In Re Way
133 P.2d 637
Cal. Ct. App.
1943
Check Treatment
NOURSE, P. J.

In his рetition for a writ of habeas corpus the petitioner alleged that he was imprisoned under an order of the municipal court upon a charge of “Threats Against Life” and that his confinement was illegal because (a) there was no examination in writing of the informer; (b) the petitioner did not personally waive a jury trial; and (c) the magistrate acted arbitrarily in fixing the amount оf the security required of petitioner to keep the peace.

At the hearing of the petition for a writ, the petitiоner waived the first and third grounds and rested his case solely upon the question of the right to a trial by jury. This waiver was based upon the petitioner’s concession that the facts were against him on the first ground, and that, he being on parole from the state penitentiary, he would be taken into custody and held under the prior conviction, even though the security required should have been merely nominal.

The question whether a party is entitled to a trial by jury *815 on a charge of threats to commit a breach of the peace has not been decided in this state. The authority under which such proceedings are had is found in sections 701-714 of the Penal Code. Section 701 provides that an informatiоn may be laid before a magistrate that a person has threatened to commit an offense against the person оr property of another. Section 702 requires the magistrate ‍‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍to take the deposition of the informer and witnesses and сause them to be subscribed to. Section 706 provides that if “there is just reason to fear the commission of the offense” the mаgistrate may direct the person complained of to enter into an undertaking to keep the peace. Such undеrtaking shall be in such amount, not exceeding five thousand dollars, “as the magistrate may direct.”

The petitioner argues that, sincе this procedure is statutory, the statute must be strictly followed. But he also argues that the remedy comes from the common law аnd that he was therefore entitled to a trial by jury, as in other criminal cases. It is apparent that the code sections dо not provide and do not contemplate a trial by jury. All the authority to conduct the hearing and to require the security is cоnferred upon the “magistrate.” He “must take testimony” and he may require the security if “there is just reason to fear the commission оf the offense.”

Apparently conceding that the code sections do not in terms provide for a trial by jury the petitionеr cites and relies upon section 7 of article I of the Constitution which declares that the right of trial by jury “shall be secured to all.” This section, however, has been the subject of numerous limitations. Thus it has been held frequently that the right exists only in such cases where thе right existed at common law. In the early case of Koppikus v. State Capitol Commissioners, 16 Cal. 248, 253-254, the court said “The provision of the Constitution, that ‘the right of trial by jury shall be seсured to all, and remain inviolate forever, ’ applies only to civil and criminal cases in which an issue of fact is joined. Thе language was used with reference to the right as it exists at common law. It is true, that the civil law was in force in this State at the time ‍‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍оf the adoption of the Constitution, but its framers were, with few exception, from States where the common law prevails, and whеre the language used has a well-defined meaning. . . . There must be an action at law, as contradistinguished from a suit in equity, and from a sрecial proceeding, or a criminal action, and an issue of fact joined therein upon the pleadings, *816 beforе a jury trial can be claimed as a constitutional right. ’ ’ Thus it has been held that the section does not apply to actions for divorce (Cassidy v. Sullivan, 64 Cal. 266, 267 [28 P. 234]); to a public officer prosecuted under section 772 of the Penal Code, (Cline v. Superior Court, 184 Cal. 331, 335 [193 P. 929]); to proceedings for the еxamination of persons ‍‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍addicted to the use of narcotics (In re Liggett, 187 Cal. 428, 430 [202 P. 660]); or to actions in equity where equitable issues alone аre involved (Farrell v. City of Ontario, 39 Cal.App. 351, 359 [178 P. 704], approved in Pacific Western Oil Co. v. Bern Oil Co., 13 Cal.2d 60, 69 [87 P.2d 1045]).

This procedure in the common law is treated by Blackstone, Cooley’s Fourth Edition, vol. II p. 1414, section 251, as a means of preventing the commission of crimes rather than a means of punishing for crimes committed. He says: “This preventive justice сonsists in obliging those persons whom there is a probable ground to suspect of future misbehavior, to stipulate with and to give full assurance to the public, that such offence as is apprehended shall not happen; by finding pledges or securities for keeping the peace, or for their good behavior. . . . But the caution that we speak of at present is such as is intended merely for prevention, without any crime actually committed by the party, but arising only from a probable suspicion that some crime is intended or likely to happen; and consequently it is not meant as any degree of punishment, unless, perhaps, for а man’s imprudence in giving just ground of apprehension.”

In Herz v. Hamilton, (198 Iowa 154 [197 N.W. 54, 54]), the court, in reference to a similar statutory proceeding, said: ‘ This prоceeding is not for the punishment of any criminal offense. The actual commission of any crime is ‍‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍not essential to an ordеr requiring the giving of security to keep the peace. The binding over by the magistrate is not a punishment either at common law' оr under our statute. (Ford v. State, supra; Howard v. State, supra; Reg. v. Rogers, 7 Mod. 28, 87 Eng. Rep. 1074.)

“The court did not err in refusing to grant the petitioner a jury trial, nor is the statute under which the proceedings were hаd unconstitutional because of a failure to provide for such trial.”

This ruling is based upon the practically uniform holding that such proceedings are not criminal; that, though they are sometimes referred to as being quasi-criminal, they, are quite *817 the opposite of criminal proceedings, the latter seeking thS punishment for crimes committed, ‍‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‍the former seeking to prevent the сommission of a crime. In accord with this view are Howard v. State, 121 Ala. 21 [25 So. 1000] ; Arnold v. State, 92 Ind. 187; Ford v. State, 96 Miss. 85 [50 So. 497]; Bestow v. Sargent, 74 Minn. 242 [76 N.W. 1129].

The only authority cited by petitioner is Davis v. State, 138 Ind. 11 [37 N.E. 397]. It is true that a jury trial was had in that case, but the opinion is confined to the clаimed errors in the proceedings. A jury seems to have been accepted without comment, but there is no holding that the aсcused was entitled to a trial by jury. In any event if that jurisdiction requires a jury trial it stands alone so far as our search of authority disclоses.

We conclude that the petitioner was not entitled to a trial by jury, and that the failure of the code sections to provide for such a trial does not offend the constitutional guaranty.

The writ is discharged and the petitioner is remanded to custody.

Spence, J., concurred.