153 N.Y. 416 | NY | 1897
The decree of the surrogate admitting the will of the deceased to probate is questioned upon one ground only, and that is, that the will was revoked prior to the death of the testatrix.
The will was made on the 23d day of July, 1884, and the deceased was then a married woman, the wife of one Brophy, who died on the 29th of January, 1889. On the 5th of February, 1894, the testatrix, being then a widow, married the contestant James E. McLarney, and she died on the 19th of April following the marriage. There was no issue of either marriage.
When the will in question was made, the deceased was a married woman living with her husband, and the contention is that as she subsequently became a widow and remarried, her last marriage operated to revoke the will previously made.
That the deceased made a valid will in writing is not disputed, and in order to show a revocation the burden was upon the contestant to bring the case within some provision of the statute which defines the cases in which written wills are deemed to be revoked. The statute provides that "a will executed by anunmarried woman shall be deemed revoked by her subsequent marriage." (§ 44.) The deceased was not an unmarried woman when she made the will. She was a married woman who subsequently became a widow and remarried. The case is not, therefore, within the rule or the reason of the rule that the will of an unmarried female is revoked by her subsequent marriage. The statute on this subject is simply declaratory of the common law. The marriage as a general rule vested the husband with the title to the property of the wife and she lost her capacity to dispose of it by will or otherwise. Since a testamentary instrument from its very nature can operate only after death and is subject to change during life, it was wholly inconsistent with the relations of husband and wife as they existed at common law when made *419
by the wife before marriage. An instrument which disposed of her property after death, and which she was incapable of changing or revoking during coverture, could not legally exist under the rules of law that governed the marriage relations. It was supposed to be destructive of that complete unity of husband and wife which was the theory of the common law, and, therefore, upon her marriage it was deemed to be completely revoked. The reason of the rule was very clearly stated by Lord Chancellor THURLOW inHodsden v. Lloyd (2 Bro. Ch. 534), as follows: "It is contrary to the nature of the instrument which must be ambulatory during the life of the testatrix, and as by the marriage she disables herself from making any other will, this instrument ceases to be of that sort, and must be void." This rule was incorporated in our statute law (2 R.S. 64, § 44) at a time when a married woman was incapable of making a will, and, of course, it was not intended to have any application whatever to testamentary instruments made during coverture. Since the disabilities of married women to dispose of property by will have been removed in this state by legislation the reason of the rule no longer exists though it remains a part of the statute law. It has been held by this court that it was not abrogated by the subsequent legislation conferring testamentary capacity upon married women and removing the reason of the rule at common law. The courts cannot dispense with a statutory rule merely because it appears that the policy upon which it was established has ceased. The legislature might very properly remove it from the statute book by repeal, but in the meantime it cannot be disregarded by the courts. (Brown v. Clark,
But it would seem to be clear that we ought not to extend the operation of an ancient rule when all the reasons upon which it was founded have passed away or apply it to a case which was not originally within its terms or its general policy. After the long struggle in the courts, where it was assailed as a useless relic of the past that had been swept away in the current of modern legislation, there is no good reason for giving *420 it new life and vigor by deciding that it is still not only potent enough to annul the will of an unmarried female but that of a married woman as well.
The courts of this state when dealing with the subject of wills and their revocation have always adhered closely to the terms of the statute. This is illustrated not only by the case above cited, but by others, notably where it was held that the provision of the statute which revokes a will in favor of an after-born child had no application to the will of a married woman under the act of 1849. (Cotheal v. Cotheal,
In the case at bar the testatrix could have revoked her will at any time before her death or could have made a new will, and hence none of the reasons upon which the statute was based have any application to this case.
The learned counsel for the contestant admits that he cannot succeed in this appeal unless the language of the act of 1849 removing the disabilities of married women sustains his contention. By that statute a married woman is enabled "to convey and devise real and personal estate * * * in the same manner andwith like effect as if she were unmarried." The argument is that since the will of a married woman is to be made in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, the instrument must carry with it all the incidents and qualities that pertain to the will of a feme sole, including the possibility of revocation by a subsequent marriage.
This, we think, would be straining the words of the statute to engraft upon it an ancient rule of revocation that never had any application to the class of wills therein mentioned. The purpose of the act was to enable a married woman to make a will, and it had no reference to methods of revocation. A will has no effect whatever until death, and the words "like effect" relate to the instrument after it becomes effective by *421 death. The meaning of the words is that when the will of a married woman becomes operative by her death it shall have the same effect, that is, the same disposing power and legal operation as an instrument for the transfer of the title to property, that it would had she never been married. Nothing was said or implied with respect to revocation. That subject was left to the general rules of law applicable to all wills. If the legislature intended that her will should be deemed revoked in case of a second marriage, it would, no doubt, have said so. In the absence of some positive law such a result cannot be engrafted upon a statute, the primary purpose of which was to remove the common-law disabilities of marriage.
The judgment below was right and should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur, except GRAY, J., absent, and HAIGHT, J., dissenting.
Judgment affirmed.
