In thе Matter of John PENROD and Alyce J. Penrod, Debtors-Appellees.
Appeal of FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS LIQUIDATION CORPORATION,
formerly known as Mutual Guaranty Corporation,
successor in interest to the Clinton
County Farm Bureau Cooperative
Association Credit Union.
No. 94-3072.
United States Court of Appeals,
Seventh Circuit.
Argued Jan. 12, 1995.
Decided March 22, 1995.
Mark R. Wenzel (argued), Jeffrey E. Ramsey, Hopper, Wenzel & Galliher, Indianapolis, IN, for Financial Institutions Liquidation Corp.
Daniel J. Skekloff (argued), Scot T. Skekloff (argued), Hoffman, Thompson, Skekloff, Rogers & McNagny, Fort Wayne, IN, for John L. Penrod, Alyce J. Penrod.
Before POSNER, Chief Judge, ROVNER, Circuit Judge, and MORAN, Chief Judge.*
POSNER, Chief Judge.
This appeal raises an issue of bankruptcy law that one might have supposed had been settled long ago. It is whether, when a plan of reorganization makes provision for the payment of a secured creditor's claim but does not say whether the creditor's security interest (lien) is extinguished, the security interest survives, in accordance with the old saw that "liens pass through bankruptcy unaffected."
Hog farmers named Penrod executed a promissory note to Mutual Guaranty Corporation (actually to its predеcessor, but we can ignore that detail) for $150,000, secured by the Penrods' hogs. A year later, the Penrods filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11, owing Mutual Guaranty $132,000. Mutual Guaranty filed a proof of claim in the bankruptcy proceeding. The Penrods, neither objecting to the claim nor questioning the validity of Mutual Guaranty's lien, filed a plan of reorganization which designated Mutual Guaranty as a "Class 3 creditor"--in fact as the only Class 3 creditor. Class 3 creditors, the plan states, "will be paid in full, with interest at the rate of eleven percent (11%) per annum. Paymеnts to this Class shall be paid on a monthly basis commencing sixty (60) days after Confirmation. Furthermore, said payments shall be based upon a seven (7) year amortization." That is all that the plan, or the order confirming it, says about Mutual Guaranty's interest.
Shortly after the plan went into effect, the Penrods' hogs became infected with "pseudo-rabies" virus, a disease of the reproductive system that causes the females infected with it to miscarry. Hogs so stricken cannot be kept for breeding purposes; all they are good for is food (human foоd, we note with some anxiety). So the Penrods sold their hogs for slaughter--without remitting the proceeds to Mutual Guaranty, as the security agreement accompanying the promissory note had required. Mutual Guaranty brought suit in a state court to enforce a lien in the proсeeds. The Penrods responded by asking the bankruptcy court to hold Mutual Guaranty in contempt for violating the order confirming the plan of reorganization, which the Penrods claim extinguished Mutual Guaranty's lien. The bankruptcy court agreed that the lien had been extinguished and enjoined (the court's term was "precluded," but as far as we can tell it meant the same thing) Mutual Guaranty from attempting to enforce it. The district court affirmed.
A secured creditor can bypass his debtor's bankruptcy proceeding and enforce his lien in the usual way, which would normally be by bringing a foreclosure action in a state court. This is the principle that liens pass through bankruptcy unaffected. Long v. Bullard,
A secured creditor may be dragged into the bankruptcy involuntarily, because the trustee or debtor (if there is no trustee), or someone who might be liable to the secured creditor and therefore has an interest in maximizing the creditor's recovery, may file a claim on the creditor's behalf. 11 U.S.C. Secs. 501(b), (c); In re Lindsey,
The secured creditor does not, by participating in the bankruptcy proceeding through filing a claim, surrender his lien. But this is not to say that the lien is sure to escape unscathed from the bankruptcy. We have mentioned the automatic stay. If the secured creditor's claim is challenged in the bankruptcy proceeding and the cоurt denies the claim, the creditor will lose the lien by operation of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 506(d); In re Tarnow, supra,
Nothing we have said so far is controversial, and we can take one more step without inviting controversy. A plan of reorganization can expressly preserve preexisting liens, such as that of Mutual Guaranty in this case. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1123(b)(1). Conversely, it can expressly abrogate some or all of those liens with the full consent of the lienholders; and this is common. A reorganization alters the capital structure of the bankrupt enterprise. Bondholders аnd other creditors, along with shareholders, exchange their notes, claims, and shares for new securities in the reorganized firm. For recent examples, see Sullivan & Long v. Scattered Corp.,
The question we must decide in this case is whether preexisting liens survive a reorganization when the plan (or the order confirming it) does not mention the liens. What in other words is the default rule when the plan is silent? We acknowledge this to be a difficult question. Liens are property rights and thе forfeiture of such rights is disfavored. But when lienholders participate in a bankruptcy proceeding, and especially in a reorganization, they know that their liens are likely to be affected, and indeed altered. The issue here, moreover, is what the proper rule for interpreting silence is rather than in what circumstances a lien can be taken away from someone who has expressed his desire to retain it.
We have concluded that the default rule for secured creditors who file claims for which provision is made in the plan of reorganization is extinction and is found in the Code itself. Section 1141(c) provides with immaterial exceptions that "except as provided in the plan or in the order confirming the plan, after confirmation of a plan, the property deаlt with by the plan is free and clear of all claims and interests of creditors, equity security holders, and of general partners in the debtor." The term "interest" is not defined in the Code, but a lien is defined as an interest in property, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 101(37), and there is no doubt that a security interest is an interest, and it is defined as a "lien created by an agreement." 11 U.S.C. Sec. 101(51). So section 1141(c) must cover liens, In re Arctic Enterprises, Inc.,
Our suggested interpretation reconciles the language of section 1141(c) with the principle, which we have pointed out cannot be maintained without careful qualification, that liens pass through bankruptcy unaffected. They do--unless they are brought into the bankruptcy proceeding and dealt with there. The interpretation makes practical sense as well. It lowers the costs of transacting with the reorganized firm, thus boosting the chances that the reorganization will succeed. By studying the plan of reorganizаtion a prospective creditor of or investor in the reorganized firm can tell whether any liens that creditors whose interests in the new entity are defined in the plan may have had against its bankrupt predecessor survive as encumbrances on the assets of thе new firm. The cases that support a contrary interpretation are cases in which the courts were, we respectfully suggest, mesmerized by a formula ("liens pass through bankruptcy unaffected"). E.g., Relihan v. Exchange Bank,
There is nоthing to Mutual Guaranty's suggestion that our interpretation raises a question under the due process or takings clauses of the Fifth Amendment because a lien is property within the meaning of the clause. It is, United States v. Security Industrial Bank,
AFFIRMED.
Notes
Hon. James B. Moran of the Northern District of Illinois