In thе Matter of the Civil Commitment of T.W., Appellant-Respondent, v. St. Vincent Hospital and Health Care Center, Inc., Appellee-Petitioner
18A-MH-1148
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
November 21, 2018
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Joel M. Schumm
Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Andrew B. Howk
Matthew M. Schappa
Indianapolis, Indiana
I N T H E
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Civil
Commitment of T.W.,
Appellant-Respondent,
v.
St. Vincent Hospital and Health
Care Center, Inc.,
Appellee-Petitioner
November 21, 2018
Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-MH-1148
Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court Probate Division
The Honorable Steven R.
Eichholtz, Judge
The Honorable Kelly M. Scanlan,
Commissioner
Trial Court Cause No.
49D08-1804-MH-14684
Case Summary
[1] T.W. appeals the trial court’s order for involuntary temporary commitment. He argues that the order is defective because it lacked the trial judge’s signature and contained only the signature of a commissioner. Additionally, T.W. contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his temporary commitment.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] T.W. is an intelligent young man in his late twenties who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia since 2013. T.W. does not accept this diagnosis but has participated in treatment and taken anti-psychotic medication at times. When properly medicated, T.W. is “very friendly, very engaging, [and] amiable”. Transcript at 17. He is not aggressive and “does very well when he’s on his medication.” Id. at 20.
[4] A little over a year before the commitment hearing, T.W. was living with his mother until an incident occurred where he physically attacked her. T.W. was not taking his medication, and he became angry with his mother following a minor vehicle accident. He blamed her for distracting him while driving. When she responded and grabbed his hand, T.W. choked her and brought her to the ground. The police were called, and T.W. was taken to jail. No criminal charges were pursued
[5] In December 2017, T.W. unilaterally decided to stop taking his medication. According to Father, T.W. eventually became more reclusive and withdrawn and was easily agitated. T.W. stopped attending treatment. His paranoid behaviors increased, and he made multiple reports to the FBI, including that a friend was a member of ISIS. In March 2018, T.W. left a note at the local library warning that a bomb or chemical weapon might be in the area. Local law enforcement and the FBI had multiple interactions with T.W.
[6] On or about March 22, 2018, T.W. told Father that he was going to kill him, which then resulted in a physical altercation. Father took the threat seriously and observed that T.W. expressed it with “more maliciousness” than prior threats. Id. at 20. The police were called, and T.W. was brought by police to the emergency department at St. Vincent Hospital.
[7] T.W. was admitted to St. Vincent Stress Center between March 22 and 29, 2018. His treating psychiatrist, Erika Cornett, M.D. (Dr. Cornett), found T.W.’s diagnosis of schizophrenia to bе evident. She noted his multiple contacts with the FBI and his delusional beliefs. T.W., however, continued to refuse to accept this diagnosis. Upon his discharge on March 29, T.W. refused to take his prescribed anti-psychotic medications. He did agree, however, to attend outpatient treatment at Aspire and take medication for anxiety.
[8] On April 12, 2018, T.W. and Father had a meeting with members of the FBI. T.W. was warned by the FBI that his continued false reports could result in criminal charges. Father scheduled an emergency appointment at Aspire that same day. At this appointment, T.W. became threatening and aggressive toward staff.
[9] As a result of T.W.’s threatening behavior, a physician with Aspire filed an application for T.W.’s emergency detention on April 12, 2018. The physician’s emergency statement indicated, regarding the immediacy of the danger, that T.W. “has been non compliant with medications, is actively hallucinating, is extremely paranoid and exhibits extreme mood lability and potential for violence.” Appendix at 19. The emergency detention was judicially authorized, and T.W. was admitted to Community North Behavioral Health on the afternoon of April 12, 2018.
[10] T.W. was apparently transferred the following day to St. Vincent Stress Center1 and again treated by Dr. Cornett. Although T.W. exhibited paranoid delusions, he was not aggressive or agitated with Dr. Cornett. T.W. denied experiencing hallucinations, which had been reported by hospital staff. T.W. continued to reject his diagnosis, believing that he only suffers from OCD and anxiety. He took three doses of Risperdal, an anti-psychotic drug, but then refused to take any more due to the side effects, including extreme drowsiness.
[11] On April 17, 2018, St. Vincent Stress Center filed a petition for the temporary mental health commitment of T.W. In her physician’s statement, Dr. Cornett opined that T.W. suffers from a psychiatric disorder, i.e., schizophrenia. In her
professional opinion, Dr. Cornett also indicated
[12] Commissioner Kelly M. Scanlan presided over the commitment hearing held on April 20, 2018, at which Dr. Cornett, Father, and T.W. testified. Dr. Cornett testified, among other things, that it was her professional opinion that T.W. was a potential danger to others. In this regard, she noted his refusal to take anti-psychotic medication and his resulting aggressive behavior. Specifically, she referenced his recent behavior at Aspire, his “several altercations” with Father, and reports that T.W. had threatened to “put a bullet in [Father’s] head.” Id. at 9. Dr. Cornett indicated a concern for “dangerousness and violence” if T.W. was released without the needed treatment. Id. at 12. Father echoed the same fears: “I mean … the key is I just don’t want it to get to a situation where he might actually hurt someone. Or hurt himself.” Id. at 22. Hе emphasized that T.W. needs to be medicated and testified that T.W. “is in complete denial that he even has a problem”. Id. Indeed, T.W. testified that he “fully disagree[d]” with his schizophrenia diagnosis and stated that he was “perfectly fine” when he stopped taking his medications. Id. at 25, 29.
[13] At the conclusion of the hearing, Commissioner Scanlan expressly found by clear and convincing evidence that T.W. suffers from a mental illness and that he is both a danger to others and gravely disabled. Thus, Commissioner Scanlan granted thе temporary commitment. On the same date, Commissioner Scanlan signed the written order for temporary commitment. T.W. filed a notice of appeal from this order on May 14, 2018.
Discussion & Decision
Defective Order
[14] We initially address T.W.’s claim that the order for temporary commitment is defective because it contains only the signature of Commissioner Scanlan and lacked the required judge’s signature. Indeed, at the time the order was issued, Indiana law expressly barred Commissioner Scanlan from entering a final appealablе order in this case. See
[15] Regardless, T.W. has waived appellate review of this issue because he did not object to the commitment order at any point prior to this appeal. “‘[I]t has been the long-standing policy of [the Indiana Supreme Court] to view the authority
of the officer appointed to try the case not as affecting the jurisdiction of the court’ – and so ‘the failure of a party to object at trial to the authority of a court officer to enter a final aрpealable order waives the issue for appeal.’” In re Adoption of I.B., 32 N.E.3d 1164, 1173 n.6 (Ind. 2015) (quoting Floyd v. State, 650 N.E.2d 28, 32 (Ind. 1994)); see also City of Indianapolis v. Hicks, 932 N.E.2d 227, 231 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (“defects in the authority of a court officer, as opposed to jurisdiction
[16] In Hicks, this court held that the appellant had waived a claim of errоr by failing to timely object to an order signed by a magistrate but not a judge. Id. We noted that the appellant called the trial court’s attention to the error well after the deadline for ruling on the motion to correct error had expired. Id. In other words, the appellant “fail[ed] to challenge at the first instance an irregularity apparent on the face of the order” and “failed to raise the issue until a point when the trial court could no longer correct the error by issuing an аmended order bearing the trial judge’s signature.” Id. Here, T.W. likewise failed to timely object to the order that was signed by only Commissioner Scanlan.3 We, therefore, conclude that he has waived the issue for our review.4
[17] On review, we look to the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. In re Commitment of J.B., 766 N.E.2d 795, 799 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Thus, we will not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Civil Commitment of J.B. v. Community Hosp. N., 88 N.E.3d 792, 795 (Ind. Ct. App 2017). “If the trial court’s commitment order represents a conclusion that a reasonable person could have drawn, the order must be affirmed, even if other reasonable conclusions are possible.” J.B., 766 N.E.2d at 799.
[18] In an involuntary commitment case, the petitioner is required to prove by clear and convincing evidence: “(1) the individual is mentally ill and either dangerous or gravely disabled; and (2) detention or commitment of that individual is appropriate.”
[19] On appeal, T.W. does not challenge the trial court’s determination that he is mentally ill. Rather, he contends that there is insufficient evidence to establish that he is either dangerous or gravely disabled. Because only one of these factors need be established to support an involuntary commitment, we focus our analysis on the sufficiency of the evidence regarding whether T.W. is dangerous.
[20] An individual is dangerous for purposes of the involuntary commitment statute where he, “as a result of mеntal illness, presents a substantial risk that the
individual will harm the individual or others.”
[21] T.W. argues that St. Vincent Stress Center failed to offer clear and convincing evidence that he presented a substantial risk to others. T.W. notes that there was no evidence that he threatened or harmed anyone at the hospital in the days leading up to his commitment hearing. Further, he argues that his physical attack of his mother took place more than a year before the commitment hearing.
[22] We reject T.W.’s invitation to reweigh the evidence. The record establishes that when unmedicated, T.W.’s schizophrenia takes over and he becomes aggressive, paranoid, delusional, and dangerous. T.W.’s violent attack of his mother – choking her and taking her to the ground – happened at a time when he was not taking anti-psychotic medication. This violence led to his immediate arrest. Thereafter, T.W. took his medication as prescribed and attended outpatient treatment at Aspire for about eleven months. During this time, T.W. was back to his old, non-violent self. He was “very friendly, very engaging, [and] amiable”. Transcript at 17. This quickly changed when in December 2017, T.W. decided to stop taking his medication and attending treatment. As a result, T.W. became reclusive, withdrawn, and easily agitated.
He made unfounded reports to thе FBI regarding another individual and
[23] Dr. Cornett testified that it was her professional opinion that T.W. was a potential danger to others due to his schizophrenia and refusal to take anti-psychotic medication. She indicated a concern for “dangerousness and violence” if T.W. was released without the needed treatment. Id. at 12. Father expressed similar fears that T.W. might actually hurt someone.
[24] “[A] trial court is not required tо wait until harm has nearly or actually occurred before determining that an individual poses a substantial risk of harm to others.” C.J. v. Health & Hosp. Corp. of Marion Cty., 842 N.E.2d 407, 410 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Based on the evidence presented at the commitment hearing, a reasonable person could conclude that T.W. posed a substantial risk of harm to
others. Thus, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that T.W. was dangerous to others at the time of his temporary involuntary commitment.5
[25] Judgment affirmed.
Brown, J., concurs.
Tavitas, J., dissents with opinion.
In the Matter of the Civil Commitment of T.W., Appellant-Respondent, v. St. Vincent Hospital and Heаlth Care Center, Inc., Appellee-Petitioner
18A-MH-1148
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
November 21, 2018
I N T H E
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Civil
Commitment of T.W.,
Appellant-Respondent,
v.
St. Vincent Hospital and Health
Care Center, Inc.,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-MH-1148
Tavitas, Judge, dissenting.
[1] I respectfully dissent. I differ with the majority’s determination that waiver analysis is dispostive here. I am guided by In Re Civil Commitment of L.J., No. 18A-MH-152, slip op. at pp. 4-6, 8 (Ind. Ct. App. Oct. 18, 2018), in which a panel of this court recently held that the trial judge’s entry of a blanket business record order summarily approving all of the commissioner’s recommendations without review by the trial court warranted dismissal of the respondent’s appeal and remand to the trial court judge to review the matter and entеr a final order. The L.J. panel reasoned that, absent any evidence that the trial judge: (1) reviewed L.J.’s case; (2) specifically referenced L.J.’s civil commitment; (3) indicated an intention to affirm the commissioner’s decision as the final order;
and (4) entered the affirmation of the commissioner’s work under a business record cause number associated with L.J., the panel was “left without any assurance that the court fulfilled its obligation to review and ‘enter the final order.’” Id. at 8.
[2] Several rules and statutеs are relevant here. Appellate Rule 5(A), governing appeals from final judgments, provides: “Except as provided in Rule 4,6 the Court of Appeals shall have jurisdiction in all appeals from Final Judgments of Circuit, Superior, Probate, and County Courts, notwithstanding any law, statute or rule providing for appeal directly to the Supreme Court of Indiana.”
(A) Motion tо correct error--When mandatory. A Motion to Correct Error is not a prerequisite for appeal, except when a party seeks to address:
(1) Newly discovered material evidence, including alleged jury misconduct, capable of production within thirty (30) days of final judgment which, with reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered and produced at trial; or
(2) A claim that a jury verdict is excessive or inadequate.
All other issues and grounds for appeal appropriately preserved during trial may be initially addressed in thе appellate brief.
Ind. Trial Rule 59(A) (bold emphasis in original, italics added).
[4] A number of Indiana statutes in Title 33, governing courts and court officers, are implicated. Indiana Code Section 33-23-5-5, enumerating the powers of a magistrate judge, states nineteen acts that a magistrate “may” take.
[5] In April 2018, when the commitment order was entered, Indiana Code Section 33-23-5-8 provided as follows:
Except as provided under sections 5(14) and 9(b) of this chapter,
a magistrate:(1) does not have the power of judicial mandate; and
(2) may not enter a final appealable оrder unless sitting as a judge
pro tempore or a special judge.
[6] Indiana Code Section 33-23-5-9 provides that, except in cases of a criminal trial or guilty plea hearing, a magistrate “shall report findings in an evidentiary
hearing, a trial, or a jury’s verdict to the court” and “[t]he court shall enter the final order.”
[7] Indiana Code Section 33-33-49-16, which specifically enumerates the powers of probate hearing judges and commissioners and is applicable here, states that an appointed probate hearing judge or probate commission “shall be vested by the judge of the probate division with suitable powers for the handling of all probate matters” including:
(6) Taking or hearing evidence on or concerning matters
described in this subsection or any other probate,
guardianship, or trust matters in litigation before the court.(7) Enforcing court rules.
(8) Making reports to the court concerning the judge’s or
commissioner’s doings in the proceedings described in this
subsection, including reports concerning the
commissioner’s findings and conclusions regarding the
proceedings.
However, all matters handled by a hearing judge or commissioner
under this subsection are under the final jurisdiction and decision of
the judge of the probate division.
[8] Indiana Code Section 33-33-49-16(e) states,
A master commissioner appointed by the court under this section
has the powers and duties prescribed for a magistrate under IC
33-23-5-5 through IC 33-23-5-9. A master commissioner shall
reportthe findings in each of the matters before the master
commissioner in writing to the judge or judges of the division to
which the master commissioner is assigned or as designated by
the rules of the court.
It is undisputed that the commissioner had authority to hear the petition for commitment; however, the commissioner did nоt have statutory authority to enter a final appealable order. See
[9] The majority concludes that this issue is waived based on Floyd v. State, 650 N.E.2d 28 (Ind. 1994), and City of Indianapolis v. Hicks, 932 N.E.2d 227 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. The instant case is distinguishable from Floyd and Hicks because this case involves a blanket policy of the trial court rather than a mere ovеrsight. A rash of cases involving potentially defective commitment orders have appeared before us, and panels of this court have reached varying conclusions in conducting appellate review. In my view, much-needed clarity could be supplied in the form of a statute or court rule specifically tailored to cases in which litigants risk waiving their claims of error due, not to the litigant’s acts or omissions, but rather, owing to the acts or omissions of presiding trial judges.
[10] The instant casе is not a case in which an inadvertent oversight by the trial court resulted in a final order that was not approved by the trial court judge. Rather, here, as in L.J., the trial court judge expressly abdicated his statutory duties under Indiana Code Section 33-33-49-16. The trial court judge issued a blanket order under the court business docket, which summarily approved all recommendations of the court commissioner without specifically reviewing the case(s) and indicating the trial court judge’s intention to approve thе commissioner’s recommendations relating thereto. In so doing, the trial court clearly delegated to the commissioner, without statutory authority, the trial court’s duty to render final decisions.
[11] Here, the trial court judge was required to enter a “decision,” pursuant to Indiana Code Section 33-33-49-16(a) and failed to do so. The waiver analysis employed by the majority falls short under these unique circumstances because the respondent is penalized for failing to “timely” urge the trial court judge to pеrform his or her statutory duty. A litigant cannot waive a trial court judge’s exercise of statutory responsibility.
[12] Deeming the defective order issue waived because it was not raised below effectively allows the trial court judge to abdicate his duties and obligates the litigant to remind the judge of his duties by filing a motion in the very court that has abandoned its duties. Such abdication by trial court judges should not be litigants’ and appellate courts’ problem to resolve.
[13] Again, I suspect that clarification, by statute or trial rule, of a litigant’s risk of waiver under circumstances such as these may be necessary. Perhaps a trial rule that addresses such a defect would assist litigants who are filing an appeal inasmuch as a motion to correct error was not required here before T.W. initiated his appeal. By what mechanism does a litigant who finds him/herself in this situation receive notice of the significant, and likely certain, risk of waiver? A trial rule or statute that discusses waiver and prescribes a time frame for raising the issue before the trial court would put such a litigant on notice in cases in which the
[14] Due to the plain language of Indiana Code Section 33-33-49-16(a), I find that the order of commitment was not a final appealable order. As in L.J., we should “reject the trial court’s entry of a business record with no reference to specific case numbers as a method for adopting the findings and conclusions of a magistrate or сommissioner as to any specific case heard during a specified time period” and determine that the underlying commitment order is not a final order. See L.J., No. 18A-MH-152, slip op. at p. 3.
[15] For these reasons, the underlying commitment order here is defective because the trial judge did not specifically review and approve the commissioner’s recommendations as to T.W. Accordingly, I would remand to the trial court for review and approval of the commissioner’s recommended order for tempоrary commitment. I acknowledge that the issue is moot as to this
particular appellant; however, to correct the record, such approval by the trial court judge is necessary.
Notes
We conclude that it is improper for a reviewing court to dismiss an appeal on these grounds where no showing has been made that the issue was properly preserved. Instead, the reviewing court should deny relief on grounds of waiver. Because the following recent decisions of the Court of Appeals hold that the proper procedure in such situations is to dismiss the appeal without regard for whether the issue has been properly preserved, the decisions are disapproved: Cartwright v. State (1993), Ind. App., 621 N.E.2d 1164; Kirby v. State (1993), Ind. App., 619 N.E.2d 967; Hill v. State (1993), Ind. App., 611 N.E.2d 133 (2–1 decision, Buchanan, J., dissenting); Scruggs v. State (1993), 609 N.E.2d 1148, 1150 (2–1 decision, Buchanan, J., dissenting), after remand, (1994), Ind. App., 637 N.E.2d 175; Green v. State (1989), Ind. App., 540 N.E.2d 130, reh’g denied, (1989), 544 N.E.2d 172, trans. denied. We cite Senior Judge Buchanan’s dissents in the Scruggs and Hill cases as correct statements of the law and precedent in this regard. We commend the Court of Appeals for properly applying these principles in Briscoe v. State and, accordingly, deny transfer in Briscoe.
Floyd, 650 N.E.2d at 32-33 (emphasis supplied). Indeed, the first case in the list disapproved by the Supreme Court – Cartwright – is on par with this case. There, a referee issued a judgment that was not adopted or approved by the trial court. Our court determined, like the dissent does here, that we lacked jurisdiction because no appealable final judgment existed. Cartwright, 621 N.E.2d at 1165. We explained: “While a referee, magistrate or commissiоner may preside at a trial, they are not empowered to enter a final order or judgment.” Id. Based on the trial judge’s failure to adopt and approve the referee’s judgment, we concluded:
We regret the inconvenience this causes to both the appellant and appellee. However, it is incumbent upon the trial judges of this state to either properly appoint a judge pro tempore or a special judge, or to adopt and approve the actions of commissioners, magistrates and referees. Without strict adherence to the rules for the use of substitute judges, we lack jurisdiction to entertain the appeal.
Id. In Floyd, our Supreme Court rejected this type of analysis. We fail to see how the scale of the trial court’s violation of the relevant statutes grants us the ability to disregard the Court’s directive in Floyd.