110 N.Y.S. 622 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1908
Charles E. J. McMillan, an incompetent person, was born April 26, 3855. He owned a one-ninth interest in certain real estate in the city of Hew York, which was sold in pursuance of judgments in the Supreme Court in April, 1865, for the sum of $62,430, and the leaseholds for $7,850. The incompetent inherited his one-ninth interest in said premises from his mother, who had died intestate in 1855.
Charles McMillan, the father of the incompetent, was duly appointed his general guardian, and on the 24th of July, 1866, an order was granted directing the chamberlain of the city of Hew York, with whom the avails of the sale belonging to said infant had been deposited, to pay the same to said general guardian, and to assign the securities in his hands belonging to said infant. Obedient to this order, on the 23rd of March, 1867, the chamberlain transferred to the general guardian one mortgage for $2,200, one for $1,550, and paid him in cash $1,211.71, in all $4,961.71.
Said incompetent became of age April 26, 1876, and was then an imbecile, and continued to be until his death. After his majority no proceedings were instituted for the appointment of a committee of the person and estate until September, 1886, when by the inquisition of a jury he was found to be “ an imbecile and of unsound mind, so that he was incapable of governing himself or the management of his lands or tenements, goods and chattels, and that he had been in the same state of imbecility and unsoundness of mind since his birth.” The father was thereupon appointed the committee of the person and estate of the incompetent, and acted in that capacity until his death January 7, 1890. On February twenty-fourth following Luna A. McMillan was appointed committee, holding the position at the time of the death of the incompetent, December 29, 1904.
It is a general rule, and regulated by statute in this State, that. upon a sale of real estate of an infant or incompetent person the “ proceeds are deemed property of the same nature as the estate or interest sold, until the infant arrives at full age, or the incompetency is removed.” (Code Civ. Proc. § 2359
The learned county judge, while recognizing this principle, held it was only a fiction and when the infant reached his majority the character of his property changed to personalty, although he was
The statute fixes the expiration of infancy arbitrarily at twenty-one years and of incompetency when intelligence supervenes. If infancy and incompetency co-exist during minority and the mental incapability remains after infancy has passed, the reason for the retention of the character of the property at the time the sale is made is still present. The rule is primarily for the benefit of the incompetent or infant, and yet, as there has long been a difference in tire laws of descent and of distribution, it is founded to some extent upon the propriety of keeping unchanged the right of succession to the property in the event of the death of .the infant or incompetent. (Forman v. Marsh, 11 N. Y. 544; Laws of 1815, chap. 106, § 5; IIorton v. McCoy, 47 N. Y. 21; Story Eq. Juris. § 1357 ; Shumway v. Cooper, 16 Barb. 556.)
Ordinarily a committee of the person and estate of an infant is pot appointed for the general guardian can exercise all the functions of a committee. There is, however, no legal objection to the appointment of a committee of the person and estate of an infant. (Francklyn v. Sprague, 121 U. S. 215, 229, and cases cited ; Matter of Chattin, 16 N. J. Eq. 496.)
If a committee had been appointed of the incompetent McMillan just before he attained his majority, I assume the infant, even by legal fiction, would never have assumed the control of his property, and the disability would have been a continuous one, although
If a proceeding had been commenced immediately after the infant arrived at his majority to have him judicially declared incompetent and thirty days had elapsed before the appointment of a committee, the character of the property would have changed to personalty on the day the incompetent attained his majority, if the learned county judge is correct in his position.
If, however, the proceeding had been earlier set in motion and terminated at any time during the infancy, the avails of the sale would have remained real estate. Where an interest in real estate of an infant upwards of twenty years of age is sold pursuant to a judgment in a partition action and the complaint alleges and the proof shows that the infant was an imbecile, as well asan infant, and the judgment so recites, the proceeds of the sale would continue to be real estate until each disability disappears.
The result of these complications, any of which might arise, it seems to me, makes it nécessary to hold where a person, whose land
Much'is made of "the proposition that it is a mere fiction whereby the property retains its character as real estate, when in kind personalty, and then again is changed when the infant becomes of age. The preference given to real property over personal property, and many of the legal requirements pertaining to its conveyance and management are fictions, and yet they are retained in their vigor and' must be observed.
The counsel for the respondents rely upon Forman v. Marsh (11 N. Y. 544). In that case the land of Forman, the infant, was sold and a bond and mortgage executed to his guardian for $3,000 to secure the purchase money. After the infant became of age he settled with his guardian, giving him a receipt in full. There was due him some money which was not in fact paid over, and the bond and mortgage were not assigned to him. The guardian had them at the settlement, and a general power of attorney was given to the guardian as an individual to collect these moiieys and reinvest the principal and take charge of the same for Forman. A year later Forman died and a contest arose over the character of the property invested in this bond and mortgage, the heirs at law claiming it was real estate. The Court of Appeals held otherwise on the ground that Forman after he attained his majority came into possession of the property and exercised actual dominion over it. The court used this language (at p. 548): “ It will be remembered that in this case the infant, after he arrived at the age of twenty-one years, came into the possession of the bond and mortgage, executed an instrument in which he acknowledged the receipt of them and discharged his guardian from all claims against him in that capacity. The relation of guardian and ward had thus become terminated. All the ends contemplated by the statute had been accomplished. The course of descent had not been changed by any act of the guardian, and the infant had arrived at that age when the law regards him as competent to assume the entire control pf his property. At this time the bond and mortgage were personal property iii fact, and I think that they should be so regarded in law.”
Inasmuch as the real estate came to the incompetent through his
The court below has held that all the personal property should be distributed, one share among the children of James McMillan, the paternal uncle of the incompetent, and the other share to his paternal aunt, Luna A. McMillan, excluding the cousins from any participation in the distribution of the estate, relying upon Matter of Davenport (172 N. Y. 454).
Section 2732 of the Code of Civil Procedure regulates the order of distribution of an intestate’s personal estate. Subdivision 5
We must, therefore, refer to the Real Property Law, providing for the order of descent to enable effect to be given to this subdivision. The intestate left no children, or brothers or sisters, or descendants of them. Six of the appellants are the next of kin of the intestate, if at all, as the descendants of Albert Journeay, a deceased
Section 288 of the Real Property Law pertains to a case' where ■ there is no heir entitled to take under the preceding sections. The first subdivisions are applicable where the property came from the father. Subdivision 4, so far as pertinent, reads as follows: “ But, if the inheritance shall'have come to the intestate on the part of his mother, it shall descend to her brothers and sisters and their descendants ; and if there be none, to the brothers and sisters of .the father and their descendants, in the manner aforesaid. * * * In all cases mentioned in this section the inheritance shall descend to the brothers and sisters of the intestate’s father or mother, as the case may be, or to their descendants in like manner as if they had been the brothers and sisters of the intestate.”
In Matter of Davenport (supra) the decedent left no brother or sister, but a nephew and niece, children of a deceased brother, uncles and aunts of the same degree and other collateral relatives more remote. The Court of Appeals held that the children of the deceased brother inherited by virtue of section 287 of the Real Property Law, which provides that children of a deceased brother or sister shall inherit. Section 288 is only operative where there is no heir entitled to take under the'preceding sections, and there were heirs entitled to take by section 287. The uncles and aunts were in equal degree with the tiephew and niece, aiid, consequently, they all took by subdivisions 5 and 10 of section 2732 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
In -concluding its opinion the1 court adds significantly: “ As already pointed out, .under the Real Property Law, brothers and sisters and their descendants inherit in the first instance, and if there be none then the aunts and uncles of the intestate and their descendants take.”
The distinction in the present case is that there are no descend
In Matter of Dunning [supra) the next of kin were two aunts and five cousins who were descendants of deceased uncles and aunts, and the cousins were held to participate in the distribution by representation.
Therefore, to recapitulate, in the Davenport case there were two children of a deceased brother who inherited directly and not by representation. The uncles and aunts were of equal degree with the descendants of the brother and consequently inherited because of that fact. (Code Civ. Proc. § 2732, subds. 5, 10.) The ancestors of the appellants are an uncle and aunt, so of the same degree as the respondents, and, consequently, their representatives may possibly take by virtue' of subdivision 5 of section 2732 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and in any event in pursuance of chapter 319 of the Laws of 1898, already adverted to. This act was passed for the purpose of changing the existing statute and placing collateral distributees, who took by representation, on a parity with heirs at law of a like degree. The act was not passed and then the former limitation restored by chapter 539 -of the Laws of 1905, unless a definite change had been made. That change applies to the present situation or no effect can be given to it that I am able to discover.
The judgment should be reversed and the matter remitted to the County Court of Livingston county directing it to divide the avails, of the real estate, except said $300, among the appellants in accordance with the foregoing opinion, and to distribute the personal estate, including said $300, among all the parties pursuant to subdivision 11 of section 2732 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as follows: To the respondent Luna A. McMillan one share; the children of James McMillan, one share; the next of kin of Albert Journeay, one share, the Ilsleys taking the share of their mother; and one share to Horace C. Hurlbutt, the descendant of Sarah Acly, a deceased sister of the mother of the intestate.
All concurred, except McLennan, P. J., who dissented.
• So ordered.
See Laws of 1880, chap. 178, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 523, and Laws of 1907, chap. 49.— [Rep.
Repealed by Laws of 1828 (2d Meeting), chap. 21, § 1, subd. 170.— [Rep.
Repealed by Laws of 1828 (2d Meeting), chap. 21, § 1, subd. 189.—[Rep.
Amd. by Laws of 1869, chap. 627 and Laws of 1870, chap. 37. See -Laws of 1874, chap. 446, tit. 2, § 14; Id. tit. 11, § 2; Laws of 1880, chap. 245, § 1, subd. 3, IT 1; Id. § 1, subds. 40, 45, 46, 50; and Id. §§ 2-5.—[Rep.
See Laws of 1896, chap. 547, § 388, as amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 106.—[Rep.
See Laws of 1893, chap. 686, as amd. by Laws of 1903, chap. 367.—[Rep.
See Laws of 1893, chap. 686.—[Rep.