Evans, C. J.
The preliminary statement already made indicates the general theory of the contest. The contestants introduced evidence tending to show: That in the latter part of 1905, or at the beginning of 1906, H. E. Porter, a lawyer of Lone Tree, prepared for the deceased *652a draft of a will which purported to dispose of his entire estatq. That the first sentence in such draft of the will read as follows: “I, A. IT. Brown, of the town of Lone Tree, County of Johnson, and State of Iowa, being of sound and disposing mind, do make, publish, and declare this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all wills by me at any time heretofore made.” That such draft was not signed at that time by the testator, but was taken away by him. That some months later, in the early part of the summer of 1906, the testator signed some instrument in the presence of witnesses Lutz and Younkin, and he requested that they witness the execution of the same as his will, and they both signed the same as subscribing witnesses. They did not see the contents of the paper which was thus signed, but Brown stated to them that it was his will. That some time in the fall of 1906 Brown exhibited an instrument to Porter, which Porter recognized as the draft of the will which he had formerly drawn, and it contained at that time the names of Brown and Lutz and Younkin. The contestants based their contest upon the contention that the alleged will of 1906 contained the clause “hereby revoking all wills by me at any time heretofore made.” At the time of the submission of the case they expressly stated into 'the record that they did not wish any instruction to the jury on the question whether the provisions of the subsequent will in their disposition of property were inconsistent with the terms of the will offered for probate. The case was submitted in accord with this statement.
1. Wills: contest: evidence. I. The first error argued by appellants relates to the alleged refusal of the court to permit the witnesses Lutz and Younkin to testify - fully concerning the statements made by A. H. Brown at the time he executed the subsequent will. Appellants’ argu_ . . . . _ it ment at this point goes quite beyond the state of the record. It is assumed in the argument that *653the alleged subscribing witnesses to the 1906 will, Lutz and Younkin, were not permitted to testify to the statements of Brown concerning the instrument which he was then executing. It is argued that the contestants were entitled to prove that Brown said the instrument which he was then executing was his will. This contention may readily- be conceded. Turning to -the record, we find that each of the witnesses testified to that effect without objection. Brom the testimony of Younkin we quote as follows: “He said he had a will he wanted me to sign.” Again: “Well, he (Brown) walked up to the desk and signed it. He said it was a will, and stepped up and signed it, and then Mr. Lutz signed it.” Younkin also testified that Brown said he wanted “young men” to sign as witnesses, and this was ruled out as immaterial. There was no error in this ruling. After Younkin had testified to all the statements above quoted, contestants’ counsel put to him the following question: “Mr. Brown told you it was his will, didn’t he? (Objected to as leading. Sustained).” This question was also put: “I will ask you if Mr. Brown, at the time he asked you to sign this instrument as a witness, made any statement in reference to having made other Wills.” This question was objected to,, and ruled out by the court. There was no error in these rulings. The facts sought to be elicited by these questions had no relevancy to any issue in the case. We quote from the testimony of Lutz the following as to what Mr. Brown said to him: “I got a paper here I wánt you to sign. It’s my will. He says: £I have got to have two witnesses.’ . . . He (Brown) was standing halfway like between the door and the desk, and made the statement he had a paper which was his last will that he would like to have us sign. He stepped up ahead of me to the desk and opened the paper — partly opened it; didn’t open it all up — and signed the will.” The expression “and signed the will” was stricken out, as being a mere conclusion *654of the witness as to what the paper was. The following question put to this witness was also ruled out on the same' ground: “Q. You may state whether or not Mr. Brown signed this will in your presence and in the presence of Mr. Younkin.” The rulings were proper. Other questions were properly ruled out as being leading. The following testimony of this witness was received without objection: “Mr. Brown said that the instrument he asked us to sign was his last will. He made the statement that this was his last will and he wanted us to sign it. • He stepped up and signed it, and then I stepped up . . . and I signed it, and Mr. Younkin stepped up and signed it. . . . He said he wanted me to sign it. It was his will. He wanted me to sign it as a witness.” It is manifest from the foregoing quotations that the contestants were allowed abundant latitude, so far as the introduction of testimony was concerned, as to the statements of the testator at the time of signing the alleged will. It should be said, however, that appellants’ argument at this point is based in part upon an instruction of the court in relation to this testimony. Appellants claim that this instruction eliminated such testimony as was introduced. We will consider this instruction with others in a later paragraph.
2. Same: burden of proof; weight and sufficiency. II. At the close of the evidence the contestants moved for a directed verdict, on the ground that their evidence was uncontradicted to the effect that the subsequent will was executed, and that this fact of itself had the legal effect to revoke the former will. They also urged that the evidence was uncontradicted that the alleged will of 1906 contained a revoking clause, and that they were entitled to a directed verdict on either theory. This contention of appellants is so clearly untenable that we will not dwell upon it at great length. The burden was upon the contestants to prove the facts upon which they based the *655contest. The fact that proponent was unable to contradict the testimony of their witnesses as to particular facts did not entitle them to have such statements accepted as true. From the very nature of the case the proponent could not produce contradictory evidence on the particular facts in question. Nor can the appellants say that the facts testified to by their witnesses necessarily an„d directly proved the execution of a subsequent will. These facts constituted-circumstantial evidence. The ultimate fact could only be found by proper inference from the circumstances. There was the evidence of Buell to be considered, who had drawn a draft of a will for Brown shortly prior to his interviéw with Lutz and Younkin. This draft of a will contained no revoking clause, nor was it inconsistent with the will offered for prohate.
3. Wills: revocation. Appellants’ contention that the mere execution of a subsequent will necessarily revokes a former will cannot, be sustained. Section 3276 of the Code does not provide that tike execution of a subsequent will necessarily revokes a former will. It- provides that “wills can only be revoked in whole or in part by . . . or by the execution of subsequent wills.” Whether in a given case a subsequent will amounts to a present revocation of a former will depends upon the contents of the subsequent will. In re Will of Dunahugh, 130 Iowa, 695; Schillinger v. Bawek, 135 Iowa, 136. In the case at bar appellants based their contest upon the allegation that the subsequent will contained a revoking clause. That narrowed the field of inquiry, and the case must be reviewed upon the same theory.
4. Same: special interrogatories: submission. III. After the close of the evidence, before the argument to the jury had begun, appellants requested the court to submit to the .jury for special finding the two following interrogatories: “(1) Bid Alexander II. Brown during his lifetime make a will subsequent to the will which is being and execute *656offered for probate, wbicb was executed in 1891 ? (2) Did such subsequent will contain a clause revoking all former wills and codicils?” The trial court refused to submit these interrogatories. We are not able to discover from the record that any exceptions were, taken to this refusal of the court, unless a general statement contained in the certification of the record by the trial judge can be deemed sufficient to show that exceptions were taken to all rulings. The record, which is certified to as. being complete, does not show any exception. Passing that question, however, we have gone into the merits of appellants’ complaint at this point. We think that interrogatories similar to those requested could very properly have been submitted. Turning, however, to interrogatory two, it was objectionable in form in its last two words, “and codicils.” There was not a word in the record on the subject of codicils. There was no reason in the record why any reference to. them should be submitted to the jury. No reference to codicils could properly be submitted to the jury without some explanation from the court in the form of an instruction as to what a codicil was. In mailing a finding of fact on this question the jury would be required to deal with the very contents of the instrument as testified to, and no reference to codicils was contained therein. We have nothing to do now with the question whether the revocation of a will would necessarily revoke its codicils, if any. The jury would have nothing to do with that. There was nothing in the evidence which would justify any reference to “codicils” in the instructions. We think, therefore, that the trial court was justified in refusing interrogatory two.
5. Same. Whether appellants cared to have interrogatory one submitted without interrogatory two does not appear from the record, nor from the argument. The alleged error of the court in this respect has been treated as one error, and the complaint of appel*657lants has been directed to it in that way. We think the two interrogatories were quite inseparable, and that appellants have so regarded them in their argument. An answer to interrogatory one, without more, would have determined nothing, in view of the state of the record. It appeared from the evidence, not only that Porter had drawn a draft of a will for' Brown, but that Buell had drawn ■ one also. The contents of these two drafts were materially different. If the jury had answered interrogatory one in the affirmative, it would have determined' nothing. If they had answered it in the negative, it would have been fatal to the appellants. We think, therefore, that appellants are in no position to complain of error in this ruling of the court.
6 Evidence impeachment: reputation for veracity. IV. One of the appellants’ most important witnesses was H. E. Porter, an attorney at Lone Tree. His testimony as to the draft of the alleged will in the early part of 1906, and his further testimony as to seeing an executed will in the post office in the fall .of 1906,- furnished the two pillars upon which appellants’ case rested. The proponent was permitted to introduce impeaching evidence against him to the effect that his reputation for truth and veracity in and about Lone Tree was bad. It is contended that this was error, for the reason that Porter was not a resident of Lone Tree at the time of the trial. The evidence concerning his residence for the last three or four years preceding the trial is somewhat indefinite. He located as' an attorney at Lone Tree in the year 1901. In 1903 he engaged with others in 'some business enterprise that kept him in Ohio a large part of his time. His wife continued to maintain the home at Lone Tree. Porter was at Lone Tree frequently, and was confessedly there in the early part of 1906, when he made the draft of the will, and again in the latter part of 1906, when he saw the executed will. In September, 1907, he moved to Seattle. *658The trial was had in February, 1908. He testified that he had “an office in Lone Tree yet,” and his wife was> there. We quote from his examination as follows: “Q. That is your residence, is it, now? A. Well, I am a little lost even on that. After I left Ohio, I presume that Lone Tree would be my home. I went to Ohio for the purpose of making my residence there, and Mrs. Porter has had the boxes packed for five years. She intended to go down there, and afterwards refused to go, and when I lost everything I had there I presume that my home, if I had a home, would he in Lone Tree.” We are well satisfied under this showing that the proponent was entitled to prove the reputation of the witness in Lone Tree. Schoep v. Bankers’ Insurance Go., 104 Iowa, 354" court="Iowa" date_filed="1898-01-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/schoep-v-bankers-alliance-insurance-7108091?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7108091">104 Iowa, 354; McGuire v. Kenefick, 111 Iowa, 147" court="Iowa" date_filed="1900-04-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcguire-v-kenefick-7109080?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7109080">111 Iowa, 147; State v. Potts, 78 Iowa, 656" court="Iowa" date_filed="1889-10-26" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-potts-7104250?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7104250">78 Iowa, 656. The rule in such cases is necessarily flexible, and the admissibility of the evidence' must depend upon the particular circumstances. We think, also, that some latitude of discretion should be permitted in the trial court. It is clear, from the evidence in this case, that the witness had acquired a reputation in Lone Tree. The circumstances shown would not warrant the presumption that he had lived long enough at any other place to acquire a reputation. If a person of mature yéars has acquired in the community of his residence a bad reputation for veracity, a way of escape therefrom should not be opened too easily, lest a great wrong be done to the litigant. The characters of mature persons are not easily changed in that respect, and too much presumption in favor of a change should not be indulged. In this case the removal of the witness was into a large city, where his character might be hidden in obscurity for years without resulting in a general reputation, either good or bad. The whole structure of appellants’ case rested upon his uncorroborated testimony concerning an interview at the post office. His character and credibility were of the highest importance *659for the consideration of the jury in weighing such important evidence. Under the facts shown, we think it was highly proper for the trial court to permit the inquiry as to his reputation for truth and veracity at Lone Tree.
Y. The contestants complain of instructions five and seven, which were as follows:
(5) The first question for you to determine is: Did A. H. Brown make a will, subsequent to the will which has been admitted in evidence in this case and marked as Exhibit A ? To aid you in determining this question, you are instructed that any person of full age and sound mind may make a valid will, and you are instructed that the undisputed testimony in this case shows that A. II. Brown was of full age and of sound mind; and you are further instructed that under the laws of this State a will is an instrument executed by a person of full age and sound mind, for the purpose of disposing of his property after his death, which instrument must be signed by him in the presence of two witnesses, who must sign the same as such witnesses in his presence and in the presence of each other, and it makes no difference upon what part of such instrument said witnesses may sign, so long as they sign as witnesses as above instructed. Now, if you should find that the contestants have established by a preponderance of the evidence that the said A. H. Brown, subsequent to the execution of Exhibit A, executed an- instrument in writing substantially as claimed by contestants, disposing in whole or in part of his property, the same being executed in accordance with the laws, as set out in the instruction, for the execution' of a will, then you' will upon the point find that he executed a valid will subsequent to the execution of Exhibit A. The next question for you to determine is: Did said subsequent will, if any, contain a clause revoking Exhibit A ? In this connection you are instructed that if said will, if any, contained a provision substantially as follows: ‘Hereby revoking all wills by me at any time herebefore made’— that the same would constitute a sufficient revocation of the will introduced in evidence and marked as Exhibit A, and you are instructed that the burden of proof is upon *660contestants to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that such a clause, or one of the same or similar import, was contained in said subsequent will, if' any, and, if contestants have not done so, then you will find for the proponent, and it will not be necessary for you to consider the case further.
(7) You are instructed that, in determining whether any instrument, if any, executed by the decedent, A. II.’ Brown, was a will, you will give no weight to any statement or declaration made by him to the effect that any instrument executed by him, if any, was a will.
Appellants complain that the effect of instruction No. five was to lay upon them a greater burden than the law imposed. We have already indicated our views in that respect in a preceding paragraph. The theory adopted by the court in this instruction is in strict accord with the contestants’ pleading. But it is urged by appellants that the effect of these two instructions together was to eliminate from the record the testimony of the witnesses Lutz and Younkin as to the declarations of the testator at the time he executed the 1906 will in. their presence. It is quite possible that a jury might have misunderstood the real effect of instruction No. seven. It deals with a fine line of distinction, and the court might very properly have pointed out the distinction in such a way as to avoid possible misunderstanding. It was also within the right of contestants to ask for an additional instruction, by way of precaution, to avoid possible misunderstanding. This precaution does not seem to have been deemed necessary at the time, either by the court or by contestants’ counsel.
7» Wills’ probate: declarations forwhaWirpose admissible. We have already indicated our view that the declarations of the testator at the time off the alleged will of 1906 were admissible. If admissible, they wére proper to be considered for some purJr i * Pose- They were admissible as attendant 1Tp0n phe acj; 0f execution of the will. They were proper evidence of the mental condition of the tes*661tator and of liis intention and understanding of the nature of the instrument which h'e was executing. .They were not evidence of the contents of the will. In re Will of Dunahugh, supra. Whether the instrument was a will was a question to be determined from the contents. The declarations of the testator were evidence that the testator believed the instrument to be a will and that he intended it as such. Notwithstanding such belief, its provisions might as a matter of law fall short of constituting a will. The belief of the testator that the instrument was a will would not constitute it such. In a legal sense, therefore, his declaration of such belief would not be evidence that it was such. Whether the instrument was a will in a legal sense must be determined from its contents,' and the court properly instructed the jury in No. five as to what would constitute a will. If the jury should find the contents of such instrument to be substantially as testified to either by Porter or by Buell, then by instruction No. five the jury was peremptorily instructed that the instrument was a will. The declaration of the testator that it was a will could not aid the jury in determining the question of its contents, and such declaration was of necessity a conclusion of mixed law and fact. If the jury failed to find the contents of .the paper to be substantially as set forth in instruction five, then contestants could not prevail in any event. Appellants have, therefore, no ground of complaint here.
8 Evidence Transactions with decedent: prejudice, YI. The last error complained of has reference to the testimony of Mr. and Mrs. Prance as to personal transactions or communications between them and the deceased. A large number of questions and answers put to each of these witnesses are complained of, and it will serve no useful purpose for us to set them out in full. We have considered them all, and find no error in the rulings, save one. The witness Prance was ashed to state whether *662he ever heard the deceased say anything to- indicate his feelings towards Mr. Porter. lie answered: “Well, sir; he often advised me not to have anything to do with him at all.” The question was properly objected to, and the motion was promptly made to strike the answer. This motion ought to have been sustained. The answer clearly stated a- personal communication. Erroneous though this ruling was, we are satisfied that it was wholly without prejudice. Considerable proper testimony was introduced as to statements of this nature made by the deceased to other persons in the hearing of the witness. We do not think that this line of evidence was intensified to any degree by reason of the alleged fact that this statement was made to this witness. If it was proper to consider the statements of the deceased at all on that subject, the fact that he made the statement to this witness, rather than to some other person, was entirely immaterial, and gave no additional significance to' the testimony of that nature. We are satisfied, therefore, that no possible prejudice resulted from this error.
We find no prejudicial error in the record. The judgment below is therefore affirmed.