42 F.3d 1050 | 7th Cir. | 1994
Lead Opinion
The debtor, Mitchell Voelker, appealed from a decision of the District Court holding that the Internal Revenue Service’s (“IRS”) tax lien extended to his personal property exempt from levy under 26 U.S.C. § 6331. We affirm.
I.
Mitchell Voelker filed a voluntary Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition on July 29, 1992. On November 19,1992, the IRS filed a proof of a secured claim for delinquent taxes in the amount of $27,736, covering the years 1984 through 1989. Voelker objected to this
The bankruptcy court held that the IRS’s Hen did not attach to Voelker’s exempt property. In Re Voelker, 164 B.R. 308 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Wis.1993). It noted that “[pjersonal property exemption statutes should be Hb-eraHy construed in order to carry out the legislature’s purpose in enacting them — to protect debtors.” Id. at 312 (citations omitted). It reasoned that § 6331’s definition of levy as including “the power of distraint and seizure by any means” precluded the Hen from attaching to the exempt property. Id.
The district court, however, reversed the bankruptcy court’s decision. In an unpublished opinion, the district court found that the plain language of § 6321 led to the conclusion that the federal tax Hen did attach to property exempt from levy.
II.
We review questions of law de novo. Matter of West, 22 F.3d 775, 777 (7th Cir.1994). When interpreting a statute, “[i]f the statute is unambiguous, we must enforce the plain meaning of the language enacted by Congress.” Family & Children’s Center, Inc. v. School City of Mishawaka, 13 F.3d 1052, 1060 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 420, 130 L.Ed.2d 335 (1994). This court “will look beyond the express language of a statute only where that statutory language is ambiguous or where a Hteral interpretation would lead to an absurd result or thwart the purpose of the overall statutory scheme.” United States v. Real Estate Known as 916 Douglas Ave., 903 F.2d 490, 492 (7th Cir.1990), cert. denied sub nom. Born v. United States, 498 U.S. 1126, 111 S.Ct. 1090, 112 L.Ed.2d 1194 (1991).
Section 6321 states:
If any person Hable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that many accrue in addition thereto) shall be a Hen in favor of the United States upon all 'property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.
26 U.S.C. § 6321 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has noted that this language “is broad and reveals on its face that Congress meant to reach every interest in property that a taxpayer might have.” United States v. National Bank of Commerce, 472 U.S. 713, 719-20, 105 S.Ct. 2919, 2924, 86 L.Ed.2d 565 (1985). “Stronger language could hardly have been selected to reveal a purpose to assure the coHection of taxes.” Glass City Bank v. United States, 326 U.S. 265, 267, 66 S.Ct. 108, 110, 90 L.Ed. 56 (1945). The language of -the statute unambiguously shows that the federal tax Hen attaches to all of a debtor’s property, without exception. Thus, we agree with the district court, and the majority of other courts addressing the issue, that the Hen attached to Voelker’s $825.00 worth of personal property.
Contrary to Voelker’s assertions, 26 U.S.C. § 6331 does not alter this result. That section provides:
(a) Authority of Secretary — If any person hable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same within 10 days after notice and demand, it shall be lawful for the Secretary to collect such tax ... by levy upon all property and rights to property (except such property as is exempt under section 6334) belonging to such person or on which there is a hen provided in this chapter for the payment of such tax.
(b) The term “levy” as used in this title includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means.3
Section 6331 says nothing about protecting this property from a hen, but merely from levy. Congress exempted this property from levy and has the capacity to do the same with the tax hen. It has chosen not to do so.
This dissimilarity in treatment makes sense, for as .the Ninth Circuit discussed in Barbier, a hen and levy are different things. “A levy forces debtors to relinquish their property. It operates as a seizure by the IRS to collect dehnquent income taxes.” 896 F.2d at 379. On the other hand, “a hen ... is merely a security interest and does not involve the immediate seizure of property. A hen enables the taxpayer to maintain possession of protected property while allowing the government to preserve its claim should the status of [the] property later change.” Id. Thus, if a debtor later sells the exempt property, the IRS could move to cohect the proceeds from the sale.
Having the IRS hen attach to exempt property does not, as Voelker contends, undermine § 6334’s goal of allowing the debtor to “retain some minimal personal effects necessary for living in our society,” because the IRS cannot summarily seize the property. The debtor retains possession and the hen simply determines the amount he has to pay the IRS.
Extending the IRS’s hen to property exempt from levy accomplishes both of Congress’s goals: it increases the payment of dehnquent taxes and allows the debtor to protect his property from summary, nonjudicial seizure. Because it is not absurd
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is affirmed and the case remanded for further action.
Affirmed.
. Voelker asserts that should we hold that the lien attaches, it must be released under 26 U.S.C. § 6325, which states that a lien must be released when “the liability for the amount assessed, together with all interest, has become unenforceable.” We read this to mean that the underlying liability, not the lien securing it, must have become unenforceable in order to require releasing the lien. See Michael L. Saltzman, IRS Practice and Procedure ¶ 15.04[2] (2d ed. 1991) (the question is whether "the tax assessed is unenforceable as a matter of law (e.g., by the expiration of the period of limitations).”) (emphasis added); William T. Plumb, Jr„ Federal Tax Liens 43 (3d ed. 1972) (“unenforceability as a matter of law (e.g., the statute of limitations), not of fact” requires release) (emphasis in original). In any event, we do not decide whether the lien is unenforceable because we express no view as to whether the IRS can enforce it through other procedures, such as judicial foreclosure under 26 U.S.C. § 7403.
. Like the district court, we do not find the cases to the contrary, cited by the appellant, persuasive. See Matter of Riley, 88 B.R. 906, 912 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Wis. 1987) (no analysis of issue); Matter of Driscoll, 57 B.R. 322, 327 n. 6 (Bkrtcy. W.D.Wis.1986) (Analysis consisting only of the sentence: "The debtor does receive a much smaller personal property exemption under IRC § 6334 (26 U.S.C. § 6334) which constitutes the sole exemption which may be claimed against a valid federal tax lien.”); In Re Ray, 48 B.R. 534, 537-38 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Ohio 1985) (no analysis).
. A lien does not itself act as a distraint and seizure so we do not, as Voelker contends we should, equate a lien with levy. We express no view as to whether this definition of levy prohibits other methods of collection, such as judicial foreclosure under 26 U.S.C. § 7403.
.A chapter 13 debtor must satisfy the full amount of a secured claim, 11 U.S.C. 1325(a), which amount is determined by "the creditor's interest in the estate’s interest in such property." 11 U.S.C. § 506(a). The debtor pays for this secured claim in monthly installments over three years. However, the bankruptcy court can, for cause, extend the repayment period by an additional two years, 11 U.S.C. § 1322(c), so that the debtor does not necessarily have to make larger monthly payments.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
The court’s opinion today is a succinct and true application of the law and in that respect I join it without hesitation. This ease has led me to question whether the law makes much sense, however. The problem is one for Congress to fix, of course, and my view of the practicalities may matter little. Some cases nonetheless cry out for comment, and I believe this is one of them.
Central to the framework of personal bankruptcy is the notion of a “fresh start”: the opportunity for a debtor to pool his resources, pay what he can of his debts, and move on. See, e.g., In re Smith, 848 F.2d 813, 816-17 (7th Cir.1988); In re LeMaire, 898 F.2d 1346, 1357-58 n. 16 (8th Cir.1990) (en banc) (dissenting op.). But a fresh start ought not be a naked start. A debtor should not be made to surrender the clothes on his back or the food in his cupboard in exchange for the protection of bankruptcy. Common sense as well as compassion dictates as much: a bankrupt deprived of life’s necessities will merely have to reallocate a portion of his future income to reacquire those items (in all likelihood at a greater cost), defeating the purpose of the fresh start bankruptcy purports to provide. It makes far more sense to leave these items in the debtor’s hands. Consistent with that notion, section 6334(a) exempts a category of personal property from the power of administrative levy that the IRS otherwise enjoys.
But, as the IRS is quick to point out, the statute says nothing about a lien. . And because the statutory exemption indeed refers only to levies, and the levy and the lien are distinct legal concepts, the court correctly concludes that the exemption does not deprive the IRS of the lien that it enjoys on all property owned by the debtor.
Permitting the IRS to retain a hen on personal property may make some sense given the possibility that a debtor could decide to sell it. If Mr. Voelker decides to give up his weed eater or his bow and arrows, it only seems fair that the IRS lay claim to the cash he gains from the sale. And yet it would seem unrealistic to expect that the government will realize substantial remuneration from the sale of these second-hand items. Notably, for example, the statute currently imposes a cap of $1,650 on the value of “fuel, provisions, furniture, and personal effects” which may be exempted from levy. § 6334(a)(2). Moreover, many of these and other items falling within the exemption can hardly be considered luxuries that a person can do without — e.g., food, clothing, fuel, and school books. § 6334(a)(1), (2). Thus, the likelihood that the debtor will (short of desperation) convert these modest belongings to cash appears low, and the prospect that the proceeds will be significant if he does even lower. Perhaps there is a forgotten Armani original hanging in Mr. Voelker’s closet, but I doubt it.
Of far more concrete benefit to the IRS in recognizing a hen on such property is the fact that the value of the property must be included in the total amount the debtor is obligated to repay the government. Ante at 1052 & n. 4. Thus, in the event that the debtor “chooses” to keep the property (and what real “choice” is there with respect to items like food, clothing, and fuel?), he must either make higher monthly payments over the life of his payment plan or make these payments over a longer period of time, beyond the usual three-year maximum if need be. See 11 U.S.C. § 1322; ante n. 4. Neither of these scenarios is consistent with the purpose of bankruptcy. A higher monthly payment raises the probability that the debt- or will default on his obligations, particularly when he has a limited income. The latter option postpones the fresh start that the debtor has sought to achieve in filing for bankruptcy protection.
What will happen if Mr. Voelker elects to keep his personal property but cannot make
Mr. Voelker’s amended Chapter 13 plan provides that in the event the hen on his personal property is upheld, he will surrender these goods to the government in heu of increased payment obhgations. No one disputes that this is his right, and by putting the government in the business of conducting a rummage sale Mr. Voelker may be doing the one thing that best exposes the folly in permitting the IRS a hen on this category of property. Surely the cost of liquidating these items (if the government even tries) far outmeasures any income that the IRS can hope to attain from their sale. To say nothing of the cost to Mr. Voelker’s dignity and, in the final analysis, our own.
