136 Wash. 2d 800 | Wash. | 1998
Petitioner Daniel W Caven seeks review of a decision of the Court of Appeals, Division I, which reversed and remanded to the King County Superior Court a ruling interpreting the phrase “a history of acts of domestic violence” in RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) as being modified by the phrase “an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm,” and granting both parents mutual decision making under a parenting plan. We granted review. We affirm.
QUESTION PRESENTED
The principal issue in this case is whether the portion of the sentence containing two phrases ‘ ‘a history of acts of domestic violence . . . or an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm” in RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) modify each other or constitute alternatives.
Respondent CarolAnn M. Caven
On December 20 and 21, 1995, the parties participated in mediation conducted by Lowell K. Halverson.
Despite that observation, Judge Schapira granted the parties mutual decision making concerning their children. This was recited in the parenting plan incorporated in the decree of dissolution and signed by the court.
*804 My finding that, although there was a history of acts of domestic violence that they, as it is paired in the statute with a single act of an assault, grievous bodily harm, or fear of such harm, that, that is a modification of the history of the acts of domestic violence. That it isn’t merely the history, but that it is the fear that is produced or the grievous bodily harm that the legislature is addressing but, that is the ill that is sought to be cured.[10 ]
On March 28, 1996, Judge Schapira signed a decree of dissolution
The parenting plan approved by Judge Schapira, with significant changes by strike-outs and interlineations, stated in part:
IV DECISION MAKING[
4.1 DAY TO DAY DECISIONS.
Each parent shall make decisions regarding the day-to-day care and control of each child while the children are residing with that parent. Regardless of the allocation of decision making in this parenting plan, either parent may make emergency decisions affecting the health or safety of the children.
4.2 MAJOR DECISIONS[
Major decision regarding each child shall be made as follows:
Education decisions: joint
Non-emergency health care decisions: joint
Religious upbringing: joint
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law:
Although there has been (a) a history of acts of domestic violence perpetrated by the father as referenced in Section VI below, and (b) conflict by both parties during the period of the separation between the parties during visitation exchanges, the purpose of RCW 26.09.187, to protect a parent who has fear of abuse or who fears of [sic] negotiating disputes about children, a protection which is not necessary in this case.
VI. OTHER PROVISIONS[
There are the following other provisions:
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law:
The respondent, Daniel Caven, has engaged in acts of domestic violence, as defined in RCW 26.09.050, which occurred throughout the marriage and increased in number and intensity throughout the last two years of the marriage prior to the separation of the parties in January 1995.
The Court orders Mr. Caven to continue participate [sic] in the anger management and domestic violence treatment program, the particulars and conditions of which are outlined as follows:
VIII. ORDER BY THE COURT[
It is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the parenting plan set forth above is adopted and approved as an order of this court.
On May 10, 1996, Respondent filed a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals. The decision of the Court of Appeals is best summarized in the opening paragraph of the opinion dated July 21, 1997 (Judge Walter E. Webster writing):
*806 [Respondent] appealed] from the [trial] court’s entry of a parenting plan. She argue[d] that the trial court erred in ordering joint decision-making after finding that her husband had engaged in a history of acts of domestic violence. The question presented is one of statutory interpretation: whether RCW 26.09.191(1) prohibits mutual decision-making whenever there is a history of acts of domestic violence or only when the violence causes grievous bodily injury or fear of such injury. We hold that the statute requires sole decision-making upon a finding of a history of acts of domestic violence regardless of whether those acts caused grievous bodily harm. Accordingly, we reversed.[18 ]
Petitioner then sought review by this Court, which we granted on May 5, 1998.
DISCUSSION
In matters affecting the welfare of children, such as parenting plans, the trial court has broad discretion,
The current version of RCW 26.09.191(1) reads:
(1) The permanent parenting plan shall not require mutual decision-making or designation of a dispute resolution process other than court action if it is found that a parent has engaged*807 in any of the following conduct: (a) Willful abandonment that continues for an extended period of time or substantial refusal to perform parenting functions; (b) physical, sexual, or a pattern of emotional abuse of a child; or (c) a history of acts of domestic violence as defined in RCW 26.50.010(1) or an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm.
RCW 26.50.010(1) and (2) reads:
(1) “Domestic Violence” means: (a) Physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the infliction of fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or assault, between family or household members; (b) sexual assault of one family or household member by another; or (c) stalking as defined in RCW 9A.46.110 of one family or household member by another family or household member.
(2) “Family or household members” means spouses, former spouses, persons who have a child in common regardless of whether they have been married or have lived together at any time, adult persons related by blood or marriage, adult persons who are presently residing together or who have resided together in the past, persons sixteen years of age or older who are presently residing together or who have resided together in the past and who have or have had a dating relationship, persons sixteen years of age or older with whom a respondent sixteen years of age or older has or has had a dating relationship, and persons who have a biological or legal parent-child relationship, including stepparents and stepchildren and grandparents and grandchildren.
A plain and ordinary reading of the language in RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) leads to the conclusion that the two phrases should be interpreted as alternatives to each other and not as modifiers. The words “a history of acts of domestic violence” and “an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm” are separated by the word “or” which grammatically is a coordinating particle signifying an alternative.
Reviewing legislative history, as suggested by Petitioner, is not warranted in this case because the language of RCW
In 1989, the Legislature amended RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) to its present form, replacing the phrase “an act of domestic violence which rises to the level of a felony” with the phrase “an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm.” In amending the statute, the Legislature continued language indicating its intent that the amended phrases, like the original phrases, operate as alternatives through use of the word “or” connecting the two.
Under its reading of RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) in this case, the Court of Appeals was correct in concluding that the discretion of the trial court in determining parental decision making is restricted by circumstances stated in the statute.
Petitioner cites cases from Iowa,
Petitioner asserts that “a history of acts of domestic violence” must be “defined in a way that acknowledges that it is . . . [a] fear-based family dynamic”
Petitioner voices concerns that if the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the statute is adopted then “a parent wishing to restrict the other parent’s relationship with their child would be given an incentive to levy false accusations of domestic violence.”
In his Supplemental Brief, Petitioner cites In re Marriage of Stern,
We conclude that the Superior Court incorrectly reached its conclusions and that the Court of Appeals was correct in reversing the trial court.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The decision of the Court of Appeals, Division One, correctly reversed the trial court which incorrectly interpreted RCW 26.09.191(1)(c), resulting in that court erroneously granting the parties mutual decision making. The trial court usually has broad discretion in determining matters relating to the welfare of children, but in matters of statutory construction this Court exercises de novo review.
The words of an unambiguous statute must be given their plain and ordinary meaning unless a contrary intent is evidenced in the statute. In RCW 26.09.191(1)(c), the phrase “an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm” does not modify the preceding phrase “a history of acts of domestic violence.” The sentence containing the two phrases separates them with the disjunctive “or” which grammatically indicates that the phrases are alternatives. A review of prior amendments to RCW 26.09.191(1)(c) also supports the conclusion that the phrases were meant to be interpreted as alternatives, and not as modifiers of each other.
Durham, C.J., and Dolliver, Guy, Johnson, Madsen, Alexander, Talmadge, and Sanders, JJ., concur.
Reconsideration denied December 23, 1998.
(Emphasis added.)
The pleadings variously refer to Respondent as “Carol Ann M. Caven” and “CarolAnn M. Caven.” She indicates her name is “CarolAnn M. Caven.”
Clerk’s Papers at 8.
Id.
Id. at 10.
Id. at 7.
Id.
Id. at 62.
Id. at 25, 38-47 and 74.
Id. at 77.
Id. at 15-27.
Id. at 25 and 38-47.
Id. at 43.
Id.
Id. at 43.
Id. at 44-45.
Id. at 46.
In re Marriage of C.M.C., 87 Wn. App. 84, 86, 940 P.2d 669 (1997).
In re Marriage of Cabalquinto, 100 Wn.2d 325, 327, 669 P.2d 886 (1983); Schuster v. Schuster, 90 Wn.2d 626, 632, 585 P.2d 130 (1978).
In re Marriage of Kovacs, 121 Wn.2d 795, 801, 854 P.2d 629, 632 (1993).
Dioxin/Organochlorine v. Pollution Control Hearings Bd., 131 Wn.2d 345, 352, 932 P.2d 158 (1997).
Erection Co. v. Department of Labor & Indus., 121 Wn.2d 513, 518, 852 P.2d 288 (1993); In re Estate of Little, 106 Wn.2d 269, 283, 721 P.2d 950 (1986).
Multicare Med. Ctr. v. Department of Soc. & Health Servs., 114 Wn.2d 572, 582, 790 P.2d 124 (1990); In re Eaton, 110 Wn.2d 892, 898, 757 P.2d 961 (1988).
In re Marriage of Forbes, 570 N.W.2d 757 (Iowa 1997).
Simmons v. Simmons, 649 So. 2d 799 (La. Ct. App. 1995).
Hamilton v. Hamilton, 886 S.W.2d 711 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994).
Iowa Code Ann. § 598.41.
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 9:364, subd. A.
Mo. Ann. Stat. § 452.375, subd.2(5).
Pet. for Review at 13; see also Supplemental Br. of Pet’r at 14.
Pet. for Review at 12; see also Supplemental Br. of Pet’r at 14.
57 Wn. App. 707, 789 P.2d 807 (1990).
2 Wn. App. 446, 468 P.2d 456 (1970).
17 Wn.2d 736, 137 P.2d 117 (1943).
45 Wn. App. 123, 724 P.2d 1083 (1986).
In re Marriage of Stern, 57 Wn. App. 707, 712, 789 P.2d 807 (1990) (citing Callan v. Callan, 2 Wn. App. 446, 448, 468 P.2d 456 (1970)).
Shockley v. Travelers Ins. Co., 17 Wn.2d 736, 743, 137 P.2d 117 (1943); Lincoln Shiloh Assocs., Ltd. v. Mukilteo Water Dist., 45 Wn. App. 123, 131, 724 P.2d 1083 (1986).
