139 Misc. 575 | N.Y. Sur. Ct. | 1931
This is a proceeding for the judicial settlement of the accounts of. the trustees of a certain trust under the will of Joseph Pulitzer. The trustees also seek a construction of the will and codicils and particularly of a certain article of a codicil which relates to that trust. ■ They request the advice and direction of the surrogate. They also seek the instructions and determination of the court as to the propriety, price, manner and time of sale of a substantial portion of the assets of the Press Publishing Company, the stock of which constitutes a material part of the assets of the trust here involved. They request the approval of the contract for such sale dated January 31, 1931, and a supplemental contract dated February 14, 1931. A serious and imperative emergency is claimed to exist, whereby, if such a sale is not made, a valuable asset of the trust estate may be in great part or wholly lost to the trust, the life tenants and remaindermen.
At the very outset, the functions and duties of the surrogate in this situation should be made clear. There are four questions to be determined by me as follows:
(a) Regardless of any prohibition or limitation contained in the will and codicils, have the trustees, in the present exigency, power and authority to sell the assets of a company, the stock of which is included in the trust?
(b) If a prohibition is contained in the will, has the Surrogate's Court, under its equitable jurisdiction, the power to modify the terms of- the trust and authorize the sale of such assets by the trustees?
(c) Do the proofs submitted to the surrogate justify the exercise of that power in the emergency?
(d) A fourth question is presented, which will 'be considered in the secondary part of this decision. Has the surrogate the legal power to approve the contract and supplemental contract and the specific terms of the proposed sale of the assets by the Press Publishing Company?
(1) In answer to the first three questions I hold that the trustees, as the representatives of the estate, have the power and general authority to participate as corporate officers and holders of the
As to the fourth question, I am firmly of the opinion and hold that the Surrogate’s Court entirely lacks the power to approve the specific terms of the contract, submitted here, for the sale of the assets by the Press Pubhshing Company to the Consolidated Newspaper Corporation, because this court has no jurisdiction over the internal affairs of a corporation, the stock of which is owned in part by an estate and in part by stockholders in their individual right or title. In other Words, general authority will be granted to the trustees and power is found to exist for them to exercise such authority. But the responsibility for the selection of the purchaser, the details of the transaction, the selling price, the terms of payment and the credit of the purchaser rest upon the officers and directors of the corporation.
Joseph Pulitzer died in the year 1911. He left a will and four codicils which were admitted to probate by this court on November 29, 1911. The provisions directly pertinent to the issues here are contained in the first codicil, which is dated March 23, 1909. By its terms he gave the shares of the capital stock of the Press Publishing Company, which were owned by him, and his shares of the Pulitzer Publishing Company of St. Louis in trust for the life of each of the two youngest of his sons, Joseph Pulitzer, Jr., and Herbert Pulitzer. The period of the two fives mentioned was defined by him as the “ trust term.” There were directions to pay the income in certain fractional shares to his three sons and to certain other persons. Further provisions were made for payment to the male descendants of the sons in case of the death of any of the sons during the “ trust term.” Upon the expiration of the “ trust term ” there Was a direction to divide the said stock under varying conditions. If one of the sons survives, he is to take “ the shares of stock of said Companies ” held for his benefit and the remainder is to be divided among the male descendants of his sons and daughters. Certain other provisions for the vesting of the remainders and for gifts over are contained, which are not important here.
There are fifteen remaindermen in existence. One of them is an adult, the other fourteen are infants. Because of a possible adversity of interest, they are represented here by two separate special guardians. The adult fife tenants and remainderman join in requesting the relief sought by the trustees.
Counsel for the trustees contend that the express denial of a power of sale contained in the paragraph was modified and cut down, as a matter of testamentary intent, by Mr. Pulitzer in its subse
But I prefer to place my determination here upon broader grounds and upon the power of a court of equity, in emergencies, to protect the beneficiaries of a trust from serious loss, or a total destruction of a substantial asset of the corpus. The law, in the case of necessity, reads into the will an implied power of sale. The law also assumes that a testator had sufficient foresight to realize that securities bequeathed to a trustee may become so unproductive or so diminished in value as to authorize their sale where extraordinary circumstances develop, or crisis occurs. Such was the law in this State prior to the making of Mr. Pulitzer’s will. He is charged with knowledge of it. It was laid down in the leading case of Toronto Gen. Trusts Co. v. C., B. & Q. R. R. Co. (64 Hun, 1; affd. on opinion below, 138 N. Y. 657). It was again applied by Chief Judge Cardozo in Mertz v. Guaranty Trust Co. (247 N. Y. 137, 144). “A trustee finds upon his hands an investment, mandatory in its origin, but so changed as to be no longer mandatory, even if permitted. A power of sale attaches in such circumstances by implication of law.’’
In Toronto Gen. Trusts Co. v. C., B. & Q. R. R. Co. (supra) the will created a trust with income payable to the testator’s widow. The express power to sell the stock conferred upon the trustee could not be exercised during the life of the widow, but came into existence only at the death of the widow. In spite of the limitations contained in the will, the trustee sold the securities. They were extremely speculative in character and subject to wide fluctuations in value. The Court of Appeals sustained the sale by the trustee of the securities in the lifetime of the widow, principally upon the theory of implied power. It thereby justified the prudence of the trustee in thus protecting the beneficiaries. The opinion of the First Department of the General Term, which was adopted by the Court of Appeals, states: “ On the other hand, the doctrine contended for by the plaintiff’s counsel would, in many
The same rule applies to emergencies in trusts not only where there is an absence of a power of sale in a will, but also where there is a prohibition against sale. It has been satisfactorily established by the evidence before me that the continuance of the publication of the newspapers, which are the principal assets of the Press Publishing Company, will in all probability lead to a serious impairment or the destruction of a large part of the trust estate. The dominant purpose of Mr. Pulitzer must have been the maintenance of a fair income for. his children and the ultimate reception of the unimpaired corpus by the remaindermen. Permanence of the trust and ultimate enjoyment by his grandchildren were intended. A man of his sagacity and business ability could not have intended that from mere vanity, the publication of the newspapers, with which his name and efforts had been associated, should be persisted in until the entire trust asset was destroyed or wrecked by bankruptcy or dissolution. His expectation was that his New York newspapers would flourish. Despite his optimism, he must have contemplated that they might become entirely unprofitable and
In Matter of Pressprich (124 Mise. 15) the will forbade the sale of the specified securities except only when “ non-income producing.” I held that the trustees were not required to await that event, but might sell under their implied power since it was a matter of common experience that securities greatly depreciate in value in advance of an actual suspension of dividends or cessation of payment of interest on bonds. Other examples of the rule that the courts will be guided by the policy of protection of the trust funds rather than blind obedience by the trustee to the language used by the testator may be found in Matter of O’Donnell (221 N. Y. 197); Bigelow v. Tilden (52 App. Div. 390); Matter of Varet (181 id. 446; affd., 224 N. Y. 573); Matter of Wotton (59 App. Div. 584; affd., 167 N. Y. 629).
Courts of equity in other jurisdictions have found power to relieve against the provisions of the instrument by granting the authority to dispose of perishable property or wasting assets, despite the express command or wishes contained in the will. Thus in Weld v. Weld (23 R. I. 311) the prohibition of the will Was against the sale of securities unless par was obtained for them, and the estate Was required to be kept together until the death of every individual who Was named as an annuitant. Authority to sell was found to exist. In Stout v. Stout (192 Ky. 504) the principal asset of the estate consisted of a business which the trustees were directed to continue. The court authorized the trustees to sell the business which had become unprofitable by reason of the advent of National prohibition. In Johns v. Montgomery (265 Ill. 21), where the trust deed required the retention of the land and its operation for agricultural purposes, the court recognized its duty and that of the trustee to protect the estate. The opinion recites: " 'Exigencies often arise not contemplated by the party creating the trust, and which, had they been anticipated, would undoubtedly have been provided for, where the aid of the court of chancery must be invoked to grant relief imperatively required, and in such cases the court must, as far as may be, occupy the
In New York State the power of a court of equity over the personal property of an infant has always been recognized. (Losey v. Stanley, 147 N. Y. 560, 569.) A different rule, derived, without doubt, from the feudal respect for the heir, applied to the real estate of the infant. But even as to realty, the procedure for authorizing the disposition of unproductive property for the preservation of the trust or the protection of infant beneficiaries in the absence of a power of sale or in contravention of the terms of the trust, has been supplied by statutory authority. (Real Prop. Law, § 105, as amd. by Laws of 1930, chap. 808; Id. § 107, as amd. by Laws of 1920, chap. 639; Surr. Ct. Act, § 250-a.)
The extreme circumstances in the pending case surely justify the alternative of disregarding the directions of the testator, if mandatory, and reading into the will a power of sale. Briefly summarized, the proofs submitted to me show that the losses in the business operations of the three newspapers owned by the Press Publishing Company for the five years from 1926 to 1930 averaged $811,822.10 per year. In 1929 the loss was $1,062,749.80. In 1930 the loss was $1,975,604.77. In 1930 the loss grew, despite economies effected that year, aggregating $1,250,000. The advertising lineage of the three newspapers has greatly declined in recent years. The total circulation of the three newspapers has likewise declined in the last three years. The reserves of the corporation have diminished to the extent of $3,025,000 in the past five years. The present reserves, it is stated, would not permit continued publication of the newspapers for more than three months. The testimony showed that the decline in revenue was not due to the business depression caused by the panic of 1929, but antedated it by at least two years. The trustees have attempted to correct the deterioration which has occurred by employing specialists and experts in the advertising and circulation fields. The loss for the year 1931, it is estimated, will be $2,500,000. The Press Pubhshing Company has certain other income (aside from newspaper operation) from
It is interesting to note that a somewhat similar situation existed in the sale of the New York Times in 1893. George Jones was one of the largest stock owners in the enterprise — The New York Times Association. He left the stock in trust, His will provided: “ Whereas I am the owner of forty-six shares of the capital stock of the association ‘ The New York Times,’ I direct that my executors shall not sell, or otherwise dispose of the same, or any of them, during the said trust. I give to my executors full power to sell any and all other property, real or personal, constituting the said trust estate, and direct them to invest the proceeds as they shall consider safe and proper.” There as here the newspaper Was conducted by the trustees. The newspaper became financially unproductive. An equity receivership resulted. Involved in the action there came in question the sale of the assets of the association and the right of the executors of George Jones to sell the stock in contravention of the terms of the trust. Despite the command of the testator, the executors were authorized by the court of equity to liquidate the shares held by the estate. The decree approving that direction and authorizing the sale of the New York Times was made by Justice, afterwards Presiding Justice, Morgan J. O’Brien, upon August 8, 1893, and the newspaper was sold pursuant to its direction.
The trustees here find themselves in a crisis where there is no self-help available to them. A judicial declaration is necessary, not only as to their general authority, but as to the effect of the words of Mr. Pulitzer contained in his will. The widest equity powers exist in the Surrogate’s Court of this State by the grant of legislative authority contained in section 40 of the Surrogate’s Court Act. (Matter of Raymond v. Davis, 248 N. Y. 67, 71.)
I accordingly hold, in this phase of the decision, that the terms of the will and codicils do not prohibit the trustees from disposing of any assets of the Press Publishing Company; that the trustees have general power and authority to act in the conveyance of the assets proposed to be sold, and that this court, in the exercise of its equitable jurisdiction, should authorize them by an appropriate direction in the decree to exercise such general authority.
(2) The secondary relief sought in this application is the approval by the surrogate of the proposed contracts for the sale of the New York World, the Sunday World and the Evening World and other
In this general situation, consideration must be given primarily to the jurisdiction of this court to act. The Surrogate’s Court has no legal power to set itself up as a regulatory body over corporate action. It is not authorized to determine disputes between stockholders of a corporation, where any of such stockholders may hold their shares by individual title and ownership. It has no right to pass on conflicting offers of purchase of .corporate assets. With the exceptions which I have made later in this decision, the fact that an estate may own part of the stock affords not even a pretense of power in the court over corporate conduct. Nor can any unwarranted use of judicial power justify the conversion of the court into an auction room for bidders for property owned by such a corporation. The argument for such power in the court not only ignores the law, but becomes ridiculous when the rights of other stockholders, holding by individual ownership, are considered. Their interest in the corporation cannot be jeopardized by any such extra-judicial acts.
The basic jurisdiction of this court is to administer justice, in matters relating to the estates of decedents. The limitations upon that jurisdiction are found in the statutes, and particularly in the Surrogate’s Court Act, and the decisions construing such laws.
In this question of our jurisdiction, it matters not whether the interest of the estate in the corporation be large or small, whether the percentage of ownership of the stock be ninety per cent or ten per cent. In no event is the Surrogate’s Court permitted to intervene in its internal affairs. A different situation might arise and different responsibilities accrue where the entire stock of the corporation was owned by the estate. In cases of that character, the court, in its equitable powers, might disregard the corporate entity.
The pernicious effects of a policy of intermeddling must be obvious. If the surrogate may reach in by order or decree to authorize the specific sale of the assets of a corporation, irreparable damage might be done to the rights of other stockholders, and particularly minority stockholders. The rights of creditors may likewise be prejudiced. Neither of these groups of interested persons can be brought in as parties before the surrogate, and his decree, in its legal effect upon them, would be futile and void. Further effects of that pernicious policy can be plainly visualized. Administrators, executors and trustees could importune this court for authority to determine internal corporate action, the disposal of corporate assets, the increase of capital stock, questions of mergers and all the other innumerable forms of corporate activities. These questions would be thrust upon a court in the midst of its other and proper business, and appeals made to a judicial officer, who could not and should not be asked to become acquainted with the intimate business details of the problem, or the wisdom or desirability of the action sought to be approved.
Inevitably, the motives of many of the fiduciaries would be to secure a form of judicial sanction of transactions for the purpose of influencing the opinions or conduct of other stockholders. A method would thereby develop by which the responsibility of the officers and directors of a corporation could be evaded by them and the burden cast upon the surrogate. Such a proposal is contrary to common sense, logic and the law itself. We are dealing here, not with the assets owned by the estate. We are asked to go a long
In the treatment of the relation of the executor or trustee to the internal corporate management, distinction should be drawn between the situation here, where judicial approval of a specific corporate contract is sought, and, on the other hand, the responsibility to the estate of the fiduciary for bad faith, fraud or embezzlement as an officer or director of the corporation. In the. latter case the law finds a method of surcharging the representative for his faithless conduct. For the violation of the trust in the misappropriation of the assets of the corporation, the representative or his surety has been held fiable. (Matter of Auditore, 249 N. Y. 335.)
The mere fact that the estate may own some of the stock does not justify a trespass into a field beyond our jurisdiction. General authority in the trustees has been found by me. Specific authority to make the particular contract or to approve its terms is lacking. The surrogate cannot examine, therefore, into the advisability of the terms of the proposed sale or give any judicial recognition to the consummation of the specific contracts of the corporation submitted here.
My determination that I have no jurisdiction to approve the particular corporate contracts, or their specific terms, or the manner of the sale, is not to be construed to indicate either approval or disapproval of the specific terms of the transaction. The responsibility of consummation rests squarely upon the officers and directors of the Press Publishing Company. They have the duty to weigh the advantages of the proposed sale or any other offers submitted to them. A separate responsibility rests upon them because of their separate status as trustees of this estate. They hold dual trust positions. Their duties as trustees of the estate
The three directors, in their separate capacity as trustees of this estate, are required to exercise their discretion, diligence, judgment and prudence under the rules laid down for observance by trustees. They are “ bound in the management of the matters of the trust to act in good faith and employ such vigilance, sagacity, diligence and prudence as in general, prudent men of discretion and intelligence in like matters employ in their own affairs.” (Costello v. Costello, supra.)
The trustees should act in the exercise of the power and general authority found to be vested in them by the surrogate, in accordance with the legal obligations and standards of duty required of them as such trustees.
f. Submit decree on notice settling the account, construing the will and containing appropriate provisions in accordance with the foregoing conclusions. The decree may contain a provision reserving for determination by supplemental decree the question of the construction of subdivision 6 of article 6 of the codicil of March 23, 1909, or any subsequent modification thereof. The disposition of that question is not directly involved in the issues determined by this decision.