IN THE INTEREST OF A.L.H., A Child
NO. 14-14-01029-CV, NO. 14-14-01030-CV
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (14th Dist.)
June 16, 2015
468 S.W.3d 738
Appellant has cited to no authority that would require a judgment to include only the title of the offense identified in the Penal Code. Similarly, we have found no authority to that effect, and the Code of Criminal Procedure does not require it.
Appellant‘s fourth issue is overruled.
VI. CONCLUSION
We have overruled appellant‘s second, third, and fourth issues, but sustained his first regarding the cumulation order. Accordingly, we modify the trial court‘s judgment in the compelling prostitution case, Cause No. 14-14-00155-CR (Trial Court Cause No. 1390391), to delete the cumulation order, and we affirm the judgment as modified. We affirm the trial court‘s judgment in the sexual assault case, Cause No. 14-14-00154-CR (Trial Court Cause No. 1323841).
Robert J. Hazeltine-Shedd, Houston, TX, for appellee.
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Jamison and Busby.
OPINION
Martha Hill Jamison, Justice
T.N.H. (“the mother“) appeals the trial court‘s judgment terminating her parental rights to her child, A.L.H. (“the child“) (appeal number 14-14-01029-CV). L.L.M. (“the father“) also appeals the trial court‘s judgment terminating his parental rights to the child (appeal number 14-14-0130-CV). The mother and the father filed separate appellate briefs. We affirm the trial court‘s judgment as to the mother
I. THE MOTHER‘S APPEAL
The Department moved to have the parental rights of the mother terminated. See
A trial court may terminate the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has executed an unrevoked or irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment of parental rights as provided by the Family Code and that termination is in the child‘s best interest. See
Section 161.211(c) of the Family Code limits any direct or collateral attack on an order terminating parental rights based on an unrevoked affidavit of relinquishment of parental rights to issues relating to fraud, duress, or coercion in the execution of the affidavit. See
The mother‘s affidavit was notarized and signed in the presence of two witnesses. The mother makes no claim, other than alleged involuntariness, that the affidavit was not executed in compliance with section 161.103.1 The mother argues that it is the Department‘s burden to negate fraud, duress, or coercion in the execution of the affidavits, citing In re D.E.H., 301 S.W.3d 825 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied.). However, that case holds the opposite. Id. at 830 (“The burden of proving such wrongdoing is on the party opposing the affidavit.“). Here, the mother is opposing the affidavit, yet presented no evidence of fraud, duress or coercion in its execution.
The mother, who did not appear at the hearing, provides no evidence or argument in her brief that she involuntarily executed her relinquishment affidavit, and the record contains no evidence of fraud, duress, or coercion. Accordingly, we overrule the mother‘s first issue.
In her second issue, the mother contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a finding that termination was in the best interest of the child. See
Having overruled both of the mother‘s issues, we affirm the trial court‘s judgment terminating the mother‘s parental rights to the child.
II. THE FATHER‘S APPEAL
The Department also moved to have the parental rights of the father terminated. See
A. Burden of Proof and Standards of Review
Parental rights can be terminated upon proof by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the parent has committed an act prohibited by
In a legal-sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). This means we must assume
In a factual-sufficiency review, we give due consideration to evidence the factfinder reasonably could have found to be clear and convincing. Id. Our inquiry is whether the evidence is such that a factfinder reasonably could form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department‘s allegations. Id. We consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that evidence in favor of its finding. Id. If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence is so significant that the factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, we must find the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.
B. The Evidence
Amy Zachmeyer, the Department‘s caseworker, testified that during the course of this case she never had face-to-face contact with the father, and at the time of the hearing, had most recently communicated with him a month earlier.3 According to Zachmeyer, the father has not visited the child at all throughout the case, has not provided anything for the care and support of the child, and has not requested visitation. The father failed to comply with court orders to establish the paternity of the child, did not appear at any of the hearings, and did not appear at trial. The father has four children with the mother and all four have come into the Department‘s care. The other three children all came into the Department‘s care due to the mother‘s drug use before the child was born. One of those children has been placed with a relative, one is in a foster home, and one has been adopted by foster parents. The father was not present when the child was born but knew of the child‘s birth.
The child came into the Department‘s care initially upon a report of medical neglect. Zachmeyer testified there were also concerns due to the family history. Zachmeyer further testified as follows:
Q Do you believe, based on the mother‘s prior CPS [Child Protective Services] history and drug use that [the father] had reason to believe that [the child] would be in an environment that was physically or emotionally harmful to him if left in his mother‘s care?
A Yes.
Q Did [the father] do anything to alleviate those concerns?
A No.
Q In fact, he has never came [sic] to court, correct?
A I don‘t know if he came to the ex--or to the original hearing, but he left prior to the status hearing. He has not attended any hearings at this time.
Q Okay. And on multiple other occasions [the father] is suspected to have been using drugs?
A Yes.
According to Zachmeyer‘s testimony, at the time the child came into care, the mother tried to evade the urine drug screen by cleansing her system with cayenne pepper and refused to submit to a hair follicle drug test. Zachmeyer testified to her belief that the father knowingly placed the child in a dangerous environment by leaving the child with the mother.
The father‘s sister, M.M. (“the aunt“), testified that she is aware the father went to jail and she is aware of his drug problem, specifically his usage of crack cocaine. The aunt testified that someone else was taking care of the child before the Department became involved because both the mother and the father were in jail. The aunt testified that if the child were placed in her care, she would not allow the parents into the child‘s life and would protect him.
C. Constructive Abandonment (Subsection N)
To prove constructive abandonment, clear and convincing evidence must establish that the child has been in the custody of the Department for at least six months and: (1) the Department made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent; (2) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and (3) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment. See
If the evidence is legally insufficient on any one of these elements, the termination finding cannot be sustained. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 633 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). The party seeking the termination of parental rights bears the burden of proof. In re A.S., 261 S.W.3d 76, 90 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Appellant challenges whether there was clear and convincing evidence that the Department made reasonable efforts to return the child to him.
The statute requires clear and convincing evidence that the Department made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent.
Generally, implementation of a family service plan by the Department is considered a reasonable effort to return a child to the parent. In re S.A.C., No. 04-13-00058-CV, 2013 WL 2247471, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 22, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). The Department concedes that no plan was created for the father.
A court may waive the requirements of a service plan and make reasonable efforts to return the child to a parent if the trial court finds the parent subjected the child to “aggravated circumstances.”
The Department did not plead aggravating circumstances in its original petition for termination. The Department‘s Permanency Plan and Progress Report, filed March 26, 2014, states, “Judge Devlin ordered aggravated circumstances, first permanency hearing on 4/3/14.” It is unclear which parent is subject to the alleged finding. Our record does not contain a reporter‘s record from that hearing or an order signed by the trial judge to that effect. At trial, the Department did not argue aggravating circumstances or offer into evidence any exhibits reflecting the basis for the statement contained in the progress report. The Department also does not argue aggravating circumstances on appeal.
Zachmeyer testified that the father was not asked to comply with a family service plan “due to prior termination.” However, the record does not reflect that any prior termination was based on a finding that the father‘s conduct violated subsection (D) or (E). Zachmeyer testified that other children of the father “came into [the Department‘s] care” due to their mother‘s drug use, but there is no evidence that the father‘s parental rights were terminated as to more than one child. Accordingly, the record fails to demonstrate evidence of aggravating circumstances under section 262.2015. To the extent the trial judge may have found aggravating circumstances and waived the requirements of a service plan and the requirement to make reasonable efforts to return the child to the father, there is no support for the finding in this record.
We now consider, therefore, whether the record reflects there were reasonable efforts to return the child in spite of the absence of a family service plan or a waiver of the requirement to make such efforts. See In re Pate, 407 S.W.3d at 420. As previously stated, we focus on the Department‘s efforts, not the father‘s.
In In re B.S.T., appellant‘s whereabouts were unknown at the time the children were taken into custody by the Department. Id. at 486. When appellant was located after his release from prison, he was advised of visitation and visited his children twice, but made no further efforts. Id. Caseworkers advised appellant to sign an affidavit of paternity, but he failed to do so. The Department‘s caseworker testified that all reasonable efforts were made to return the children to the parents. The B.S.T. court found such evidence sufficient to support termination under subsection N. Id.
Here, the Department argues that its actions to serve the father with notice of the suit and the trial court‘s orders to establish the father‘s paternity are evidence of the Department‘s reasonable efforts. The evidence reflects the father had called Zachmeyer, but she had never seen him face-to-face. Zachmeyer did not testify, as did the caseworker in In re B.S.T.,
The Department also argues that its efforts to place the child with the aunt constitute reasonable efforts. However, the record reflects the aunt resides in Arizona and she testified that she would not allow the parents into the child‘s life. We therefore disagree that the Department‘s efforts to place the child with the aunt constitute an effort to return the child to the father.
Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court‘s termination of the father‘s parental rights under subsection N.5 The father‘s first issue is sustained.
D. Endangerment (Subsection D)
To prove endangerment, there must be clear and convincing evidence that the parent “knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child.”
Zachmeyer testified that “based on the mother‘s prior [Department] history and drug use that [the father] had reason to believe that [the child] would be in an environment that was physically or emotionally harmful to him if left in his mother‘s care.” Zachmeyer further testified that the father knowingly placed the child in an environment that was dangerous to the child. No evidence was presented to support Zachmeyer‘s opinion that the father had knowledge of the mother‘s drug use, either in the past or present. The record contains no drug test results, criminal records, or prior termination decrees for either parent. Zachmeyer did not
The record reflects the Department introduced no evidence of the actual physical surroundings or conditions of the child‘s environment prior to his removal.6 Moreover, the Department did not introduce legally-sufficient evidence that the father had knowledge of the child‘s environment at that time. Although there is some evidence of the father‘s suspected drug use, the record fails to reflect when it occurred or whether it posed a potential danger to the child.
Subsection D unambiguously requires proof that the father knowingly exposed the child to an endangering environment. See In re J.R., 171 S.W.3d 558, 570 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). The record contains no evidence that the child was in an endangering environment before the child was taken into the Department‘s care or that the father knowingly exposed the child to such an environment. We therefore conclude the evidence is legally insufficient to support the termination of the father‘s parental rights under subsection D and we sustain the father‘s second issue.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court‘s judgment terminating the mother‘s parental rights to the child. We conclude the evidence is insufficient to support the termination of the father‘s parental rights pursuant to subsection D or N. Accordingly, we reverse that portion of the trial court‘s judgment terminating the father‘s parental rights to the child, and render judgment denying the Department‘s request to terminate the father‘s parental rights to the child.
No challenge was made to that portion of the trial court‘s judgment naming the Department as sole managing conservator. The trial court is allowed to appoint the Department as managing conservator of a child without terminating parental rights if the court finds that: (1) appointment of a parent as managing conservator would not be in the best interest of the child because the appointment would significantly impair the child‘s physical health or emotional development; and (2) it would not be in the best interest of the child to appoint a relative of the child or another person as managing conservator. See