125 A. 897 | Md. | 1924
These appeals present for review two orders of the Orphans' Court of Baltimore City, the first of which denied a petition of Natalie Jenness Elwyn for leave to intervene and object to the probate of a paper offered as the will of Mary J. de Garmendia, deceased; and the second of which refused probate of the paper nevertheless.
Mary J. de Garmendia died in Paris, France, on January 8th or 9th, 1923; and her husband then found among some papers in her desk at home two papers in the form of a will. Both were written entirely in her own handwriting, and the formal introductions and conclusions were identical. A model form, such as is commonly used in this State, had been furnished her some years before by her counsel in Baltimore, and *49 the papers were apparently both prepared on this form. The first, executed in Paris, December 10th, 1913, was dated, signed after the usual provision for signature, and attested by two witnesses after the usual attestation clause. That document was duly forwarded to Baltimore, and probated there on January 26th, 1923.
The second paper, written on smaller, note-size sheets, begins, as the earlier one did:
"I, Mary J. de Garmendia, of the City and State of New York, now residing in Paris, France, being of sound and disposing mind, memory and understanding, do hereby revoke all wills by me heretofore made and do hereby make, publish and declare the following to be my last will and testament, to wit,"
And after the legacies, the appointment of her husband as executor, and some instructions for the management of her estate, there are blank signature and attestation clauses:
"Witness my hand and seal this day of ."
"Signed, sealed, published and declared as and for her last will and testament by Mary J. de Garmendia, the aforesaid testatrix, in the presence of us, who at her request, in her presence and in the presence of each other subscribe our names as witnesses hereto."
On the back of these sheets there was an indorsement, also in the handwriting of the decedent:
"This will was made in Nauheim, August 22d 1922. My last wishes."
The difference in the contents of the two wills, so far as the parties now before the court are concerned, is that there were two strings of pearls bequeathed by the first will, one to Mrs. Elwyn and one to a Mrs. Rogestvensky, and in the 1922 document only one string of pearls is mentioned, and that is bequeathed to Caroline Von Wallbrunn, sister of the decedent. This later paper was not offered for probate at once because of doubt as to its validity as a will. On advice *50 of counsel, Mrs. Von Wallbrunn later filed a petition praying that the admission of the 1913 will to probate be revoked and the later paper be probated as the last will of the decedent. The order refusing that petition is the main subject of controversy.
We think the order which is the subject of the first appeal must be reversed because, in our judgment, the interest of Mrs. Elwyn, as legatee named in the earlier will, entitled her to intervene to resist probate of the will offered to supersede that earlier one. Home for the Aged v. Bantz,
In support of this order it is contended that this Court has, in some cases at least, expressed an opinion that only an heir or a distributee of the decedent's property in case of intestacy would have such an interest as would qualify him to resist probate of a will. In Safe Deposit and Trust Co. v.Devilbiss,
They do not mean that when the alternative is, not intestacy, but the establishment of another and earlier will, the legatees under that earlier will, who are the only persons interested in point of fact, would be excluded from contesting the later will. This Court has never intended to announce a rule at variance with the plain rule generally applied. See authorities collected inAnnotated Cases, 1917 C, 906, and L.R.A. 1918 A, 470.
The possibility that Mrs. Elwyn's legacy in the earlier will may have become adeemed by a combination of the pearls bequeathed to her with another string of pearls into *51 one inseparable string, cannot, in our opinion, be taken up and adjudicated upon this record. It appears from the record, and the briefs of counsel so inform us, that the court below has not yet considered the question of ademption.
As to the refusal of probate of the will with the blanks; obviously it is not executed in the mode prescribed for wills executed in this State. It is offered as possibly complying with the provision in section 334 of article 93 of the Maryland Code for execution of wills outside of the State "in the mode prescribed by law of the place where executed, * * * provided said last will and testament is in writing and subscribed by the testator."
Nauheim is in Germany, and on behalf of the petitioner, Mrs. Von Wallbrunn, the proponent of this second paper, there was filed an affidavit of a lawyer of Berlin that "it is perfectly well settled in Germany that a will written by the testator needs no witnesses to make it valid." He filed with this a copy of the German Civil Code and referred especially to section 2231, which, according to an English translation furnished to this Court, provides that a valid will can be made "by an olographically written and subscribed declaration of the testator, stating place and date." The German word here translated "subscribed" isunterschriebene.
To meet an objection based upon the absence of a signature at the end of this paper the proponent relies on the rule of English law derived from the early case of Lemayne v. Stanley, 3 Lev. 1, that a testator's name written by himself in the introduction of a will may be a compliance with the requirement of signature in the Statute of Frauds (29 Chas. II, c. 3, sec. 5) and later statutes containing the same requirement. That decision has been consistently adhered to in this Court, and probably in a majority of the courts of this country. Tilghman v. Steuart, 4 H. J. 156, 175; Higdon v. Thomas, 1 H. G. 139, 148; Drury v.Young,
It may be questioned whether the indorsement on the paper, which contains the only mention of date and place, could be taken as part of the will, so as to comply with the provision of the German Code that the paper must be a holograph declaration "stating place and date." Roy v. Roy, 16 Gratt. 418;Warwick v. Warwick,
The statutory requirements present what seem to us, after all, minor phases of the outstanding question in the case. *53
That question is whether this paper, apparently so incomplete and without the execution which it was prepared for, can on the facts brought forward, be probated as a paper intended and left as an executed, final paper. In applying the principle that the writing of the name by the testator in the introduction to the will may be a sufficient signature (Ex parte Cardozo,
Prior to 1884, when valid wills of personalty might be made in this State without attesting witnesses, papers in an apparently unfinished state, some of them in the same or substantially the same condition as that of this paper, were at times offered for probate, and this Court had occasion in several early cases to state the principles which govern in this present one. Any incompleteness in such a paper is naturally taken as an indication that the testator did not finally adopt the paper as his will. In the phraseology usual in discussions of the point, the testator is presumed to have been without the animustestandi. The strength of the presumption, of course, varies with the nature and extent of the incompleteness of the paper. Any form of will might be adopted, however strange it might seem in a particular instance; and evidence of extrinsic facts is receivable to overcome the natural presumption by showing that the testator did, as a matter of fact, have the animus testandi
when he left the paper in the condition found; did, as a matter of *54
fact, intend it to be taken in that condition as his will. But when the incompleteness consists of blank spaces in a signature clause, absence of signature of the testator at the place designated, and absence of signatures of witnesses after an attestation clause, then it would be difficult for a court on any extrinsic testimony to be satisfied that the paper was intended to be taken as a completed will. Plater v. Groome,
An indorsement or label on the enclosing envelope, such as: "My Will — Abraham Warwick," or "My Will, Ida Matilda Manchester," is a common feature in these cases.
The paper offered for probate in this case bears on its face declarations by the decedent that it was not yet signed as she intended to sign it; that it was to be executed at some later time not yet so fixed that the date could be inserted; and that her signing it in the place she had prepared for signing, and now left blank, was to be witnessed and the signatures of the witnesses appended in a place designated, and likewise now left blank. See 1 Jarman on Wills, 96. Evidence of extrinsic facts, in affidavits, goes so far as to show that she was at Nauheim on August 22, 1922, that she was familiar with the fact that the will involved in Lindsay v. Wilson,
We think it unnecessary to labor the point. This Court does not find sufficient ground for probate of this as a final, executed will, and for this reason also concludes that the order appealed from in the second appeal must be affirmed.
Order on the Petition of Natalie Jenness Elwyn reversed, withcosts to the appellant; and order on the Petition of Caroline VonWallbrunn affirmed, with costs to the appellee. *56