess materials that espouse hatred or contempt of others would negatively impact other prisoners, guards who must prevent any resulting animosity, and prison resources aimed at preventing violence. In light of the extreme racial tensions and violence prevalent in prisons, such provocative materials are likely to increase the stress on prisoners, guards, and resources alike. In addition, plaintiffs have not shown that there are easy alternatives to prohibiting material that expresses hatred or contempt of others. Although they argue that the standard should be limited to materials that “advocate[ )] violence or are so inflammatory as to reasonably be believed to incite violence,” Aplts’ Br. at 3H, the Supreme Court specifically stated in Thornburgh that prison administrators are not required to limit their exclusions to materials which are “likely” to lead to violence. 490 U.S. at 417, 109 S.Ct. 1874.
Plaintiffs also have not shown that the district court erred in holding that their reading materials were properly excluded under the regulation. We have independently reviewed all of the exhibits submitted with the pleadings and those submitted under seal. Based on our review, we conclude that the prohibited materials could reasonably be regarded as “publication[s] advocating hatred or contempt of other persons,” or “encourag[ing] or endors[ing] ... violence or disorder.” R. I, doc. 23, Ex. A at 2.
Next, plaintiffs challenge the district court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on their claim that they are entitled to special foods and a communion packet to enable them to celebrate Passover. They argue that their affidavits and doctrinal materials establish that at least a portion of Christian Identity practitioners believe that consuming Passover foods and a communion packet is a necessary part of their religion. The district court held that plaintiffs had not raised a triable issue regarding their entitlement to such accommodations because
In LaFevers v. Saffle, 936 F.2d 1117, 1119 (10th Cir.1991), we held that a prisoner‘s belief in religious dietary practices is constitutionally protected if the belief is “genuine and sincere,” even if such dietary practices are not doctrinally “required” by the prisoner‘s religion. Once a prisoner‘s sincerity has been established, he is entitled to invoke First Amendment protections, and the court must engage in the reasonableness inquiry established by Turner v. Safley. LaFevers, 936 F.2d at 1119-20. Because here the district court did not determine whether plaintiffs raised a triable issue regarding the sincerity of their beliefs as to the observance of Passover, we must reverse the summary judgment in favor of defendants and remand this claim for further proceedings.
Plaintiffs’ complaint also challenged the DOC‘s determination that the Christian Identity Faith is a “STG” whose materials may be prohibited; challenged the standards set forth in DOC administrative regulation 800-1 defining a “legitimate” faith group; and raised a claim that the procedure for censoring reading material violated due process because of inadequate notice, unrestricted time period for decision, and the absence of an opportunity to be heard. See R. I, doc. 6 at 3-3E and 4-4A. Neither the magistrate judge nor the district court addressed these claims, which plaintiffs have preserved in their objections to the magistrate judge‘s decision. Therefore, the case must be remanded for further proceedings on these issues as well. Further, DOC employee Shuh must be reinstated as a defendant with regard to the due process claim only, as there is evidence to support a finding that he participated in the reading materials screening process.
Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record is granted. The judgment is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part, and the case is remanded for further proceedings. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Angel Benita PIEDRA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Page TRUE, Warden; S. Harter, Correction Officer; S. Venable, Lieutenant; (NFN) Moore, Correction Officer; T.W. Loftis, Lieutenant, United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 01-3353.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
Nov. 26, 2002.