280 F.R.D. 506 | N.D. Cal. | 2012
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART APPLICANTS’ MOTION TO COMPEL PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS FROM DR. MICHAEL A. KELSH
The Republic of Ecuador moves to compel the further production of documents from Respondent Kelsh and his former employer, Exponent, Inc., under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. Kelsh, Exponent, and intervenor Chevron Corporation oppose the motion under the authority of amended Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26.
The issues presented here include whether Rule 26, as amended December 1, 2010, applies to these proceedings; whether Chevron is judicially estopped from taking a position contrary to that previously asserted regarding the application of work product to expert documents and communications; whether Kelsh is a “reporting” or “non-reporting” expert under Rule 26; and whether Respondents properly withheld documents based on claims of work product and attorney-client privilege. After considering the parties’ briefs and the arguments raised at hearing the Court finds as follows: amended Rule 26 applies to these proceedings; Chevron is not judicially estopped from asserting privileges under amended Rule 26; and Kelsh is a reporting expert for purposes of determining work product under the amended rule.
The Court previously ordered Respondents to produce for in camera review all documents listed in Respondents’ privilege log. Having reviewed the privilege log and related documents in camera, the Court orders that certain withheld documents, as specified
I. BACKGROUND
On June 21, 2011, applicants the Republic of Ecuador and Dr. Diego Garcia Carrion, on behalf of the Republic of Ecuador in his capacity as Attorney General (collectively the Republic), filed an ex parte application for an order under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 to issue a subpoena to Dr. Michael Kelsh for taking of a deposition and the production of documents for use in a foreign proceeding, Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Corporation v. The Republic of Ecuador, PCA Case No. 2009-23, a Bilateral Investment Treaty Arbitration (BIT Arbitration). See Section 1782 Appl., Dkt. No. I.
Chevron initiated the BIT Arbitration in 2009 to challenge an environmental litigation brought against it by indigenous peoples of Ecuador in the Provincial Court of Justice of Sucumbíos in Lago Agrio, Ecuador, Maria Aguinda et al. v. Chevron Corporation, No. 2002-0002 (the Lago Agrio litigation). Id. There, Ecuadorian plaintiffs sued Chevron for environmental and health-related effects allegedly caused by oil exploration operations of Texaco, acquired by Chevron in 2001, in the Amazonas region of the country. Id. at 3. Dr. Kelsh, an epidemiologist, served as an expert witness designated by Chevron in the Lago Agrio litigation. Dettmer Decl. ¶2, Dkt. No. 43. Kelsh submitted various expert reports to the Lago Agrio Court rebutting claims made in court appointed expert Richard Cabrera’s global damages assessment report. Section 1782 Appl. at 4. Kelsh’s rebuttal reports challenged Plaintiffs’ claims of excess cancer deaths, other health problems, and the need for additional health care infrastructure. Id. These reports, as well as others authored by Kelsh, were later submitted by Chevron in support of its position in the BIT Arbitration. Id.
Citing to these expert reports, Chevron has asked the BIT Arbitration tribunal to review and rule upon the underlying merits of the Lago Agrio action. Id. Alternatively, Chevron asks the tribunal for an order requiring the Republic to indemnify Chevron for any damages awarded against it arising out of the environmental litigation. Id.
The Republic filed the pending motion to compel asserting that Respondents have improperly withheld nearly 2,000 documents as privileged based on amended Rule 26. Mot. Compel at 5, Dkt. No. 40. The Republic contends that the old Rule 26 applies to these proceedings and, even if the amended rule were to apply, Respondents have still wrongfully withheld thousands of documents. Mot. Compel at 11. Respondents claim that amended Rule 26 applies to these proceed
On December 21, 2011, the Court conducted a hearing on the motion to compel at which it ordered Respondents to produce for in camera review Respondents’ first revised privilege log and all related documents, approximately 1900 in total. Order Mot. Compel, Dkt. No. 50. After the hearing, Respondents submitted their nearly 300-page privilege log and a CD containing the withheld documents. See id.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A. Work Product under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3) codifies the work product doctrine and shields from discovery documents and tangible things prepared by a party or its representative in anticipation of litigation. See In re Grand Jury Subpoena (Torf), 357 F.3d 900, 906 (9th Cir.2004). “At its core, the work product doctrine shelters the mental processes of the attorney, providing a privileged area within which he can analyze and prepare his client’s case.” United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 238, 95 S.Ct. 2160, 45 L.Ed.2d 141 (1975). Protected items include the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a party’s attorney. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3).
To qualify for protection under Rule 26(b)(3) the documents must be prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial, and they must be prepared by or for a party to the litigation or by or for that party’s representative. In re California Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 892 F.2d 778, 780-81 (9th Cir.1989) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)).
The work product doctrine is not an absolute bar to discovery of materials prepared in anticipation of litigation. Work product can be produced upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the party’s case and that the party is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3).
B. Application of Work Product Doctrine to Expert Witness Materials under Rule 26(b)(4)
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1), a party may discover from another party any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any claim or defense. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). The current version of Rule 26 expressly provides work product protection for expert witness materials including drafts of an expert’s report (Rule 26(b)(4)(B)) and communications between the party’s counsel and reporting experts (Rule 26(b)(4)(C)), unless a defined exception applies (Rule 26(b)(4)(C)(i)-(iii)). Fed. R. Crv. P. 26(b)(4)(C). These three exceptions concern: (1) communications pertaining to the expert’s compensation; (2) facts or data that the attorney provided and the expert considered in forming opinions; and (3) assumptions that the attorney provided on which the expert relied. Id.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Amended Rule 26 Governs this Dispute
A preliminary question is whether the 2010 amendments to Rule 26 apply to this dispute. The current amendments to Rule 26 took effect on December 1, 2010. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26. The amended rules apply to proceedings in actions commenced after their effective
The Republic contends that because the BIT Arbitration, which commenced in September 2009, predated the 2010 amendments, pre-amended Rule 26 should apply to these proceedings. Mot. Compel at 7. The Republic also asserts that pre-amendment rule 26 should apply to give the Republic access to the same type of expert discovery already afforded to Chevron. Mot. Compel at 6. Respondents assert that the § 1782 applications here are their own proceedings, separate from the foreign controversy, and that the Republic initiated the § 1782 proceedings after the effective date of the amendments. Opp’n Mot. Compel at 6.
The § 1782 application proceedings at issue commenced on July 21, 2011, nearly two years after Chevron initiated the BIT Arbitration. See Section 1782 Appl. at 2. The Republic proffers no argument why it waited until after the effective date of the Rule 26 amendments to file the relevant applications. See id. at 7.
The Court finds applying the amended version of Rule 26 in this case is just and practicable and would not work a manifest injustice. See United States v. Sierra Pac. Indus., No. 09-cv-02445 KJM, 2011 WL 2119078, at *2-3, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60372, at *10-12 (E.D.Cal. May 26, 2011) (finding application of amended Rule 26 as just and practicable where expert disclosures occurred pre-amendment but expert depositions took place after amended Rule 26 effective date); see also In re Republic of Ecuador (Mackay), No. 12-mc-0008 GSA, 2012 WL 487158, at *1-2, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17948, at *4 (E.D.Cal. Feb. 14, 2012) (Section 1782 application filed after effective amendment date). Accordingly, the Court decides the present issue with reference to the amended version of Rule 26.
B. Kelsh is a Testifying Expert as Defined under Rule 26(a)(2)(B)
The Republic asserts that Kelsh was not specifically retained to proffer expert testimony in the BIT Arbitration and, therefore, is akin to a “fact witness” or non-reporting testifying expert in this matter. Mot. Compel at 10. The Court disagrees.
Chevron retained Dr. Kelsh as a testifying expert under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) in the Lago Agrio litigation. Opp’n Mot. Compel at 7. Kelsh then provided expert reports in 2008 and 2009 for the BIT Arbitration. Id. The exception afforded under Rule 26(b)(4)(D) as to communications between the party’s attorney and non-reporting expert witnesses, such as a treating physician, is inapplicable here. See Goodman v. Staples the Office Superstore, LLC, 644 F.3d 817, 819 (9th Cir.2011) (treating doctors who, after treatment was concluded, were asked to opine on matters outside scope of treatment they rendered deemed “reporting” experts for purposes of Rule 26(a)(2)). “The distinguishing characteristic between expert opinions that require a report and those that do not is whether the opinion is based on information the expert witness acquired through percipient observations or whether, as in the ease of retained experts, the opinion is based on information provided by others in a manner other than by being a percipient witness to the events in issue.” Sierra Pac. Indus., 2011 WL 2119078, at *4, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60372, at *16. Dr. Kelsh falls into the latter category — his expert reports were prepared for trial and in anticipation of litigation, both in the Lago Agrio litigation and the BIT Arbitration. Here, the Republic seeks documents from Kelsh in his role as an expert witness. As such, communications between Chevron’s counsel and Kelsh, and/or his assistants, concerning Kelsh’s expert opinions are protected work product to the extent provided in Rule 26(b)(4)(C).
The Republic also contends that Chevron should be judicially estopped from asserting privileges, including work product, due to Chevron’s previous representations that the Ecuadorian environmental experts could assert no testimonial or documentary privilege under Rule 26. Mot. Compel at 9. As recently noted by a district court in a related proceeding, contrary to the estoppel arguments made by the Republic about Chevron’s prior discovery conduct, “there is nothing improper about obtaining a ruling under the rules as they exist at the time and later, after the rules are amended, asserting that the amendments govern further proceedings.” In re Application of Ecuador (Hinchee), No. 11-mc-73 RH (WCS), at *6-7 (N.D.Fla. Dec. 8, 2011). This Court agrees with the decision of the District Court in Hinchee.
D. Work Product for Expert Witness Materials under Amended Rule 26
Throughout its privilege log, Respondents assert that work product protection applies to draft “notes,” “letters,” “memoranda,” and “outlines” created by Kelsh and other Exponent employees as “draft reports” under Rule 26(b)(4)(B). Respondents’ privilege log also contains as “work product” documents drafted by Exponent employees, non-attorney Chevron employees, and other third parties listed as “agents” of Chevron. In addition, the log includes as work product communications between Kelsh and his staff; communications between Kelsh/Exponent and non-attorney Chevron employees; communications between Kelsh/Exponent and “agents” of Chevron; and communications between Kelsh/Exponent and other testifying experts from the Lago Agrio litigation. The Court finds, as outlined below, that expert materials and communications that fall outside the scope of Rule 26(b)(4)(B)-(C) are not work product and are, therefore, discoverable.
1. Application of Rule 26(b)(4)(B) to Draft Reports
Amended Rule 26 expressly provides work-product protection for “drafts of any report or disclosure required under Rule 26(a)(2), regardless of the form in which the draft ■ is recorded.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B). The same is true for drafts of any supplemental reports under Rule 26(e). Fed. R. Crv. P. 26(b)(4) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes).
Respondents maintain that documents such as draft worksheets, notes, memoranda, outlines and draft letters prepared by Kelsh or other Exponent employees are either “draft expert reports” and therefore fall within the ambit of Rule 26(b)(4)(B) or should be protected as general work product under Rule 26(b)(3). See, e.g., MAK_PL00011 (notes), MAK_PL000027 (draft worksheet), MAK_PL000174 (draft report), MAK_PL000196 (draft report), MAK_PL000266 (presentation), MAK_PL000283 (memorandum), MAK_PL000357 (outline), MAK_PL000671 (task list).
a. Draft Worksheets Created by Kelsh and/or Exponent
Amended Rule 26 provides work product protection for draft reports and disclosures required under Rule 26(b)(3)(A) and (B), regardless of the form in which the draft is recorded. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B). Such protected disclosures include draft worksheets created by Kelsh or his assistants
Draft reports by Kelsh or Exponent, including draft worksheets, are treated as qualified work product, where discovery may be ordered by the court based upon a show
b. Notes, Outlines, Memoranda, Presentations, and Letters by Kelsh/Exponent, Non-Attorney Chevron Employees, and Other Lago Agrio Experts Not Work Product
Respondents’ privilege log asserts work product protection for various notes, task lists, outlines, memoranda, presentations, and letters drafted by Kelsh, his assistants, non-attorney Chevron employees, and other Lago Agrio experts. See, e.g., MAK — PL000231, MAK_PL000237, MAK_PL000241, MAK_PL000247, MAK_PL000251, MAK_PL000261, MAK_PL000268, MAK_PL000270, MAK_PL000271, • MAK_PL000313, MAK_PL000671. The intention of the work product rule is to protect the mental impressions and legal theories of a party’s attorney, not its experts. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes) (“[T]he court must protect against disclosure of the attorney’s mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories under Rule 26(b)(3)(B)”). Respondents assertion of work product protection as applied to memoranda drafted by Chevron’s counsel is proper. See, e.g., MAK_PL000599.
This protection, however, does not extend to the expert’s own development of the opinions to be presented outside of draft reports. See Fed. R. Crv. P. 26(b) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes); see also Republic of Ecuador v. Bjorkman, No. 11-cv-01470 WYD (MEH), 2012 WL 12755, at *5-6, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 709, at *17 (D.Colo. Jan. 4, 2012) (expert may not withhold any documents based upon Rule 26(b)(3) work product doctrine except those specifically protected by Rule 26(b)(4)(B)-(C)). Examples include: MAK_PL000268 (presentation by Kelsh and non-attorney Chevron employee); MAK_PL000617 (presentation by a non-attorney Chevron employee); MAK_PL000357 and MAK_PL000365 (outlines drafted by Kelsh); MAK_PL000403-000406 (memoranda drafted by Exponent employees); MAK_PL000407-000408 (notes drafted by Exponent employees); and MAK_PL000650 (draft letter by Kelsh responding to recent publication); MAK_JPL001240-41 (outlines by third party consultant). Such items are not draft expert reports under Rule 26(b)(4)(B).
c. Content of Draft Reports
To qualify as work product under Rule 26(b)(4)(B), draft reports must be authored or co-authored by Dr. Kelsh, Exponent, or other reporting experts in the underlying litigation. See, e.g., MAK_PL000196 (draft report authored by Kelsh, McHugh, and Tomasi, all reporting experts). They must also be drafts of reports ultimately submitted in the Lago Agrio litigation or BIT Arbitration. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B).
Certain documents contained in Respondents’ privilege log as “draft reports” are in fact notes or memoranda. See, e.g., MAK_PL000169 (notes); MAK_PL000229 (memorandum by consultant epidemiologist);
Respondents are ordered to produce any memoranda, notes, outlines, and reviews mislabeled as draft reports and amend their privilege log accordingly.
2. Communications to/from Experts
Respondents claim that any “documents prepared by him [Dr. Kelsh] and provided to him” that were prepared in anticipation of litigation fall within the scope of Rule 26(b)(3)(A)’s protection for trial preparation material and are, therefore, properly withheld. Opp’n Mot. Compel at 8. Under this premise, Respondents assert work product for communications between Kelsh and other Exponent employees; between Kelsh/Exponent and non-attorney Chevron employees; between third party “agents” of Chevron; and between Kelsh and other testifying Lago Agrio experts.
a. Communications between Kelsh and Other Exponent Employees
Respondents assert that communications between Kelsh, his assistants, and other Exponent employees are privileged work product. See, e.g., MAK_PL000417 (e-mail between Kelsh and L. Morimoto); MAK_PL000692 (e-mail between Exponent employees and Kelsh); MAK_PL000697 (same); MAK_PL000699 (e-mail between Exponent employee and Kelsh).
b. Communications between Chevron’s Non-Attorney Employees and Kelsh/Exponent
Respondents assert that communications among Kelsh, his assistants, and non-attorney Chevron employees are protected under Rule 26(b)(3) as documents created in anticipation of litigation. Opp’n Mot. Compel at 8; see, e.g., MAK_PL000418 (e-mail from Chevron employee to other Chevron employee, Kelsh and Exponent employee); MAK_PL000694 (e-mail exchange between Chevron employee and Exponent employee copying Kelsh); MAK_PL000703 (e-mail between Exponent employee and third party GSI Environmental Inc. employee, copying Kelsh, Chevron attorney, and Chevron employee); MAK_PL001288 (e-mail from Chevron employee to Kelsh, copying other Chevron employees); MAK_PL001318 (e-mail from Chevron employee to other Chevron employee and Kelsh).
The work product doctrine is to be narrowly construed as “its application can derogate from the search for the truth.” United States v. 22.80 Acres of Land, 107 F.R.D. 20, 22 (N.D.Cal.1985). The party seeking to invoke the work product doctrine bears the burden of establishing all the requisite elements, and any doubts regarding its application must be resolved against the party asserting the protection. Id.
The Court finds the work product protection afforded under amended Rule 26 is not
Here, communications among non-attorney Chevron employees and Kelsh are not work product and simply labeling them “work product” or “attorney-client privilege” does not suffice. Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. 10-cv-03561 WHA (DMR), 2011 WL 3794892, at *4, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96121, at *17 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 26, 2011). Nor does copying an attorney on a communication automatically render it work product. Id. (citing Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 395-96,101 S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981)); see, e.g., MAK_PL000703 (e-mail re: translation of documents from Exponent employee to third party consultant, copying Chevron attorney). Respondents provide no indication that these communications include the “theories or mental impressions of counsel.” Fed. R. Crv. P. 26(b)(4)(C) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes). The Court’s in camera review reveals that e-mails between Kelsh, his assistants, and non-attorney Chevron employees, including those in which attorneys are copied, e.g., MAK_PL000703 and MAK_PL000715, are not work product and must be disclosed. The Republic’s motion to compel as to communications between non-attorney Chevron employees and Kelsh, or his assistants, is GRANTED.
c. Non-Attorney Chevron “Agent” Communications Not Work Product
Respondents label certain third party consultants {e.g., Golder Associates, NewFields, CH2M Hill, ENTRIX, Quantum Informe, GSI Environmental, Inc., Doug Reagan & Associates) as Chevron’s “agents,” seeking protection as to their communications with Chevron attorneys, with Kelsh and his assistants, and with one another under Rule 26(b)(3)(A). See, e.g., MAK_PL000703 (e-mail communication between Exponent employee and GSI Environmental, Inc. employee); MAK_PL000715 (e-mail communications among Kelsh, Exponent employees, Chevron employees, and third party consultant expert); MAK_PL000864 (e-mail between Exponent employee, third party CH2M Hill employee, and Chevron employee); MAK_PL001289 (e-mail chain including third party consultants, reporting experts, and Chevron employees).
Work product extends specifically to communications between experts who must produce a comprehensive expert report under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) and a party’s attorney. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(C). The Advisory Committee Notes foreclose the notion that consulting experts are afforded protection as “agents” of a party or that party’s attorney. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(C) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes) (“The rule does not itself protect communications between counsel and other expert witnesses, such as those for whom disclosure is required under Rule 26(a)(2)(C)”). Nor does protection exist for communications between an expert witness and a consulting expert. See Chevron Corp.
d. Communications between Kelsh/Exponent and Other Lago Agrio Testifying Experts
Certain documents labeled work product in Chevron’s privilege log pertain to communications between other Lago Agrio testifying experts and Kelsh/Exponent. See, e.g., MAK_PL000994 (e-mail from Kelsh to other Lago Agrio expert); MAK_PL001008 (e-mail from other Lago Agrio expert to Kelsh). The amendments to Rule 26 provide no change in the discovery of communications between Kelsh/Exponent and other Lago Agrio testifying experts. Penn Nat’l Ins. Co. v. HNI Corp., 245 F.R.D. 190, 194 (M.D.Pa.2007) (“Courts have repeatedly observed that once a party has given testimony through deposition or expert reports, those opinions do not ‘belong’ to one party or another, but rather are available for all parties to use at trial .... ”).
The Advisory Committee clarified that the amendments are meant to protect the disclosure of two types of discovery: an expert’s draft reports and the communications between a retained reporting expert and the party’s attorney. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes). Respondents cannot withhold communications between their testifying experts under a rule that protects only attorney-expert communications. Id. (“[IJnquiry about communications the expert had with anyone other than the party’s counsel about the opinions expressed is unaffected by the rule.”). Because communications among the numerous reporting expert witnesses listed in Respondents’ privilege log are not those between expert Kelsh and any attorney, the Republic’s motion to compel as to communications between Kelsh/Exponent and other Lago Agrio testifying experts is GRANTED.
IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
The Republic’s motion to compel is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, consistent with the findings set forth above. The Court orders Respondents to produce the following categories of documents:
(1) Notes, outlines, memoranda, presentations, reviews and letters drafted by Kelsh, other Exponent employees, non-attorney Chevron employees, and other retained and non-retained experts, including those incorrectly labeled as “draft reports”;
(2) Communications between Kelsh/Exponent and non-attorney Chevron employees, even where an attorney is copied;
(3) Communications between Kelsh/Exponent and third party expert consultants or those among third party consultants and Chevron employees; and
(4) Communications between Kelsh/Exponent and other Lago Agrio testifying experts.
Respondents are further ordered to amend their privilege in accordance with this order. Respondents must produce the above listed categories of documents and their amended privilege log to the Republic by April 4, 2012. Any party may object to this nondispositive pretrial order within 14 days of the filing date of this order. See Civil Local Rule 72-2.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. The Republic filed nearly identical applications addressed to Kelsh and Exponent seeking “all documents related to Dr. Kelsh's work for Chevron, including his report ... whether they belong to Dr. Kelsh or to Exponent.” See Case No. 11-80172, Mem. ISO 1782 Appl., Dkt. No. 2, at 2 n. 2. For the purposes of this order, the Court will not distinguish between the two applications.
. The Republic cites a decision issued by a U.S. magistrate judge of the Northern District of Florida applying the pre-amended Rule 26 as the "only court to have addressed the issue in connection with the Republic’s related Section 1782 Applications.” Mot. Compel at 7 (citing In re Republic of Ecuador (Hinchee), No. 11-mc-73 RH (WCS), at *14-16 (N.D.Fla. Aug. 24, 2011)). A recent decision by the Northern District of Florida District Court reversed — finding that application of amended Rule 26 is "feasible” and “just.” In re Republic of Ecuador (Hinchee), No. 11-mc-73 RH (WCS), at *9-10 (N.D.Fla. Dec. 8, 2011).
. The term “expert” includes assistants of the expert witness. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes).
. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4) (2010 Advisory Committee Notes) ("Rules 26(b)(4)(B) and (C) do not impede discovery about the opinions to be offered by the expert or the development, foundation, or basis of those opinions. For example, the expert’s testing of material involved in litigation, and notes of any such testing, would not be exempted from discovery by this rule.”).
. The Court notes that Respondents label certain documents, e.g., MAK_PL000708-709, MAK_PL000721, MAK_PL000726, MAK_PL000740, MAK_PL000751, MAK_PL000763, as work product and attorney-client privileged. The Court’s in camera review reveals these communications are not attorney-client privileged, as they contain no communication between client and attorney, but are work product as communications between Kelsh/Exponent and Chevron’s counsel. Because they are work product, under Rule 26(b)(4)(C) such documents need not be produced.