*1 G41 relationship. The ele vantageous business action for tortious of of a cause
ments relationship with a business interference for interfer elements same as the
are the is no except that there a contract
ence with Biggs exists. a valid contract
requirement 977. (1983), App., 446 N.E.2d Ind.
v. Marsh for interference for an action
The elements "(1) a valid existence of are
with a contract (2) contract; defendant's and enforceable contract;
knowledge of the existence of inducement
(3) intentional defendant's contract; (4) of the absence of breach resulting damages
justification; wrongful inducement
from defendant's Id. at 983.
the breach. re Taylor's actions alleges
Fields working hostile oppressive and in an
sulted interfered
environment which Al relationship with Cummins.
business employed Cum- is still
though Fields
mins, voluntarily accepted a demotion. she fact of material genuine issues
There are to her contributed Taylor's actions
whether accept demotion.
decision summary judg-
Therefore, affirm the Cummins, reverse
ment in favor Taylor summary judgment in favor proceedings accord- further
remand for opinion.
ance with BAKER, J., P.J.,
CONOVER,
concur.
In re the MARRIAGE OF Carol Ann
DAVIDSON, Respondent-Appellant, Davidson,
Robert Alden
Petitioner-Appellee.
No. 15A01-8807-CV-210. Indiana, Appeals
Court of
First District.
July 1989. 9, 11, 1989. Aug.
Rehearing Denied *3 Clarke, Jr.,. Emswiller, T.
Russell Clarke, Williams, Indianapolis, Noland & respondent-appellant. Hoffman, Lawrenceburg, for H. Harlan petitioner-appellee.
BAKER, Judge. THE OF CASE
STATEMENT Ann David- Respondent-appellant, Carol (Carol), appeals provisions son of dissolu- decree Dearborn Cireuit Court marriage petitioner dissolving her tion (Robert), Alden Davidson appellee, Robert property of marital relating to the division support and of child the determination visitation. part, part, reverse
We affirm remand. THE FACTS OF
STATEMENT July married on were and Carol Robert child, 28, marriage produced one 1966. Kim, at the time years nine old daughter, per- Robert and Carol of the dissolution. 1987, in June manently separated 644 for dissolution on the under petition filed a matter advisement. On March hearing 25, 1988, 1987. A final on
September entered an order dissolving 2 marriage dividing conducted on March and petition 3, 1988, following took which the trial court as follows: ROBERT
CAROL $87,000 (Fair $65,000 Home Market Home Value-$152,000) 7,500 Other Real Estate 10,500 Datsun 600 1986 Bronco 1980 4,000 Equipment Farm Grenada 30,422 Savings Teacher's Accounts Retirement *4 5,000 Checking Account 9,866 Account 5,297 Checking Account (2) 9,600 Money Market Accounts 1,568 1,568 IRA IRA 18,485 IRA 1,574 Account Union Central 14,454 Deposit 3,115 Policy Certificate of Life Insurance KEOGH Plan 283,524 Deposit 11,786
Certificate of 11,206 Prop. Other Personal $150,818 $166,7971 NET DISTRIBUTION NET DISTRIBUTION Carol, The trial court ordered the marital resi- and Kim solely to be utilized year one college dence to be sold within with the Kim's education. Carol subse- proceeds applied satisfy the sale to be quently appeal. instituted this interim, In Robert's interest it. Car- permitted ol to continue to use the ISSUES paying
residence until such sale without appeal On Carol claims trial court Similarly, the rent. undistributed house- erred in: furnishings hold furniture and with an esti- Determining I. the division of $12,700 mated value of were ordered to be marital assets. proceeds sold months and the six within equally Awarding from divided II. such to be between to Robert the Additionally, exemption Robert and Carol. the trial claim the tax for Kim on Carol, custody court of Kim to his income tax return. awarded visitation, subject to Robert's reasonable Determining III. the amount of Rob- pay per ordered to $90 Robert was support obligation. ert's child support. week in The trial court also child Determining period IV. the time medical, dental, pay ordered Robert to all. Robert's visitation. expenses by hospitalization incurred Failing V. to award Carol the full Kim his insurance and by and covered attorney amount of fees she re- hospitalization maintain insurance on Carol. quested. Finally, savings the trial court ordered a Failing require VI. Robert to take $2,000 a life account the sum of $24,000 annuity insurance in the amount of Kim to classes catechism and Sun- Robert, placed joint names of day religious services. statement, prior perceive separation, 1. Four months to their on Feb- Record at 50. From this 1, 1987, died, ruary leaving him Robert's father the trial court awarded the entire inheri- $183,765 sole heir to a estate. In the final Similarly, parties tance to Robert. both con- dividing parties' property, decree the trial cede that the inheritance was awarded to Robert formally court failed to inheritance award the therefore, purposes appeal, For in total. of this Carol, to either Robert or in its We note that having the inheritance will be treated as been fact, however, special findings of the trial court Robert, awarded to which increases his share of placed stated that it "minimum value it for $350,562. property division to purposes of consideration in this marital estate."
G45
Division.
Property
I:
ISSUE
fore the trial court. Chestnut v. Chestnut
(1986), Ind.App.,
judgment,
on the
state its
based
less,
supplied
it is evident
the
Carol
funds
presumption
deviating from the
reasons for
present
note,
in both accounts. We
how-
equal
the evidence in
of an
division. While
showing
ever that there has been no
that
unequal
may support
this case
an
division
money in
given
these accounts was
as a
speculate
property,
not
as to the
we will
gift to Kim. Absent evidence
dem-
which
We, therefore,
reasoning.
re-
trial court's
this,
certainly
onstrated
the trial court was
the trial court
di-
mand this case to
with
authority
apart
proper-
within its
to set
statutory pre-
rections either to follow
ty
designate
that it
used for Kim's
be
equal
sumption and effect an
division of
college
money
In
education.
the event the
property,
to set
forth its
the marital
or
property,
in the accounts was Kim's
how-
doing
so.
rationale for
ever, we observe that Carol
is without
standing
object
dispo-
to
to the trial court's
complains
also
that the trial
Carol
sition of such. That is a matter for Kim to
failing
in
to divide a
ac
court erred
bank
litigate
separate
Accordingly,
in a
suit.
name which main
count held
Robert's
refuse to
further.
address it
time
tained a balance of
at the
$240
argues
hearing.
final
Carol
that under
Finally,
regard
proper
to the
31-1-11.5-11,
is
division,
ty
Carol asserts
required
property
to divide all the marital
hospitalization
court erred in its award of
put
to rest all of the
order to
coverage.
insurance
She claims that
insur
rights in the decree.
companies
required
carry
ance
are
ex-
spouses
period
time
general
Carol's
statement
law
limited
While
correct,
uninsurable,
argument
currently
is not well taken.
because she is
only tempo
is not warranted when a trial
trial court's award amounts to
Reversal
substantially preju
rary
coverage.
insurance
maintains
court's order does not
Carol
Ind.App.,
the trial court's order must address what
(1982),
party.
v. Dean
dice a
Dean
steps
note that the
should
taken
her insurance
§47
1984,
gument
any authority
pursuant
which
is citation
to the Tax Re
a trial
supports her contention that
1984,
152(e)
court is
form Act of
amended.
§
required
provide
for this as matter of
Deleted from that section were the
$600
any authority
rules. Deficit Reduction
law. We are not aware
$1200
Act of
1984,
98-869, 428(a),
Pub.L. No.
98 Stat.
appellant's
§
so states.
It is
bur-
494,
provision automatically
799. The new
reversible error. Carol
den to demonstrate
exemption
allocates the
to the custodial
regard.
find no error.
in this
We
has failed
parent
parent
unless
expressly
waives
exemption writing
particular
for the
Exemption.
II: Income Tax
ISSUE
year
tax
in question.
152(e).
LR.C. §
Thus,
next asserts the trial court erred in
state
longer possess
courts no
awarding
authority
to claim the
exemption
to allocate the
to the
parent.
non-custodial
dependency
exemption
income tax
for Kim
Lorenz v. Lorenz
Mich.App.
Specifically,
N.W.2d 770.
on his income tax return.
she
law,
that under current
contends
federal
waiver,
Absent a written
the cur
authority
the trial court had no
to allocate
exemption
rent federal
law awards
exemption
to Robert.
bar,
parent.
the custodial
'In the case at
parent,
Carol as the custodial
was entitled
Our research discloses that
this is a
dependent
to claim Kim as a
for income tax
question
impression
of first
in Indiana.
purposes.
suprised
We are not
1, 1985,
January
Prior to
the Federal
Inter
exemption
trial court awarded the tax
clearly
nal Revenue Code
authorized state
Robert.
testified that
she had been
dependency exemp
allocate
courts to
unemployed
past
years
for the
nine
parent.
tion to the noncustodial
ILR.C.
physically
unable to earn an income
152(e)
section, Congress
In that
an
§
poor
due to her
state of health. The tax
general
providing
rule
nounced the
that a
exemption
nothing
will entitle Carol to
parents
child of divorced
would be treated
earnings
since she has no
to which the
receiving
over half of his
from
However,
exemption
applied.
can be
there
Thus,
parent.
the custodial
the custodial
indicating
is no evidence
she released her
parent
dependent
was entitled to claim the
*7
writing.
claim
or waived her
to it
exemption.
child as an income tax
At that
Accordingly, the trial court erred in award
time, however,
general
subject
the
rule was
ing
exemption
the
to Robert.
exceptions.
exceptions
to
These
two
were
commonly
rule"
to as the "$600
referred
Support.
III:
ISSUE
Child
and
rule." Under the
rule the
$600
"$1200
next
the trial court erred
Carol
contends
parent
exemp
noncustodial
could claim the
determining
the amount of Robert's
provided
support
if
tion
he
at
least $600
support obligation.
requested
child
Carol
during
year
the
and the divorce decree
required
pay
to
in child
that Robert be
$125
provided
parent
the noneustodial
support; the trial court fixed Robert's child
exemption.
entitled
to
the
LR.C.
per
support obligation at
week.
$90
152(e)(2)(A). The
rule allowed the
$1200
§
parent
exemption
noncustodial
to claim the
proper
sup
Determination of
child
provided
if
the
he
or more
$1200
port is
the sound discretion of the
within
year
parent
and the custodial
did
calendar
depends upon
particular
and
trial court
clearly
provided
establish that she
by
and circumstances disclosed
facts
parent.
support
more
than the noneustodial
in each case. Hunter v. Hunter
evidence
(1986),
App.,
152(e)(2)(B).
1278. The tri
interpret
Ind.
498 N.E.2d
LR.C.
This court
§
152(e)
al
pre-1985
ed the
version of
will not be dis
al court's determination
§
exemp
lowing trial courts to allocate the
trial court
appeal
on
unless the
turbed
contrary
parent
tion to the non-custodial
at the time
or acted
abused its discretion
(1985),
Ind.App., 473
Hoyle Hoyle
law.
v.
arrange
the court considered the financial
support
A child
order consti
v. N.E.2d 653.
parties. Morphew
ments between the
of discretion when the order
Morphew
App.,
Ind.
tion: alleged regarding the trial court's failure hereby granted respondent is That the end, to set a time visitation was to Carol care, mi- custody and control of the has failed to meet burden establish Davidson, child, Lynn sub- Kimberly nor reversible error. The court ordered peti- by the ject to reasonable visitation place as set forth visitation to take under of provisions tioner as set out under Carol, however, rules. has its local court Circuit Rule 16.3 of the Dearborn Court part failed to make those local court rules a Court, required hours except that appeal. It of the record before us on is 4:00 every other weekend from should be certainly possible that Dearborn Circuit p.m. 6:00 p.m. Friday on rather than establishes, among other Court Rule 16.3 Record at 50-51. things, a termination time for visitation. 31-1-11.5-24(a) pro IND.CODE opportunity Without to examine that custody rule, properly parent granted of we cannot review Carol's vides that "a Consequently, visitation we find no error. is to reasonable claim. the child entitled argument in Carol's rights...." Nowhere visitation sched that the does she contend Attorney V: Fees. ISSUE un by the trial court was
ule established
contends the trial court erred
Rather,
merely points
she
reasonable.
determining
attorney
of
fees
the amount
alleged deficiencies described above.
hearing
her. At the final
to award
regard
a trial court's order
We will review
requested the trial court award her $2500
only to determine whether
ing visitation
fees;
granted her the sum
attorney
for
it
of discretion. In
there has been an abuse
appeal, she claims the award
On
$800.
(1984), Ind.App.,
Marriage
Larkin
re
inadequate.
G51
testimony
sonable.
Robert's
identified the
attention,
failed to sub-
trial court's
Carol
assets,
assets,
some of the
any
evidence whatsoever
sources
mit
and his estimates as to their value. His
the trial court could base its decision. Car-
ol failed to offer into evidence the most
inheritance-which,
reference
to the
all,
after
is a major issue in this
describing
trial
case-were
basic of information
for the
his comments on two occasions that Carol
when
or mass
court
the catechism classes
any part
should not receive
of it. Certain-
met,
place,
frequently
took
how
the classes
ly,
nothing
testimony
there
in
conducted,
Carol's
long
where each was
or how
which aided Robert's case. Since Robert
short,
wholly
either lasted.
failed
carry his
presenting
failed to
burden of
going
to meet her burden of
forward with
any evidence which would justify an un-
the evidence on this issue. For that rea-
equal
the property,
son,
division of
the trial
showing
there has been no
that the
court has no other choice but to divide the
failing
in
court abused its discretion
property equally.
If on remand the trial
require
transport
Kim to cate-
Robert
unequal
court does state a reason for an
chism classes and mass conducted
division, we
ap-
would have
reverse on
his visitation.
peal because such reason could not be
Accordingly,
for
the reasons
stated
presented
based on the evidence
at the
above,
part,
in
re-
this cause is affirmed
trial.
part,
in
and remanded to the trial
versed
majority
The
finding
was also correct in
proceedings
court for
not inconsistent with
proving
that Robert had the burden of
an
opinion.
this
equal
unjust
division of the inheritance was
Judgment
part,
in
in
affirmed
reversed
and unreasonable. The statute does not
part and remanded.
distinguish
gifts
between
and inheritances
by
party early
marriage
received
in the
RATLIFF, C.J., concurs:
and those received late. There is a statu
J.,
part;
MILLER
concurs in
tory presumption
gifts
those
and in
part
opinion.
dissents
with
heritances
equally irrespec
must be divided
Thus,
they
tive of when
were received.
MILLER,
Judge, concurring and dissent
fact that the inheritance was received sev
ing.
separation
eral months before
does not es
disagree
majority's
I
decision
equal
tablish that an
distribution is unfair
remand this case to the trial court in order
unjust.
had the
Robert
burden
permit
judge
the trial
to state his rea-
showing
equal
the unfairness of an
distri
sons,
evidence,
deviating
on the
based
bution, and he failed to do so. Cases cited
presumption
equal
from the
of an
division
by
findings-McBride
court
its
property, including
of all the
the inheri-
(1981), Ind.App.,
v.
N.E.2d
McBride
I
tance.
would remand with direction to
1148 and
v.
Osborne
Osborne
property,
in-
trial court to divide the
Ind.App.
