86 S.E. 587 | N.C. | 1915
Caveat to codicil No. 2 of the will of Eli A. Craven, dated 1 November, 1912, tried before Connor, J., and a jury, at August Term, 1914, of Chatham Superior Court. Eli A. Craven was born in August, 1824, and died in December, 1912, leaving a last will and testament, dated December, 1910, a codicil thereto, dated 11 February, 1911, and a second codicil thereto, dated 1 November, 1912, which is the one to which the caveat was filed. There was no contest as to the will itself, or the first codicil, it being admitted by the caveators that, at the (563) time of their execution, the testator was of sound mind, having sufficient mental capacity to make the will and the first codicil, and that the time of making them he was not under any undue influence; but it was charged that, at the time when the second codicil is alleged to have been executed by him, the testator did not have sufficient mental capacity to execute a deed, will or codicil, and, besides, that he was induced to annex it to his will and the first codicil by the undue and fraudulent influence of the beneficiary thereunder, Mrs. Flora Underwood, and her husband, W. J. Underwood, being then a very old man and greatly enfeebled in mind and body. That he was under the care of the Underwoods at that time, and by reason of his imbecility and their power and influence over him, which they fully and freely exercised, the second codicil was procured by them, whereby he materially changed the disposition of his property, in favor of Mrs. Flora Underwood, who was his daughter, and to the detriment, if not the entire disinherison of John W. Craven, his son, and his grandsons, one of them his namesake, who had an equal claim with his daughter, Mrs. Underwood, upon the testator's favor and bounty.
The court submitted the following issues to the jury, which were answered by them as indicated:
1. Is the paper-writing dated 6 December, 1910, and every part thereof, propounded, the last will and testament of Eli A. Craven? Answer: "Yes".
2. Is the paper-writing dated 11 February, 1911, and every part thereof, propounded, a codicil to the last will and testament of Eli A. Craven? Answer: "Yes."
3. Is the paper-writing dated 1 November, 1912, and every part thereof, propounded, a codicil to the last will and testament of Eli A. Craven? Answer: "Yes." *644
Judgment was entered thereon, declaring the will and codicil to be valid and ordering them to probate, and caveators appealed. After stating the case: There was much testimony received upon the issues thus joined between the propounders and the caveators, as to the validity of the second codicil to Mr. Craven's will, but we do not deem it material that it should be stated here, except to say that there was strong evidence coming from the side of the caveators to sustain their allegations, both as to the mental incapacity of the testator and as to the fraud and undue influence of Mrs. Underwood and her (564) husband, and, upon this testimony, the jury might well have given their verdict to the caveators, but there was evidence offered by the propounders, and the Underwoods, to show the contrary, and in this conflict of the testimony the case was properly one for the jury to find the facts and declare what was the truth of the matter.
There are several questions of evidence in the case, but on a careful examination of the record we do not think that, if there was any error in the rulings of the court in respect to them, it constitutes sufficient ground for granting a new trial. It is not any and every error committed during the course of a trial that should induce an appellate court to set aside a verdict and judgment and award a new trial, as before this is done there should be both error and prejudice to the appellant. If he is not hurt by the ruling to which exception was taken, there is no reasonable ground of complaint. We thus referred to this principle in S. v. Smith,
The alleged declaration of the testator, some six or eight months before the date of the second codicil, to the witness E. F. Craven, as to "the efforts of Will Underwood to get the farm," with an expression of a desire by him that the witness should defeat them, might well have been admitted by the court as some, though exceedingly slight, evidence of undue influence, but in view of the special facts and circumstances of this case, and of the evidence showing a decided change afterwards in the mental attitude of the testator towards his daughter, (565) we do not think that its exclusion was so prejudicial as to justify us in granting a new trial because of it, and had it been admitted, we are of the opinion that it would not have affected the verdict one way or another. There was much stronger testimony in the case, as to what the testator's wishes were at the time of the conversation with this witness, and the evidence rejected was cumulative only, and added little or no weight to that which was admitted and heard by the jury. Its influence upon the verdict, if any, would have been exceedingly remote and attenuated. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the ruling was not prejudicial, because the proposed testimony was so inconsiderable in its bearing upon the issue, and of such little moment, so far as it had any probative force at all, that unless the case had been evenly balanced, it could not have turned the scales to the other side.
It is not by any means clear how the testator expected W. J. Underwood would try to get the land, whether by foul means or fair, or whether before or after the testator's death, nor whether his wife was expected to participate in his conduct or benefit by it. There is good reason for the belief that he was not referring to any undue influence to be exercised upon him, but to some other kind of effort. He evidently felt that he was unable to take care of himself in regard to it, but wanted some one to look after it when he was gone. In any view of the matter, we do not regard the evidence as of sufficient importance to make its exclusion the proper basis for a new trial. The rejection of the other evidence worked no harm, if it was erroneous.
The letter of Mrs. Flora Underwood, the beneficiary under the second codicil, as to the state of her father's health and mind, was written and dated 22 December, 1909, long — nearly three years — before the second *646
codicil was made, and it is admitted that, at the time of the execution of the will and first codicil, Mr. Craven was mentally sound and capable of making them, and, moreover, was not affected by any undue influence.Waterman v. Whitney,
The attack on the witness C. E. Kinnamon could not be made by showing his bias without first directing his attention to the impeaching evidence, and recalling the circumstances, so that he might have an opportunity to admit, deny or explain it. S. v. Patterson,
Caveators requested the court to instruct the jury as follows: "A will or codicil made by a person who is unable to originate an idea, or in his own powers express a wish, and whose only mode of communication is by adopting or rejecting suggestions made by others, is invalid." As we understand the law, there is no special formula for charging the jury as to the mental capacity required for the valid execution of a deed or will. We are of the opinion, though, that the court gave the instruction substantially, in its direct response to the prayer, and at any rate (567) it stated and explained the law fully and correctly in subsequent parts of the charge. The court virtually told the jury that, in order for the codicil to be valid, they must find, as a fact, that the testator had mental capacity sufficient to execute it, that is, that he knew at the time the nature and effect of his act; that he was making a will, by which he was disposing of his property, and to whom he was giving it and how, and that he comprehended the relationship of the parties to him. This, though not very full, sufficiently complied with the rule so often stated by this Court. Horne v. Horne,
It follows that one who is incapable at the moment of comprehending the nature and extent of his property, the disposition to be made of it by testament, and the persons who are or should be provided for, is not of a sound, disposing mind. And if this mental condition be really *648 shown to exist, the will must fail, even though he may have a glimmering knowledge that he is endeavoring to make a testamentary disposition of his property. It is here to be observed that some of the earlier cases have laid down the rule of testamentary capacity with much more subservience to and consideration for the purported expression of one's last wishes. They seem to have assumed that there must be a total want of understanding in order to render one intestable; that a court ought to refrain from measuring the capacity of a testator, if he have any at all; and that unless totally deprived of reason and non compos mentis, he is the lawful disposer of his own property, so that his will stands as a reason for his actions, harsh as may be its provisions. This ascribes altogether too great sanctity to the testamentary act of an individual as opposed to the law's own will set forth by the statutes and founded in common sense; and it is well that the best considered of our latest cases recede from so extreme and false a standard. Notwithstanding (568) the modern rule to be favored, we should still, however, bear in mind that incapacity is more than weak capacity; and, as already intimated, mere feebleness of mind does not suffice to invalidate a will, if the testator acted freely and had sufficient mind to comprehend intelligently the nature and effect of the act he was performing, the estate he was undertaking to dispose of, and the relations he held to the various persons who might naturally expect to become the objects of his bounty.
While it is true that it is not the duty of the court to strain after probate, nor in any case to grant it where grave doubts remain unremoved and great difficulties oppose themselves to so doing, neither is it the duty of the court to lean against probate, and impeach the will merely because it is made in old age or upon the sick bed, after the mind has lost a portion of its former vigor and has become weakened by age or disease. Weakness of memory, vacillation of purpose, credulity, vagueness of thought, may all consist with adequate testamentary capacity, under favorable circumstances. And a comprehensive grasp of all the requisites of testamentary knowledge in one review appears unnecessary, provided the enfeebled testator understands in detail all that he is about, and chooses rationally between one disposition and another. Schoulder on Wills, 2 Ed., 68 to 72, and notes. In the important case of Delafield v. Parish,
The charge as to undue influence was in all respects sufficient under our decisions. While undue influence does not necessarily involve moral turpitude or even a bad or improper motive, if a person with even the best of motives has acquired a dominant power or influence over the mind of the testator or grantor, so that he is thereby induced to execute a deed, will, or other instrument materially affecting his rights or his property which he would not have made but by subjection to this controlling influence, so that it is not the produce of his own will, or desire, freely and fairly exercised, but expresses only the mind and will of the other party, who procured the result, such an instrument, so obtained by this undue influence, of the party having the superior power, may not unfairly or improperly be termed a fraudulent one. The chief inquiry is, Was the free-agency of the party upon whom the influence of the other was exerted destroyed, so that the will of the party for (569) whose benefit or at whose instance the instrument was executed took the place of his will, which was suppressed? This undue influence is generally found to exist between persons occupying a confidential relation, which gives one a superior advantage over the other, but it may just as well exist where one of them occupies the simple position of the stronger over the weaker, however this dominance may have been acquired or the disparity in will-power has been brought about. McRae v. Malloy,
It was said in Taylor v. Taylor, 41 N.C. at page 27, by Judge Pearson, that, "Fair argument and persuasion may be used to obtain the execution of a deed or will. There is no evidence in this case that any advantage was taken or any undue influence exercised. The plaintiff fails entirely to make out a ground to assail a will, much less a deed." And in Gash v.Johnson, 28 N.C. at p. 292, Judge Daniel said that "A will certainly is not void because it has been obtained by persuasion. To make it void, the persuasion must be undue and fraudulent. "The (570) courts have uniformly held that influence gained by kindness and affection will not be regarded as "undue" if no imposition or fraud be practiced, even though it induce the testator to make an unequal or unjust disposition of his property in favor of those who have contributed to his comfort and ministered to his wants, if such disposition is voluntarily made.Re Gleespin's Will, 26 N. J., Eq., 523. Nor will the mere relation of parent and child, though in a certain sense confidential, raise a presumption of undue influence. Lee v. Lee,
It would be a great reproach to the law if, in its jealous watchfulness over the freedom of testamentary disposition, it should deprive age and infirmity of the kindly ministrations of affection, or of the power of rewarding those who bestow it. These views were strongly approved and commended by the Court in Mackall v. Mackall,
"It is well settled," said Justice Brewer, "that in order to avoid a will on the ground of undue influence it must appear that the testator's free agency was destroyed and that his will was overborne by excessive importunity, imposition or fraud, so that the will does not, in fact, express his wishes as to the disposition of his property, but those of the persons exercising the influence." The Court then also used language closely *651 applicable to the facts of our case: "That the relations between this father and his several children, during the score of years preceding his death, naturally inclined him towards the one and against the others is evident, and to have been expected. It would have been strange if such a result had not followed; but such partiality towards the one, and influence resulting there from, are not only natural, but just and reasonable, and come far short of presenting the undue influence which the law denounces. Right or wrong it is to be expected that a parent will favor the child who stands by him, and give to him, rather than the others, his property. To defeat a conveyance under those circumstances, something more than the natural influence springing from such relationship must be shown; imposition, fraud, importunity, duress or something of that nature must appear; otherwise that disposition of property which accords with the natural inclinations of the human heart must be sustained." And more apt are the words of this Court in Wessell v. Rathjohn, 89 N.C. at p. 382, as the relation there was that of father and daughter. Justice Merrimon said: "It is not strange or unnatural (571) that a father, feeble in health, of weak mind, and easily influenced by a daughter having opportunity to exercise such influence, should give his daughter a house and lot and execute to her a deed for it. It is natural that the father should provide for his daughter; this is a proper and orderly thing to be done. It is what the paternal feelings of good men prompt them to do; it is what just men commend and the law tolerates. Why should the law cast suspicion upon such a transaction? When the transaction, the deed, is right in itself, such as the law tolerates and the common sense of men approves as just, reasonable and commendable, and there is the absence of the relations of suspicion founded on motives of policy, no adverse presumption arises; on the contrary, the law presumes such deed or transaction in all respects proper and just, until the contrary is made to appear. The burden is on him who alleges the contrary to prove it. There is no natural presumption, nor is there any founded in motives of policy, that parent and child will take advantage of one another; the laws of human nature forbid this, and he who alleges the contrary must prove it."
The question of undue influence at last comes to this, that it is not whether the testator or grantor knew what he was doing, had done, or proposed to do, but how the intention was produced; whether the beneficiary took advantage of his superior or dominant position, and used it unjustly and unfairly to acquire the particular benefit or interest, without there being that care and providence placed around the weaker person, whose bounty is the desired object, as against those who occupy the better position — the result being that the will of the testator is perverted thereby, and is unable to perform its natural function, and the *652 final act ceases to be voluntary. Huguenin v. Baseley, 14 Vesey, 273. It must be a controlling influence which is exercised for the purpose of gaining an unfair advantage over others entitled to the testator's favor, and who would naturally receive it but for the intervention of this designing influence, which is brought to bear upon one unable to resist it, because his volition is overcome.
We have examined the case with care, and can find no error in the record.
No error.
Cited: Schas v. Assurance Society,
